Abstract Introduction: Previous research showed that comorbidities that are common in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are anxiety and depression. Furthermore, stress can be associated with more depressive symptoms. Patients suffering from depression along with an additional medical condition, tend to have more severe symptoms in both depression and their medical illness.   Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate depression, anxiety, and stress among COPD patients, and also to examine if there was a difference in levels of depression, anxiety and stress between genders, and between COPD patients and patients with COPD together with comorbid chronic condition.   Method: This study had a descriptive and cross-sectional design with a quantitative method. The data collection took place at a respiratory ward at Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Sixty two COPD patients, both men and women, participated voluntarily by answering a questionnaire. Virginia Henderson´s nursing theory was used as a theoretical framework. Data analysis was conducted through using the statistical program SPSS.   Result: More than half of the COPD patients (88.8%) presented symptoms of depression, 93.5% presented symptoms of anxiety, and 54.8% presented symptoms of stress. There was a statistical significance between genders among COPD patients in anxiety, where all female participants (100%) showed extremely severe levels of anxiety. In levels of extreme severity, both patients with only COPD diagnosis and patients with COPD and comorbid chronic condition presented symptoms in both depression and anxiety, but not in levels of stress.     Conclusion: COPD patients in Ho Chi Minh City presented high levels of depression and anxiety. In addition, levels of stress were present, although not as high as depression and anxiety among this patient group. More information concerning psychological distress needs to be offered by healthcare professionals to COPD patients. Further research in this field is desirable. / Sammanfattning Introduktion: Tidigare forskning visar att depression och ångest är vanligt förekommande bland patienter med Kroniskt Obstruktiv Lungsjukdom (KOL). Stress kan associeras med flera depressiva symtom. Patienter som lider av depression tillsammans med annat mediciniskt tillstånd kan ha en tendens att utveckla svårare symptom i sin depression och sitt medicinska tillstånd.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka depression, ångest och stress hos patienter med KOL och om skillnader fanns mellan kön. Vidare önskades skillnader undersökas mellan patienter med enbart KOL och patienter med KOL och annat kroniskt tillstånd.     Metod: Studien är en deskriptiv tvärsnittsstudie, med kvantitativ metod. Datainsamling utfördes på en respiratorisk avdelning på Cho Ray sjukhuset i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Sextio-två KOL-patienter, både män och kvinnor, deltog frivilligt genom att besvara en enkät. Virginia Hendersons omvårdnadsteori användes i detta arbete. Dataanalysen utfördes med hjälp av SPSS programmet.   Resultat: Mer än hälften (88,8 %) av KOL-patienterna visade symtom på depression, 93,5% för ångest, samt 54,8 % visade symtom för stress. Det fanns en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan könen avseende ångest, där alla kvinnliga deltagare (100 %) visade extremt allvarliga nivåer av ångest. Patienter med enbart KOL-diagnos och patienter med KOL tillsammans med andra kroniska tillstånd uppvisade extremt allvarliga nivåer av både depression och ångest, dock inte av stress.   Slutsats: KOL-patienter i Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, uppvisar höga nivåer av depression och ångest. Höga stressnivåer bland deltagare kunde ses, dock inte i lika hög utsträckning som depression och ångest i denna patientgrupp. Mer studier i detta ämne är önskvärt.

Dietary patterns has varied throughout history, both due to resource and cultural limitations. In this thesis, a study was conducted to establish the dietary patterns of eight individuals from an early Midieaval gravesite in Rambodal, Östergötland, in order to explain why they were buried there. This was done through stable isotope analysis on collagen extracted from bone and tooth on the buried individuals. The analysis showed that these indviduals had a diet that was mainly based on freshwater fish. This suggests that these people may have been christians, due to the fact that fish was not regarded as meat and therefore you did not have to abstain from it during periods of fasting. Fish also has a strong idealistic position in Christianity. However, the positions of the buried individulas does not correspond with catholic burial traditions. One explanation for this could be that these individuals were orthodox Christians, possibly from Finland or Russia.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

<p>BAKGRUND: KOL är en sjukdom som drabbar allt fler personer världen över och anses bli den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken i världen år 2020. Det finns inget botemedel mot KOL men genom omfattande omvårdnad kan patienten och anhöriga uppleva välbefinnande trots sjukdomen. Andningssvårigheterna påverkar patientens vardagliga liv och livskvalitet negativt både psykiskt och fysiskt. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur sjuksköterskor kan underlätta vid andningssvårigheter för patienter med sjukdomen KOL med utgångspunkt från både patienters önskemål och sjuksköterskors erfarenheter. METOD: Studien var en litteraturöversikt baserad på redan vetenskapligt framforskat datamaterial. Datamaterialet inom ämnet som format resultatet begränsades till nio vetenskapliga artiklar, både av kvalitativ- och kvantitativ karaktär. RESULTAT: Det framstår tre teman; kontinuerligt utbyte av kunskaper, spara på patientens krafter samt ge stöd och trygghet. Kontinuerligt utbyte av kunskaper innebär det kunskapsutbyte som sker mellan patienter och sjuksköterskor i omvårdnaden. Det andra temat beskriver hur patienters andning påverkas genom planering av vardagen och det sista temat visar på de psykiska aspekterna. DISKUSSION: Denna studie visar på vikten av en god relation mellan sjuksköterskor och patienter för att omvårdnaden ska bli av bästa kvalitet. Med en god relation skapas trygghet och tillförlitlighet vilket är det viktigaste för patienter med KOL.</p> / <p>BACKGROUND: COPD is a disease that increasingly affects more patients around the world; by 2020 is it is projected to be the third most common cause of death. There is no cure against COPD. Moreover, difficulty breathing affects the patient’s quality of life physically and mentally. However, with extensive care patients and their relatives can experience wellbeing in spite of the illness. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to illustrate how nurses can ease the suffering of patients with COPD with a starting point from the patient’s wishes and the nurse’s experience. METHOD: The study was a literature review based on existing researched data material based on nine scientific articles of qualitative and quantitative nature.</p><p>RESULT: Three themes emerged: the continuously exchange of knowledge; saving the patients strength; and give security and support. The continuously exchange of knowledge refers to knowledge exchange between nurse and patient during the caring process. The second theme describes how the patient’s breathing is affected by the planning of everyday life. The last theme illustrates the mental aspects. CONCLUSION: This study shows a good relationship between patient and nurse is important to create security and support which are the most important things for patients suffering from COPD.</p>

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The present master thesis deals with the topic of load applied to driving wheels of tractors and its impact on output parameters of tilling systems. Introduction describes the advantages and disadvantages of tillage. It briefly presents its history, evolution and possible improvements of its parameters by correct plough and three-point linkage system of tractor settings. The following part explains the impact of load distribution between tractor driving wheels on its thrust properties. Some possibilities of improving load distribution between driving wheels are also specified and described here. Special attention was dedicated to improvement of load distribution by transferring part of the plough weight to the tractor. The practical part of the thesis explored the impact of force in upper linkage of three-point linkage system of tractor on the force transfer and subsequently on the output parameters of tilling systems. Two measurements were processed in the present master thesis, one focusing on the total additional loading or tractor rear axle and one focused on balancing the load difference between the right-hand side and left-hand side wheel of rear axle. The measured values were processed in tabular form and further evaluated by regression analysis. Conclusion was formulated based on the identified results.

Bakgrund: KOL är en sjukdom som drabbar luftvägarna och lungorna. Sjukdomen kännetecknas av att patienten får ett begränsat luftflöde och den vanligaste riskfaktorn för KOL är tobaksrökning. KOL påverkar hela patientens livsvärld då sjukdomen har både fysisk och psykisk påverkan och patienten är ofta i behov av stöd. För att hantera faktorer som orsakar stress använder människan olika copingstrategier och dessa kan variera beroende på situation, erfarenhet och vilket stöd som finns runt människan. Syfte: Att beskriva copingstrategier hos patienter med KOL och därmed skapa förståelse för dessa patienters behov av stöd. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt där nio artiklar med kvalitativ ansats och en artikel med kvantitativ ansats har analyserats. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras med kategorierna Copingstrategier för att hantera känslor och tankar samt Copingstrategier som fokuserar på förändring. Under dessa kategorier beskrivs KOL- patienters olika copingstrategier i tio underkategorier. Konklusion: Vilka copingstrategier KOL-patienter använder beror på deras livsvärld och vilket socialt och professionellt stöd som finns runt dem. De copingstrategier som fokuserar på förändring är framför allt de som också främjar hälsa men andra copingstrategier är också vanliga då sjukdomen är förknippad med skam och skuld. Sjuksköterskan måste uppmärksamma patienternas copingstrategier och ge dem stöd i att implementera copingstrategier som är hälsofrämjande. / Background: COPD is a disease that affects the airways and the lungs. The disease is characterized by the patient having a limited airflow and the most common risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoke. COPD affects the entire lifeworld of the patient as the disease has both physical and mental impact and the patient is often in need of support. To handle stress-causing factors, people use different coping strategies, and these may vary depending on the situation, experience, and support available around the person. Aim: To describe coping strategies in patients with COPD and thereby create an understanding of these patients need for support. Method: The study is a literature review where nine articles with a qualitative approach and one article with a quantitative approach have been analyzed. Result: The result is presented with the categories Coping strategies for managing emotions and thoughts and Coping strategies that focus on change. In these categories different coping strategies of COPD patients are described in ten subcategories. Conclusion: Which coping strategies COPD-patients use depends on their lifeworld and what social and professional support is available around them. The coping strategies that focus on change are especially those who promote health, but other coping strategies are also common since the disease is associated with shame and guilt. The nurse must pay attention to the patients' coping strategies and provide them with support in implementing coping strategies that promote health.

More spirometric analysis needs to be performed in order to discover lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A mini spirometer can quickly and easily be used for screening. Today, a plethysmograph is used at the hospital in Helsingborg at the department of clinically physiology. However, they also have a mini spirometer, which is seldom used. By comparing the mini spirometer with the reference (the plethysmograph), results may indicate whether it could be possible to use the mini spirometer for screening or in other situations at the department when immediate and reliable information about lung function is needed. As a total of 45 patients participated in this study. All were examined with the mini spirometre after the conventional spirometry using a reversibility test. Of these there were 41 who were used in the study. After the conventional spirometry, they performed 4 - 7 forced expirations followed by inspirations. Theparameters investigated were FVC (forced vital capacity), FEV1 (forced expiratory vital capacity in 1 second), and FEV1/FVC. For the conventional spirometry slow VC was used, according to clinical routine. With 95 % CI the mean ・} SD was calculated to be for FVC between the 2 methods -0,19 ・} 0,30 litre. For FEV1 the results were 0,04 ・} 0,13 litre and for FEV1/FVC 0,05 ・} 0,05 litre. Paired t-test resulted for FVC in t = 4,1. FEV1 gave t= 1,79 and for FEV1/FVC was t= 6,28. The t-values were compared with t critical= 2,03 which were taken from a table. A lower t- value than t critical suggests that the methods are comparable. When comparing the difference between the both methods, FEV1 agreed well, while FVC and FEV1/FVC was too large. / Fler spirometrier behover genomforas for att upptacka lungsjukdomar som t.ex. kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL). En minispirometer kan snabbt och enkelt screena for detta. Pa Helsingborgs lasarett pa avdelningen for klinisk fysiologi anvands rutinmassigt enbart en plethysmograf-spirometer, trots att det dar aven finns en minispirometer. Genom att undersoka hur noggrann minispirometern ar jamfort med den vanligtvis anvanda spirometern, kan den lilla varianten i vissa fall anvandas vid t.ex. screening eller i samband med andra undersokningar dar information om lungfunktion behovs. Sammanlagt stallde 45 konsekutiva patienter upp pa analys via minispirometri efter genomford konventionell spirometri med reversibilitetstest. Av dessa anvandes 41 stycken i undersokningen. Efter den konventionella spirometrin fick de utfora 4 - 7 forcerade expirationer direkt foljt av inspirationer. De parametrar som anvandes var forcerad expiratorisk volym under den forsta sekunden (FEV1), forcerad vital kapacitet (FVC) och kvoten FEV1/FVC. For den konventionella spirometrin anvandes langsam VC enligt klinisk rutin. Med 95 % KI beraknades medelvardet och SD for skillnaden i FVC mellan de bada metoderna till -0,19 ・} 0,30 liter. For FEV1 var resultatet 0,04 ・} 0,13 liter och kvoten FEV1/FVC gav 0,05 ・} 0,05. Parat t-test gav for FVC t= 4,1. For FEV1 t= 1,79 och for kvoten FEV1/FVC t= 6,28. T- vardena jamfordes med t kritiskt = 2,03 som erholls ur en tabell. Ett lagre t- varde an tkritiskt antyder att metoderna ar tillrackligt lika. FEV1 stamde bra overens mellan de bada metoderna. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad for FVC och forkvoten FEV1/FVC.

The master’s thesis is focused on a conceptual design of a children terrain vehicle with electric drive. At the first part there are described children terrain vehicles rules, electric drives, regulations for a frame test and types of suspension. Then a suitable electric engine, an accumulator and other important parts of the vehicle are chosen. The following part describes the frame construction and its stress-strain analysis using Finite element method. The last part of thesis describes the suspension construction and front suspension kinematics solved in a multibody software. The result of thesis is a vehicle conceptual design created in CAD software Creo, supported by results of the stress-strain and kinematic analysis.

Dizertační práce se zabývá problematikou kinematického modelování a řízení mobliních kolových robotů. Přináší sumarizaci problematiky kinematického modelování mobilních robotů obecně a popis vlastností kolových mobilních robotů s několika řízenými koly. Použitý aparát z matematiky, fyziky je vysvětlován s důrazem na pohled teorie řízení. Dále je prezentován nový řídicí algoritmus pro mobilní kolové roboty s více řízenými koly, vhodný pro úlohu stabilizace v bodě i sledování trajektorie, tedy obě nejčastěji řešené úlohy pohybu mobilních robotů.