The purpose of this degree project is to gain more knowledge about how the supervisorsin the KROM program describe any experiences of ethnic and other forms ofdiscrimination towards the participants and what other factors affect the participant'sopportunities to establish themselves in the labor market. A qualitative study wasconducted using six semi-structured interviews with the supervisors in KROM (Kundvalrusta och matcha). When analyzing the results, it appears that a majority of the supervisorswho have been respondents feel that there has been ethnic discrimination against theparticipants in connection with job seeking. This could involve anything from a moresubtle exclusion, for example by unspokenly hiring people with a Swedish ethnicbackground even though the criteria met were the same between the Swedish and non-Swedish applicants, to a more direct statement. An example of this is when recruiters saythat they in truth do not want certain ethnic groups in their workplace. The conclusion istherefore that yes, they experience ethnic discrimination against the participants, and thatit is both direct and indirect discrimination. Based on the analysis and results of this study,the conclusion that it is to some extent a matter of exclusive competencies, such as therequirement for Swedish education, despite the fact that the job seeker has foreigneducation and experience, but also major competencies in the social field. But severalsupervisors describe the importance of personal drive as the crucial factor in the questionof employability or not. At the same time, human capital factors such as language,education and social network can affect a jobseeker's opportunities in the Swedish labormarket.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de la représentation des connaissances et du raisonnement en Intelligence Artificielle. Elle traite divers aspects du changement de croyances dans le cadre de fragments de la logique propositionnelle.Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à la complexité du problème de vérification de modèle pour des opérateurs de révision de bases de croyances dans le cadre général de la logique propositionnelle et dans le cadre restreint des formules de Horn et des formules de Krom.Notre contribution principale porte ensuite sur le raffinement des opérateurs de changement de croyances afin que ceux-ci opèrent dans des fragments de la logique propositionnelle. Nous examinons en particulier les opérations de révision, de mise-à-jour et de contraction. Cette approche permet, dans chacun des cas, d'obtenir des opérateurs concrets, dont nous étudions les propriétés logiques en terme de de satisfaction de postulats que doivent satisfaire les opérateurs de changement de croyances rationnels. Divers fragments de la logique propositionnelle sont considérés, notamment les fragment de Horn et de Krom. / This thesis takes place in the field of knowledge representation and reasoning in Artificial Intelligence.It deals with various issues of belief change within fragments of propositional logic.First we focus on the complexity of model-checking for different revision operators within the general framework of propositional logic and within the framework of Horn and Krom fragments.Second, our main contribution is the study of the refinement of belief change operators in such a way that they act within fragments of propositional logic. In particular, we address refinement of revision, update and contraction operators. In each case this approach allows us to define concrete operators, for which we study logical properties in terms of satisfaction of postulates that should hold for any rational belief change operator. Various propositional fragments of propositional logic are considered, such as Horn and Krom fragments.

The title of this study is Leather, skin, fur – a non-issue. A study of the endeavor in national support to municipal waste management to obtain toxic-free material cycles. The aim is to investigate the relation between municipal solid waste of leather, skin & fur on the one hand and a toxic-free circular economy on the other by studying perceptions among authorities and national agents giving support to municipal waste management and waste planning. The study focuses on the incineration of Chromium Tanned Leather Solid Waste (CTLSW). The research questions are: What are the perceptions of the relation between waste of leather, skin & fur and toxic-free material cycles within national support to municipal waste management & waste planning ? How does the above question relate to the management and planning of textile waste?   The main conclusions are that although no concern is expressed concerning toxic leakages from the incineration, the management of leather waste seems to be a non-issue at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and Waste Sweden. Further investigations would be needed to judge whether chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) from the waste incineration is polluting the environment and if the amount of hexavalent chromium could be reduced or contained by using another method of thermal treatment. Further there seems to be a discrepancy between waste management and waste planning where leather, skin & fur are collected as textile at the recycling stations whereas it is excluded from the definition of textile in waste planning. To enable the creation of toxic-free material cycles the knowledge of leather, skin & fur would need to be enhanced in society, for example by authorities cooperating in educating the public and by making room for these materials in academic studies in Sweden by incorporating the materials into Textile Science, Craft or by creating a new discipline including material innovations in the field of « syntetic leather ».

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SammanfattningSyfteSyftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka om olika förbehandlingar av metallens yta påverkar bindningsstyrkan mellan CoCr och porslin.Material och metodSexton metallbasar med totalt 64 porslinscylindrar tillverkades genom gjutning av CoCr och porslinsuppläggning (de olika skikten; bondingagent, opak och dentin). Metallbasarna delades slumpmässigt in i 4 grupper; SB 50 sandblästrade med 50 m Al2O3, SB 250 sandblästrade med 250 m Al2O3, OASB oxiderade med atmosfäriskt tryck och sandblästrade med 250 m Al2O3, samt kontrollgrupp OVSB oxiderade i vakuumtryck och sandblästrade med 250 m Al2O3, samtliga grupper blästrades med 3 bars tryck. Efter glansbränning termocyklades provkropparna i 5000 cykler, förvarades fuktigt i 36o C och testades enligt ISO/TS11405:2016. Resultaten analyserades med one-way ANOVA, Tukey´s test. Signifikansnivån sattes till  = 0,05. Brottytorna analyserades visuellt och fotograferades i mikroskop. ResultatMedelvärdet för samtliga grupper var likvärdiga men med stor skillnad i spridning inom grupperna. Brotten delades in i tre grupper, adhesiv-, kohesiv- och blandfraktur.Slutsats Med reservation för de begränsningar som finns inom föreliggande studie kan följande slutsatser dras:•De olika förbehandlingsmetoderna, oxidering med vakuum eller atmosfäriskt tryck följt av sandblästring eller enbart sandblästring med olika kornstorlekar, ger ingen specifik skillnad vad gäller bindningsstyrkan mellan metall och porslin.•Oxidering med vakuum har ingen negativ inverkan på bindningsstyrkan mellan metall och porslin. De-gasing av metallen kan utföras.•Sandblästring med 50 μm hade större spridning inom gruppen än de övriga tre grupperna. •Studiens nollhypotes kan bekräftas. / Abstract PurposeThe purpose of the present study was to investigate whether various pretreatments affect the bond strength between CoCr and porcelain.Material and method64 porcelain cylinders were manufactured (bonding agent, opaque, dentin) divided on sixteen metal bases. The metal bases were randomly divided into 4 groups; SB 50 sandblasted with 50 m Al2O3, SB 250 sandblasted with 250 m Al2O3, OASB oxidized with atmospheric pressure and then sandblasted with 250 m Al2O3 and control group OVSB oxidized in vacuum and then sandblasted with 250 m Al2O3. All groups were sandblasted with 3 bars pressure. After glazefiring, the specimens were thermocycled 5000 cycles, stored in moist at 36o C and tested according to ISO / TS11405: 2016. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test with significance level  = 0.05. The fracture surfaces were analyzed visually and photographed in microscope.ResultsThe mean values in all groups were equivalent but with large difference in standard deviation within the groups. The fractures were divided into three groups, adhesive-, cohesive and mixed fractures.ConclusionWithin the limitations of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn: •The different pretreatment methods, vacuum or atmospheric pressure, oxidation with or without sandblasting do not affect the bond strength between metal and porcelain.•Oxidation with vacuum does not adversely affect the bonding strength between metal and porcelain. De-gasing of the metal can be performed.•Sandblasting with 50 μm had a greater deviation within the group than the other groups•The study's null-hypothesis can be confirmed

Gully erosion is a significant and widespread feature of southern African wetlands, including the wetlands of the Krom River, Eastern Cape. Gully erosion in wetlands is consistently being viewed as a major contributing factor to wetland degradation and eventual collapse. Many gullies exist in the Krom River and Working for Wetlands has spent large sums of money to stabilise head-cuts with the expectation that further erosion would be halted and possibly avoided altogether. Observations in the Krom River wetlands have revealed that most gullies in the wetland are initiated where the width of the trunk valley has been reduced as a consequence of deposition by tributary alluvial fans that impinge on the trunk valley and reduce its width. The aim of this study was to examine variation in hydrodynamic characteristics for a range of discharges, as flow in the broad Kompanjiesdrif basin (~250 meters wide) is confined in a downstream direction to a width of less than 50 meters by a combination of a large impinging left bank tributary alluvial fan that coincides with a resistant bedrock lithology. The study was done by collecting topographical survey data using a Differential Global Positioning System in order to create a Digital Terrain Model with a suitable resolution. Flow was recorded using a Marsh-McBirney Model 2000 Flo-Mate as well as recording the flood extent for each flow condition; this was used in the calibration process of the model. Vegetation measurements were conducted in order to calculate a roughness value across the valley floor. A two-dimensional raster based flood inundation model, CAESAR-Lisflood and a one-dimensional hydraulic analysis model, HEC-RAS, were then used to simulate different parameters associated with variation in discharge, including flow velocity, water depth and stream power, thereby creating a better understanding of the hydraulic characteristics that may promote the formation of gullies in the wetland. Based on these hydraulic analyses it is evident that the effect of impinging alluvial fans on hydraulic characteristics such as flow velocity, water depth and stream power, may lead to the initiation of gullies within the Krom River wetland. This work improves understanding of the collapse of palmiet wetlands in steep-sided valleys within the Cape Fold Mountains of South Africa, and can aid in wetland management.

This study took place in Malawi, south eastern Africa. Metal contamination of water and soil is a threat to the environment and human health and is a serious concern in many countries including Malawi. Blantyre is the city of commerce where most of the industry is located along the banks of the main rivers. Some of the industries produce wastewater, which due to poor access to wastewater treatment plants, is discharged without treatment into the environment. A match factory in Blantyre uses chromium as a colouring agent for match heads and very high concentrations of chromium(VI) have been measured downstream the factory with concentrations up to 56 mg/l, which is much higher than the WHO guidelines of 0.05 mg/l.  Chromium(VI) mainly occurs as chromate CrO42- and dichromate Cr2O72- ions. They are both toxic and carcinogenic and can cause mutations and chromosomal aberrations.   The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) in adsorbing and removing chromium from an aqueous phase. Wastewater was collected from the match factory and by optimizing relevant parameters the removal efficiency was maximized. The parameters optimized were pH, dosage and contact time and the effect of initial concentration. After respective experiment, all samples were analysed for chromium using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES).   The optimum pH was chosen to 8.0, the dosage to 17.4 g GFH/l and the contact time to 2 hours for a 95% removal of total chromium in undiluted wastewater. The removal efficiency of the GFH was 2.84 mg Cr/g GFH. To implement wastewater purification with GFH a number of practical issues have to be taken into consideration. Above all, a sufficient stirring method has to be devised as the removal efficiency is much affected by improper stirring. / Denna studie genomfördes i Malawi, sydöstra Afrika. Metallföroreningar i vatten och mark är ett stort problem i många länder, inklusive Malawi. Landets centrum för industri och handel ligger i Blantyre där de flesta av industrierna ligger längs med floderna. En del industrier genererar utsläppsvatten och på grund av dålig tillgång till vattenreningsteknik och vattenreningsanläggningar släpps mycket av det förorenade vattnet obehandlat ut i naturen. En tändsticksfabrik i Blantyre använder kromsalter för att färga tändstickshuvudena röda och höga koncentrationer av sexvärt krom har uppmätts nedströms fabriken. De uppmätta koncentrationerna var upp till 56 mg/l vilket är betydligt högre än WHO:s riktvärde på 0,05 mg/l. Sexvärt krom förekommer som kromat CrO42- och dikromat Cr2O72- joner vilka båda är mycket toxiska och cancerframkallande och därmed ett hot mot miljö och människor. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om granulära järnoxider (GFH) kunde användas som en adsorbent för att rena utsläppsvatten från kromater. Utsläppsvatten hämtades från tändsticksfabriken och genom att optimera relevanta parametrar kunde GFHns adsorbtionseffektivitet maximeras. Parametrarna som optimerades var pH, dos, kontakttid och initialkoncentration. Efter respektive experiment mättes kromkoncentrationen med mikrovågsplasma atomemissionsspektroskopi (MP-AES) Det optimala pH-värdet valdes till 8.0, dosen till 17.4 g GFH/l med en kontakttid på 2 timmar för en 95.3% reningsgrad på outspätt utsläppsvatten. Adsorptionseffektiviteten på GFHn var 2.84 mg Cr/g GFH. För att implementera vattenrening med GFH behöver flera praktiska aspekter tas med i beaktning. Framförallt är det viktigt med en bra omrörning för att GFHn ska kunna adsorbera effektivt.

Som en del av den pågående reformeringen av Arbetsförmedlingen lanserades under våren 2020 en ny matchningstjänst på svensk arbetsmarknad, tjänsten Kundval Rusta och Matcha (KROM). Handledarna är anställda på privata företag och arbetar för att coacha de som är inskrivna på KROM-tjänsten. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa ökad förståelse för de förutsättningar som KROM-handledarna har i sitt arbete. Studiens har undersökt förutsättningar för åtta handledare som är anställda i fem olika externa leverantörer, det vill säga privata företag som levererar KROM-tjänsten. Studiens bygger på personliga förutsättningar samt interna förutsättningar. För att besvara studiens syfte användes en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien använde ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt och tillämpade deduktiv ansats. Resultatet visar att handledarna har nästan likadana förutsättningar när det gäller coachning erfarenheter och färdigheter. Handledarna använder sig av GROW-modellen i sin coachningsmetod och med en tro på egen intuition och tysta kunskap. Resultatet visar att handledarna upplever att ett stort socialt nätverk ökar handledarnas möjlighet att hjälpa deltagarna till en få en anställning. Resultaten visar att de interna/organisatoriska förutsättningarna för varje handledare är olika där en del handledare upplever att de inte har tillräckliga förutsättningar angående lärandet och kompetensutveckling. Även gällande feedback finns det variation vissa handledare upplever att de får tillräckligt feedback och återkoppling av sin chef och en del önskar mer feedback på sin prestation. Resultatet visar också att samtliga handledarna upplever stort flexibilitet och arbetsfrihet i sitt yrke. / As part of the ongoing reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service, a new matching service was launched in the Swedish labor market in the spring of 2020, the Kundval Rusta och Matcha (KROM) service. The supervisors are employed by private companies and work to coach those who are registered in the KROM-service. The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the conditions that the supervisors have in their work. The study has examined the conditions of eight supervisors who are employed by five different external suppliers, ie private companies that supply the KROM-service. The study is based on personal conditions as well as internal and external conditions. To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative approach was used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The study used a hermeneutic approach and applied a deductive approach. The results show that the supervisors have almost the same conditions when it comes to coaching experience and skills, the supervisors use the GROW-model in their coaching method and use their strong intuition and tacit knowledge. The results show that the supervisors experience that a wide social network increases the supervisors' ability to help KROM-participants to find a job easily. The results show that the internal / organizational conditions for each supervisor are different, some supervisors experience that they do not have good enough conditions regarding learning and competence development, some supervisors experience that they receive sufficient feedback from their manager, some have lesser conditions and strives for more feedback on their performance. The results also show that all supervisors experience great flexibility and freedom of work in their occupation.

Today’s steelmaking industry is highly dependent on steel scrap supply. In order to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) deriving from the steel industry, it is of utmost importance to ensure that high percentages of steel scrap are recycled, reducing the reliance on the traditional ore-based steelmaking, which is significantly more environmentally impactful. To reach this goal, a better steel scrap quality has to be achieved during the sorting process. This thesis work aims to propose an optimized sorting process able to separate the stainless steel scrap from the carbon steel scrap, both obtained in the ferrous fraction after a magnetic separation. This improved sorting process would be able to sort different types of stainless steel scraps according to their alloying content, ensuring a better recovery of chromium, nickel and molybdenum for stainless steel production. This would lead to a considerable reduction of CO2 emissions for the stainless steel production. In addition, an economic benefit could be obtained from the optimized sorting process, obtaining steel scrap of higher quality and thus selling the scrap at higher price. In this thesis work, technological considerations are addressed in order to select the most suitable technology to reach significant improvements in alloy recoveries in steel scrap. An economic and environmental model is then used in order to showcase the possible economic and environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of the proposed optimized sorting process. The results obtained are encouraging, showing that this improved sorting would save high amounts of CO2 emissions deriving from raw materials extraction and production, and showing that good profits can be obtained from the selling of the different stainless steel scrap sorted. In the future, where an increased production of steel is expected, this process would be even more beneficial both for the economy and for the environment. / Dagens stål tillverkningsindustri är starkt beroende av utbudet av stålskrot. För att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser (GHG) från stålindustrin är det av yttersta vikt att säkerställa att höga andelar stålskrot återvinns, vilket minskar beroendet av den traditionella malmbaserade ståltillverkningen, som är betydligt mer miljöpåverkande. För att nå detta mål måste en bättre stålskrotskvalitet uppnås under sorteringsprocessen. Detta examensarbete syftar till att föreslå en optimerad sorteringsprocess som kan separera det rostfria stålskrotet från kolstålsskrotet, båda erhållna i järnfraktionen efter magnetisk separation. Denna förbättrade sorteringsprocess skulle kunna sortera olika typer av rostfritt stålskrot efter deras legeringsinnehåll, vilket säkerställer en bättre återvinning av krom, nickel och molybden för produktion av rostfritt stål. Detta skulle leda till en avsevärd minskning av CO2-utsläppen för produktionen av rostfritt stål. Dessutom skulle en ekonomisk fördel kunna erhållas från den optimerade sorteringsprocesser, att få stålskrot av högre kvalitet och därmed sälja skrotet till ett högre pris. I detta examensarbete behandlas tekniska överväganden för att välja den mest lämpliga tekniken för att uppnå betydande förbättringar av legeringsåtervinning av stålskrot.En ekonomisk och miljömässig modell används sedan för att visa upp de möjliga ekonomiska och miljömässiga effekterna av implementeringen av den föreslagna optimerade sorteringsprocessen. Resultaten som erhålls är uppmuntrande, och visar att denna förbättrade sortering skulle spara stora mängder CO2-utsläpp från råvaruutvinning och produktion, och visar att goda vinster kan erhållas från försäljning av olika sorterade rostfritt stålskrot. I framtiden, där en ökad produktion av stål förväntas, skulle denna process vara ännu mer fördelaktig både för ekonomin och för miljön.