The iron apatite mineralizations of northern Sweden are mainly situated in supracrustal rocks and are thought to have formed during approximately the same time as the major plutonic suites in northern Sweden. In this thesis the Malmberget iron apatite ore deposit have been compared to the Kiruna iron apatite ore deposit to see whether the role of hydrothermal processes are different between the two ore districts. Also, since it has proven problematic to distinguish between the different mafic and ultramafic members of the major plutonic suites in northern Sweden (i.e. the Haparanda suite (1.94-1.85 Ga), the Perthite-monzonite suite (PMS) (1.87 Ga) and the Edefors suite (1.80-1.79 Ga)), a second goal is to trace the distribution and distinguish between these suites. Major elements, REE and trace elements have been studied along with polished sections from the ores and oxygen isotopes of magnetites from the ore districts to trace the ore formation process and separate between suites. All ore districts display a close similarity in geochemistry between host rocks and magnetites, especially regarding the REE pattern. Oxygen isotopes show that samples from the Kiruna district plot exclusively at positive δ18O-values with the majority of them at values < 1‰. Samples from the Malmberget district display δ18O-values either close to the igenous range or at slightly negative values. However, samples that display very low or negative δ18O-values show signs of either high temperature hydrothermal alteration, oxidation or crustal contamination. The δ18O composition along with textural observations from the polished sections and geochemistry, points towards a magmatic origin for these deposits. No apparent evidence has been found to support a primary ore formation by hydrothermal process in any of the districts studied. Regarding the suites, normalized spider plot patterns of REEs and trace elements served as a basis for subdivision into groups by similarities in key identification parameters. Several patterns are characterized by a pronounced Eu-trough while the middle- to HREEs display a rather flat trend, criteria that are related to rocks from the Haparanda suite, while samples with positive Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu* > 1) and a nearly flat trend from La to Pr with a marked positive peak at Sr and generally less enriched in LILE, are consistent with the Edefors suite. Also, the Edefors suite generally display low concentrations of both Th and U but are somewhat enriched in Sr with relation to Pr. No distinct geochemical features could help to separate between the Haparanda and the PMS suites.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur Norrland och norrlänningar skildras i TV-serien Rebecka Martinsson, samt om Norrland skildras från ett inifrån- eller utifrånperspektiv. Metoden som använts är fallstudie och data har insamlats genom egna observationer med Faircloughs tredimensionella analysmodell som teoretisk ram. Resultatet pekar mot att Norrland och norrlänningar förvisso skildras på ett stereotypt sätt i Rebecka Martinsson, men att det också förekommer en stor mängd nyansering där människormed norrländskt ursprung också tillåts att bryta mot den rådande diskursen. I diskussionssegmentet lyfts blicken och där görs jämförelser med andra populärkulturella verk. I det segmentet diskuteras också studiens styrkor såväl som svagheter, bland annat att det utvalda materialet är relativt litet och att med ett annat urval hade resultatet eventuellt kunnat bli annorlunda. Som förslag till fortsatt forskning ges att göra en undersökning på samma utvalda material, men med annan metod, alternativt använda samma metod och teoretisk ram men välja ut annat eller en större mängd material att analysera.

Visionsbilder över byggprojekt har under de senaste decennierna blivit en vanlig typ av platsmarknadsföring. Visionsbilder kallas även för renderingar och är ett slags digitala collage som försöker övertyga publiken om platsens förmåga att fungera. Till skillnad från fotografier är renderingar sammansatta av visuella element som aktivt valts ut av producenten. Visionsmaterial innefattar en maktdimension då materialet ligger till grund för politiska beslut gällande kommunalt finansierade projekt. Det finns i dagsläget inga studier på visionsbilder ur ett kommunikationsperspektiv i en svensk kontext. Genom en multimodal kritisk diskursanalys undersöker studien vilka värden och löften som synliggörs samt vilka ideologiska funktioner dessa producerar och reproducerar. Analysmaterialet består av visionsbilder med tillhörande text från tre svenska kommuner; Lund, Västerås och Kiruna. Resultatet påvisar en genomgående nyliberal ideologi där både platser, människor och praktiker kommodifieras. De ideologiska funktionerna synliggörs genom teman som; en aktiv livsstil, globalisering, gemenskap via konsumtion, estetiska val och utopiska fantasier. / Images representing a vision of urban redevelopment projects have during the last decades been more frequently used in place marketing. These rendered images are digital collages used to persuade the audience how the place is supposed to work. In rendered images all visual elements are, unlike photographs, composed by the producer. These types of images carry a power relation due to being a part of political decision financed by municipalities. There’s up to this point no research regarding this subject in a Swedish context. This study examines, through a multimodal discourse analysis, which values and promises are made visible and which ideological functions these images and texts produce and reproduce. The analysis covers urban visions regarding three Swedish municipalities; Lund, Västerås, Kiruna. The result depicts a strong commodification and a neoliberal ideology seen through themes like; active lifestyle, globalisation, community via consumption, esthetics and utopian fantasies.

"From Lada to Folly" investigates the relationship between an agricultural artefact of Northern Sweden, ladan, and the move of the city of Kiruna. A lada is a structure to store hay which dates back to medieval times as a part of månghussystemet, a Swedish building tradition where each house on a farm had one function. Ladan was analysed on different scales through mapping, photography and model making with the aim of understanding its relation to the landscape. The scale, placement and orientation were the most significant. Subsequently, this information was translated via diagrams to form the basis of a proposal in Kiruna. Four core values are the foundation of Kiruna: timber, water, iron and people. Timber, because the first buildings were built out of wood and because coal from the forest was used to fuel the engines of the mine. Water, as a mode of transportation and a source of energy. Iron, the oar is the main reason why Kiruna exists. People, in the same way natural resources have been extracted out of Kiruna, people have been sent to the city to facilitate this process. Through four corresponding landscapes in the new city centre, the core values forming the origin of Kiruna is revealed. A folly, an unprogrammed structure erected to enhance a landscape and derived from the lada, is placed on each site functioning as a shelter and contextualising the intervention to the region of Northern Sweden. As architecture most often are physical obstacles built to orchestrate our lives, not allowing but limiting our behaviour, this proposal seeks to create free spaces in the city where not the architect but the people themselves can dictate what will happen. Who is the architect to decide whether someone should eat, make love or die in their structure?

This thesis is the story of two housing projects designed by architect Ralph Erskine. The first building, Lassaskog in Växjö built in 1954, is one of the earliest examples of industrialized concrete housing in Sweden. The other one, Kv. Ortdrivaren in Kiruna was built some eight years later following Erskine’s utopian ideas for The Arctic City. Despite their architectural and historical significance, these two buildings are threatened today: Ortdrivaren will be demolished and Lassaskog will be hastily densified.   This thesis is a reaction to these threats, and it is a call for preserving and reusing. Looking towards the near future of circularity, I want to praise for never demolishing a building again.   This leads me to the overarching question of my thesis; how could I sustainably save these two buildings?   The only solution I thought worthy of their architecture was to unite them. Rather than demolishing Ortdrivaren, I propose to deconstruct it and reuse it in Växjö. Thereon, started the project of densifying the Lassaskog estates with new student housing made of repurposed concrete elements from Kiruna.   My objective for this quirky enterprise is to find a methodology for preserving post-war housing estates and for conducting a circular architecture project.

Rapid technological advancements and growing environmental consciousness created a shifting dynamic of metal demand within the context of contemporary global challenges. The metals play a pivotal role in this transformation and remarkable surge in demand is expected. Mining districts such as the Kiruna area in northern Sweden, provide access to raw materials, assuring supply chain security, sustainability, and an environmentally friendly future. The district is part of the northern Norrbotten ore province, Sweden and is known for hosting the Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits with associated magnetite-hematite-REE ores such as the Per Geijer deposits, and a range of other deposits, including the Viscaria Cu-(Fe-Zn), Pahtohavare Cu-Au and the Rakkurijärvi iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits.  As the discoveries of significant near-surface deposits are declining, mining companies face a pivotal choice between pursuing resource extraction from lower-grade reserves or to focus on deeper exploration targets. The geological understanding of the subsurface decreases with increasing depth, and the reliance on geophysical techniques becomes more important in reducing the search space. Using geophysics to locate and understand elements of a mineral system requires a good understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks that can be translated into geological implications. Mineral system knowledge and geological concepts can be translated into geological models that can be further used in geophysical inversions with the aim of improving targeting by iterative modeling. A geophysical inversion is in fact a realization of a physical property model, therefore the value added by the geophysical model is dependent of how well the relationship between the geology and its petrophysical signature is understood. The petrophysical characterization of geological environments offers the possibility to improve the understanding of geophysical responses, serving as a link in iterative geological-geophysical modeling.  The approach presented in the current study includes the building of three-dimensional lithological and structural framework models, and investigating the petrophysical footprint in connection with lithology, alteration, and rock fabric from the Kiruna mining district. Geological modeling and petrophysical characterization are important components within the comprehensive mineral system modeling framework and enhance geophysical investigations aimed at detecting and assessing iron oxide mineral systems. A rule-based hybrid implicit-explicit geological modeling technique proved to be useful in the integration of surface and subsurface data of the Kiruna mining district, and a structural framework and geological model was produced that provides insights into the relationship between lithological units and structures. Drill core observations indicate a competency contrast between lithological units confirming previous surface-based observations. Deposit scale structural analysis in connection with the geological models indicated the proximity of NW-SE to SW-NE trending brittle conjugate fault networks with iron-oxide apatite ore lenses, revealing juxtaposition of individual ore lenses. Complementing structural analysis and geological modeling, petrophysical characterization in connection with lithogeochemical, mineralogical, and textural investigations revealed that density and p-wave seismic velocity can be used as a general lithological indicator, while magnetic susceptibility is influenced by secondary processes. Heterogeneous strain accommodation by lithological units indicates a strong influence on density, seismic properties, and the ferromagnetic properties of the samples. Metasomatic processes alter the intrinsic properties of the samples by increasing or decreasing the physical properties of the rocks from the Kiruna area, by controlling the feldspar, mica, magnetite, and ferromagnesian mineral content. Nevertheless, an extensive sample population must be investigated to understand the large-scale effects. The present work serves as a foundation for quantitatively integrated exploration models that use geological models and petrophysical characterization as calibration tools to model mineral systems.

The Kiruna mining district, located in the northern Norrbotten ore province, Sweden, is a geologically and economically important area, being the type-locality for Kiruna iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits and also host to a variety of other deposits including syngenetic stratiform exhalative Cu-(Fe-Zn) (Viscaria, Eastern Pahtohavare), epigenetic stratabound Cu ± Au (Pahtohavare), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG, Rakkurijärvi) deposits. However, the timing of IOA versus IOCG within the tectonic evolution is in question based on structural investigations showing Cu- and Fe-sulfides occur in late-orogenic structures. Here we use an established tectonic framework to constrain mineral systems (tectonic/thermal drives, metal and ligand sources, fluid pathways, traps, remobilization mechanisms) related to the early and late phases of the Svecokarelian orogeny in the Kiruna mining district. U-Pb zircon geochronology of intrusions in the district indicates a thermal drive was present during the early phase of the Svecokarelian orogeny from ca. 1920-1865 Ma, however remains enigmatic for the late Svecokarelian orogeny. Zircon grains from a magnetite-ilmenite gabbro yielded an age of 1881 ± 8 Ma, coeval with the Kiirunavaara IOA deposit and suggested to represent an important generation of mafic magmatism related to the ore. Lithogeochemistry of early bimodal Svecokarelian intrusions in the district indicates a within-plate to active continental margin environment with a volcanic arc affinity, pointing to a back arc environment. Epsilon Ndi and 87Sr/86Sri values calculated from the U-Pb ages for the igneous intrusions were compared to samples of ore-related alteration from epigenetic Pahtohavare and Rakkurijärvi deposits, district greenstone, and Archean samples. Results show that each deposit sourced Sr and Nd from a variety of rocks suggesting broad fluid transport. Each deposit has a distinct Sr mixing trend suggesting they formed from different ore-forming fluids and pathways. This is supported by new structural data that constrain the folding event and the ore-related quartz-carbonate-sulfide veins in the Pahtohavare area to a late orogenic timing, compared to the early orogenic timing of Rakkurijärvi. Sulfide trace element and sulfur isotope data from structurally constrained ores within the tectonic framework also record distinct characteristics between early and late deposits. However, remobilization of early Pahtohavare sulfides associated to an increase in Co content and heavier sulfur isotope compositions is recorded. The results of this study illustrate that using a structural framework approach to constrain the ingredients of mineral systems is a powerful strategy for interpreting ore deposit processes in tectonically complex terrains where both IOA and IOCG deposits occur.

In brownfield regeneration models, extraction sites are often left out of the question because of degradation, severe contamination, or economic viability and are usually abandoned, after the minimal remediations. These exhaustions not only impact the environment and economy in spatial relations but also influence the growth of the communities cultured by them. With millions of abandoned sites around the globe, there is a demand for building a vision that develops - the ideas of emergence and diversification over time and space, as a base framework for similar towns and communities before they disappear. Underpinning the urgent need and evolving theme of ecologies, 'Reclaiming Kiruna' is an investigation of a vision for a post-exhaustion site of Kiruna mine, which is the world's largest underground mine, by developing landscape ecologies in the present framework that builds and adapts with time and space before the mine gets exhausted. The project reveals the concept of landscape as an amalgamation of production and recreation ecologies, synergizing with the existing potentials of nature, resources, and society. The work focuses on translating the knowns and unknowns of three time periods, synced with proposed plans of the New Kiruna settlement area, through programs of care and thinking that involve, engage, and encourage people (of Kiruna) in redefining the image of Kiruna beyond just a mine. The project unfolds new prospects offered by planned urban transformations, mining systems, and changing climate, which are integrated into building new economies and relations. The project is limited by the uncertainty of the future but attempts to initiate a dialogue in finding new positions as urban designers to contest with the present frameworks in building alternatives of change and novelty, for a sustainable future.

European iron production is to a large extent dependant on massive Kiruna type apatite-iron ore deposits. In this contribution, high-temperature magnetite samples from apatite-iron-oxide deposits are investigated by means of Electron Backscattered Diffraction. However, the origin of Kiruna-type deposits is still unresolved. Although magmatic processes are likely, it is not clear how small-scale processes can form giant Kiruna-type deposits. The sample suite consists of magnetite samples from six global apatite-iron-oxide deposits: the famous Kiirunavaara deposit and the Malmberget deposit, both located in northern Sweden, the Grängesberg deposit in south-central Sweden, the iconic El Laco deposit in north-eastern Chile, the Bafq deposit in central Iran, and the Varena deposit in south Lithuania. Fe-O systematics has been conducted to complement existing δ18O and δ56Fe isotope data and ensure magmatic origin of the samples from the Malmberget deposit (n=6) and the Varena deposit (n=2). This is the first effort to characterise magnetite samples from apatite-iron-oxide deposits utilising EBSD. In total, twelve EBSD maps have been produced. Evaluation of the EBSD data have been performed to quantify the preferred orientation of the magnetite crystals. Four deposits, with Kiirunvaara being the prime example, shows no preferred alignment of the magnetite crystals. Whereas the El Laco samples exhibits a strong preferred alignment of {111}. The EBSD data from magnetite samples in equilibrium with a magmatic source indicate that apatite-iron-oxide deposits are formed in both intrusive and extrusive environment and that magmatic crystal accumulation is a key process in aggregating magnetite to form large and even giant Kiruna-type deposits. / Europeisk järnmalmsproduktion är i stor utsträckning beroende av massiva apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter av Kiruna-typ. I det här arbetet, undersöks magnetitprover av hög-temperaturs ursprung från olika apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter med Elektron Bakåtspridande Diffraktion. Bildningsmekanismen av apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter av Kiruna-typ är än idag oklar. Bevisen indikerar magmatiska bildningsprocesser, det är dock fortfarande oklart hur småskaliga magmatiska processer bildar gigantiska apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter av Kiruna-typ. Provserien består av magnetitprover från sex globala apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter: den världsberömda Kiirunavaara fyndigheten och Malmberget fyndigheten, båda lokaliserade i Norrbotten, Sverige, Grängesberg fyndigheten i Bergslagen, Sverige, den ikoniska El Laco fyndigheten i nordöstra Chile, Bafq fyndigheten i centrala Iran, och Varena fyndigheten i södra Litauen. För att fastställa ett magmatiskt ursprung och komplettera befintlig δ18O och δ56Fe isotopdata har Fe-O-systematik utförts på magnetitproverna från Malmberget (n=6) och Varena (n=2). Det här är den första dokumenterade EBSD-undersökningen av magnetitprover från apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter. Totalt tolv EBSD-kartor har producerats. Utvärdering av EBSD-data har utförts för att kvantifiera den föredragna riktningen på magnetitkristallerna. I fyra fyndigheter, med Kiirunvaara som typexempel, uppvisar magnetitkristallerna ingen föredragen riktning, medan magnetitproverna från El Laco uppvisar en tydlig föredragen riktning längs {111}. EBSD-data från magnetitprover i jämnvikt med en magmatiskkälla påvisar att apatit-järnmalmer bildas i både intrusiva miljöer och extrusiva miljöer och att magmatisk ackumulation är en nyckelprocess för att aggregera magnetitkristaller och bilda stora till gigantiska apatit-järnmalmsfyndigheter av Kiruna-typ.

Denna uppsats utför en samhällsekonomisk analys av att investera i en utbyggnad till dubbelspår på den nästan 50 mil långa Malmbanan, med fokus på hur detta skulle påverka det svenska gruvbolaget LKAB:s verksamhet. Genom att använda kostnads-nyttoanalyser (CBA) och känslighetsanalyser, undersöks de ekonomiska fördelarna och kostnaderna av ett sådant projekt. Denna studie bidrar med en kompletterande synvinkel till Trafikverkets tidigare analyser genom att inkludera potentiella ökningar i exportintäkter och långsiktiga ekonomiska fördelar för den svenska ekonomin. I norra Sverige sker omfattande industriinvesteringar om ca 880 miljarder SEK och Malmbanan anses enligt flera aktörer spela en kritisk roll för den svenska ekonomiska utvecklingen. Undersökningen noterar den mängd aktörer som påverkas av investeringar i Malmbanan men väljer att enbart fokusera på LKAB:s påverkan av ett eventuellt dubbelspår. Analysen visar att en utbyggnad till dubbelspår ger betydande ekonomiska vinster för LKAB, vilket motiverar projektet trots de höga initiala investeringskostnaderna om 120 miljarder SEK. Huvudkalkylen visar på en nettolönsamhet på +213 miljarder för LKAB under 20 år med diskonteringsräntan 3.5% och +172 miljarder med diskonteringsräntan 6%. Projektet bidrar med flera positiva effekter som ej kvantifierats, som bland annat färre förseningar och urspårningar, utveckling i enlighet med de transportpolitiska målen och positiv påverkan för andra aktörer. Känslighetsanalyser som tar hänsyn till lägre export med förhöjda investeringskostnader visar på en netto lönsamhet på -93 miljarder SEK med positiva, ej kvantifierade, effekter.  Arbetet konkluderar att investeringen med stor sannolikhet bör genomföras men att vidare forskning behövs då denna studie inte kan garantera att en utbyggnad till dubbelspår är den bästa allokeringen av resurser.