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Las interacciones entre los agentes del sistema de innovación son una pieza clave para el fomento del intercambio de conocimiento, los procesos de aprendizaje y el proceso innovador. El análisis de las interacciones entre universidades y organismos públicos de investigación (ciencia) y los agentes del entorno social (sociedad) ha recibido una gran atención en la comunidad científica, entre otras razones, porque los resultados de estas interacciones pueden tener implicaciones en el diseño de las políticas de ciencia e innovación y en la gestión de la organización. En esta tesis se analizan las interacciones entre los investigadores del área de ciencias sociales y humanidades (CCSSHH) y los agentes sociales, dado que es un colectivo que ha sido escasamente estudiado desde esta perspectiva y presenta características específicas respecto a otros ámbitos científicos. Los tres estudios que componen la tesis abordan aspectos diferentes del tema objeto de estudio y se basan en datos empíricos obtenidos mediante encuestas y entrevistas realizadas en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). El primer estudio pretende averiguar si la utilidad del conocimiento producido en las CCSSHH es menor que en las STEM (acrónimo inglés para ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas), tal como los enfoques de las políticas científicas al uso parecen presuponer al establecer medidas basadas en indicadores difíciles de aplicar a este colectivo (licencias de patentes, contratos de I+D con empresas, creación de spin off). El análisis empírico realizado muestra que los resultados de las investigaciones en CCSSHH no son menos útiles que los de las STEM porque, en ambos casos, hay agentes sociales interesados en ellos. Sin embargo, se aprecia que el tipo de mecanismo de colaboración varía entre áreas del conocimiento, al igual que el tipo de agente social con el cual los investigadores interactúan. Las empresas predominan entre los agentes sociales con los cuales colaboran los investigadores de las STEM mientras que los de CCSSHH colaboran con un grupo más variado de agentes sociales (i.e. administraciones, organizaciones no gubernamentales, etc.). El segundo estudio explora en qué medida los grupos de investigación del área de CCSSHH se relacionan con una variedad de agentes sociales mediante cauces no formalizados. Para ello, se realizan dos análisis complementarios (cuantitativo y cualitativo). Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que la mayoría de las relaciones no se formalizan institucionalmente, lo cual significa que la institución no las identifica, registra o valora. Sin embargo, la participación en este tipo de colaboraciones informales, que no tienen necesariamente una contrapartida económica, resulta atractiva por su coste relativamente bajo (en términos económicos y de tiempo), por la ausencia de condiciones restrictivas (p. ej. derechos de propiedad, confidencialidad) y por la existencia de beneficios intangibles para el investigador. El tercer estudio analiza en qué medida los grupos de investigación de CCSSHH interactúan con su entorno mediante diferentes actividades de transferencia de conocimiento (TC) ¿consultoría, investigación contratada, investigación conjunta, actividades de formación e intercambio de personal¿ e identifica los determinantes de cada una de ellas. Los resultados indican que las actividades de TC más frecuentes son la consultoría y la investigación contratada, mientras que el intercambio de personal representa una actividad marginal entre las analizadas. El estudio de los factores que determinan la participación en estas actividades de TC muestra que considerar el potencial uso social de los resultados desde el principio aumenta la participación de los grupos de investigación en todas las actividades de TC analizadas. En conjunto, los tres estudios permiten concluir que la investigación en CCSSHH produce conocimiento y resultados que son de interés para la sociedad. Sin embargo, se diferencian de otras áreas científicas en los mecanismos de interacción predominantes y en la variedad de agentes sociales con los que interactúan. Estas conclusiones pueden tener utilidad práctica para el diseño de políticas destinadas a fomentar el amplio conjunto de interacciones identificadas, para la mejora de las prácticas de gestión y para tratar de evaluar las citadas interacciones mediante indicadores capaces de recoger el amplio espectro de mecanismos identificados en esta tesis. / Interactions among agents in the innovation system are critical for the promotion of knowledge exchange, learning processes and the innovation process. The analysis of interactions between universities or public research organisations (science) and social agents (society) has received great attention in the scientific community because, among other reasons, the results of these interactions can have implications for the design of science and innovation policies and organisation management. This thesis analyses the interactions between researchers in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) and social agents. The SSH community is a collective that has been little studied from this perspective and presents particular characteristics as compared to other scientific fields. The three studies included in the thesis address different aspects of the topic and are based on empirical data obtained through surveys and interviews conducted in the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). The first study explores whether the knowledge produced by the SSH is less useful than that produced in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), as science policy seems to presume when establishing measures based on indicators (patent licenses, R&D contracts with companies, creating spin off) that are difficult to apply to the SSH community. The empirical analysis shows that SSH research outputs are no less useful than those from STEM because, in both cases, there are social agents interested in them. However, the preferred type of collaborative mechanism varies across fields, as does the type of agent with whom researchers interact. Firms are the prevailing type of agent collaborating with STEM researchers whilst SSH researchers collaborate with a varied group of social agents (i.e. government, NGOs, etc.). The second study explores the extent to which SSH research groups engage with a variety of social agents through non¿formalized collaborations. To do this, two complementary analyses (quantitative and qualitative) are conducted. Results show that most of the collaborations are not institutionally formalized, which means that the research organisation does not identify, record or value them. However, engagement in these informal collaborations, that do not necessarily have an economic counterpart, are attractive due to the relatively low cost (in time and economic terms) of many such activities, the absence of restrictive conditions (e.g. IPR, confidentiality) and other intangible benefits accruing to the researcher. The third study examines the extent to which SSH research groups interact with social agents through different knowledge transfer (KT) activities ¿consultancy, contract research, joint research, training and personnel mobility¿ and identifies the determinants of each. Results show that the most frequent KT activities are consultancy and contract research, while personnel exchange is a marginal activity among those analysed. The study of the factors determining the engagement in these activities shows that consideration of the social uses of the research outputs from the beginning enhances research groups¿ engagement in all the knowledge transfer activities analysed. Overall, the three studies support the conclusion that SSH research produces knowledge and outputs that are of interest to society. However, differences from other scientific fields are found in terms of the prevalent type of interaction mechanisms used and the variety of social agents with whom interactions are established. These findings may have practical utility for the design of policies aimed at encouraging and enhancing the range of interactions, for improving managerial practices and for the assessment of these interactions through indicators able to capture the type of interactions identified in this thesis. / Olmos Peñuela, J. (2013). Science-Society interactions in the social sciences and humanities:empirical studies of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/31653 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Young people in regional areas of Indonesia are attending school longer, aspiring for degrees and jobs outside of their home community, and learning less about their cultural traditions. In Poso, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, a youth program called Jelajah Budaya, or Culture Exploration, aims to reconnect young people with regional cultural values, motivating them to become actors in preserving their traditions and for positive development. This paper examines the impacts of this program, along with Poso youth identity and aspirations more generally. The project explored these issues with young people in Poso through focus group discussions and Photovoice workshops. Interviews were also conducted with parents, cultural and local leaders, and youth program staff. Participants shared appreciation for how Jelajah Budaya has brought together youth from a wide range of Poso communities, building pride and awareness about regional cultural values. Still, insights from youth participants suggest that building awareness about cultural traditions may not directly translate to community-oriented aspirations or youth seeing their own role in their community's future. The project suggests that Jelajah Budaya should look to engage more directly with youth identities, including as individuals, and to demonstrate the relevance of the region's cultural traditions. Poso youth articulate their identities primarily through communal connections. While they are influenced by the normative ideals of becoming educated and modern, many also have ambitions related to entrepreneurship and some aspire to create jobs in their communities. These insights also echo other studies which demonstrate that regional identity should receive greater attention.

I denna rapport undersöks olika system för hanteringen av forskning och utvecklingsprojekt som Stockholms stad kan använda som en gemensam plattform med syfte att sprida information och kunskap gällande projekt. Målet med rapporten var att hitta en anpassad kravspecifikation som summerade de tre kontorens gemensamma arbetsprocesser. Kravspecifikationen var ett hjälpmedel för att finna och utvärdera olika system som främjar hanteringen av Stockholms stads forskning och utvecklingsprojekt. En kravspecifikation har tagits fram i syfte att informera Stockholms stad om hur ett generellt arbetssätt ser ut bland de olika forskning och utvecklingskontoren. Genom informationsspridning internt pa kontoren kan effektiviteten öka då målkonikter kan undvikas och ett samarbete kan leda till ett bättre resultat. Att lagra informationen kopplade till ett projekt i en relationsdatabas visade sig passa kontoren bäst och skulle kunna möjliggöra vidare anpassning. Ytterligare en aspekt med systemen som utvärderades i rapporten var att de skulle kunna förbättra Stockholms stads kunskapsöverföring. Det kan medföra att innovativa och hållbara ideer sprids i större utsträckning än med kontorens nuvarande hantering av forskning- och utvecklingsprojekt. Resultatet av rapporten var två rekommendationer som togs fram utifrån utvärderingen av de utvalda systemen. Den kortsiktiga lösningen var att använda Excel med delad arbetsbok och den långsiktiga lösningen var att använda SharePoint Server som en gemensam kommunikationsplattform. / The purpose of this report is to find and evaluate different systems that can be used as a central platform for publishing information and knowledge about Stockholms stad's various projects spanning several agencies. The goal of this report was to present a requirement specification which summarize the three chosen agencies common work pattern. The requirement specification was used to find and evaluate the different systems that improves Stockholm's stads management of research and development projects. A requirement specification has been defined to help Stockholms stad to acknowledge a common work pattern for the three agencies presentation of project information. By increasing the dissemination of information internally, the efficiency will increase when goal conflicts are avoided and a formal cooperation can lead to better work results. A relational database was proven to be the best option for the agencies and could allow further development and adjustments to the agencies. One advantage with the systems evaluated in this report is that they could help Stockholms stad's transferal of knowledge. This could result in a wider spread of innovative and sustainable ideas than Stockholms stad's current system for managing research and development projects. The final recommendation from the evaluation of the selected systems gave Stockholms stad two possible solutions. The short-term solution was to use Excel with a shared workbook and the long-term solution was to use SharePoint Server as a common platform for communication.

Thesis (MComm (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: For any country, including South Africa, new business development is critical for the sustained growth and development of the economy. In this study the impact of the transfer of knowledge and skills by the investor to the investee and the impact on the success of private equity, venture capital and angel investments, new business development in South Africa and internationally is researched. A literature study is firstly conducted to determine, from literature, the importance of the transfer of knowledge and skills by the investor to the investee of a new venture. The results from recent research conducted in the United States of America and Europe is also included to determine current global development tendencies. The research highlighted factors, other than merely having a good business idea, which determines the success of a new venture. The global research clearly demonstrates that the active involvement of the angel investors, venture capitalists and private equity investors in new ventures, through the transfer of knowledge and skills, determines the success of the investment in new business development. The survey that was done in the South African venture capital environment seems to support this outcome although the South African market sector is in the early stages of development and focuses mainly on private equity and not so much new business development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nuwe besigheidsontwikkeling is krities vir enige land, ingeslote Suid Afrika, om deurlopende en volhoubare groei en ontwikkeling van die land se ekonomie te verseker. Hierdie studie het die impak van die oordrag van kennis en vaardighede op die sukses van privatekapitaal- , waagkapitaal- (alternatiewelik – nuwebesigheidsbeleggings) en engelbeleggings in nuwebesigheidsbeleggings vir Suid Afrika en Internationaal, nagevors. ‘n Literatuurstudie om die belangrikeid van die oordrag van kennis en vaardighede, van die belegger na die nuwe besighede, in die gemelde belggingsprosesse vir nuwebesigheidsbeleggings te bepaal, is eerstens gedoen. Die uitkoms van navorsings wat onlangs in die Verenigde State van Amerika en Europa gedoen is, is ook ingesluit om die huidige internationale ontwikkelingstendense rakende nuwebesigheidsbeleggings te bepaal. Die navorsing het die klem geplaas op ander belangrike faktore anders as slegs ’n goeie besigheidsidee, wat die sukses van ‘n nuwe besigheid bepaal. Die internasionale navorsing het duidelik aangedui dat die aktiewe betrokkenheid van beleggers, engel-, waagkapitaal en privatebeleggers, deur die oordrag van kennis en vaardigheid aan die nuwe besigheid, die sukses van die nuwe besigheid en dus die belegging bepaal. Die opname wat in Suid Afrika gedoen is, ondersteun hierdie internasionale bevinding alhoewel die Suid Afrikaanse nuwebesigheidsbeleggings sektor in die vroeë stadium van ontwikkeling is en daar hoofsaaklik gekonsentreer word op privatekapitaalbeleggings, “private equity investments”, terwyl die werklike nuwebesigheidsbeleggings nie soveel aandag geniet nie.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study is divided into two major parts: a theoretical research of two knowledge transferring methods headed by a discussion on knowledge and learning, and a case study analysing the presence of mentoring within traditional apprenticeships at carpenter workshops in Germany. The two methods on knowledge transfer are mentoring and the cognitive apprenticeship model, whereas each of the models is discussed in terms of the individual characteristics present and techniques used within the relationship of the parties present. In the past, both methods have been established in modern business organisations to enhance knowledge creation, transfer and archiving though many approaches have failed due to mistakes in the basic conceptual interpretation or lack of support. The question, which underlined this research project, focused on whether positive aspects of the methods or the methods themselves have already been incorporated in the organisational culture of small to medium sized enterprises. Thus, the research explored whether knowledge transferral methods, and particularly mentoring, is apparent within the organisational structure of small to medium sized enterprises and in Germany and whether the size of the company has an influence on the presence of mentoring aspects in the businesses. With particular focus on mentoring, the research has shown that no aspects relating to mentoring have been incorporated. Even though some answers pointed to a correlation in between business size and the incorporation of aspects, no real correlation could be proven. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is in twee hoofonderafdelings verdeel: 'n teoretiese ondersoek van twee metodes van kennisoordrag ingelei deur 'n bespreking van kennis en leer; en 'n gevalletudie wat 'n ontleding doen van die teenwoordigheid van mentorskap binne tradisionee vakleerlingskappe by skrynwerkerswerkswinkels in Duitsland. Die twee metodes van kennisoordrag is mentorskap en die kognitiewe vakleerlingskapsmodel en elk van die modelle word bespreek na aanleiding van die individuele kenmerke wat teenwoordig is en tegnieke wat gebruik word binne die verhouding van die partye wat teenwoordig is. In die verlede is beide metodes in moderne sakeorganisasies daargestel om die skep, oordrag en bewaring van kennis te verbeter, hoewel baie benaderings misluk het weens foute in die basiese konseptuele interpretasie of gebrek aan ondersteuning. Die vraag onderliggend aan beide navorsingsprojek fokus op positiewe aspekte van die metodes of die metodes self reeds geinkorporeer is in die organisasiekultuur van klein tot medium grootte ondernemings. Die navorsing het dus ondersoek of metodes van kennisoordrag, en veral mentorskap, duidelik is binne die organisasiestruktuur van klein tot medium groote ondernemings in Duitsland en of die grootte van die maatskappy 'n invloed het op die teenwoordigheid van mentorskapsaspekte in die besigheid. Met spesifieke fokus op mentorskap het die navorsing getoon dat geen aspekte van mentorskap geinkorporeer is nie. Selfs waar sommige antwoorde 'n korrelasie aangetoon het tussen die grootte van die besigheid en die inkorporering van aspekte, kon geen werklike korrolasie bewys word nie.

（一）本研究主要探討不同服務類型所需的知識管理模式，以中華民國對外貿易發展協會為例，針對不同服務性質所需搭配之知識管理活動為何？ 本研究探討服務類型在不同之情形下如何呈現不同之知識管理主要活動： 1. 服務類型與對應之知識類型會產生不同的知識管理。 2. 服務類型與對應之知識處理系統會產生不同的知識管理。 3. 服務類型與對應之組織型態會產生不同的知識管理。 4. 服務類型與對應之組織技術類型會產生不同的知識管理。 （二）本研究探討之重點： 1. 服務業之本質特性與分類。 2. 知識管理之定義與流程。 3. 採用Alice Lam對知識型態與組織型態的分析。 4. 知識管理系統之兩大處理模式：例行及結構性資訊處理之知識管理及非例行性及非結構性感性決策之知識管理。 5. 組織設計的權變取向。 6. 組織結構型態及管理特色。 （三）本研究就服務類型進行分類定義，任何一種服務均可透過服務程序分類為專案服務、大量型服務、批量型服務及連續性服務等四大類型，而本研究針對知識管理主要活動乃以Nonaka之核心知識轉換共同化、外化、結合及內化等主要四種方式為探討之重心，其探討過程將以知識類型、知識處理程序、組織型態及組織技術類型等四大要素為說明影響知識管理主要活動的重要角色。 / This essay is mainly to study the different service needs of the specified organization structures, knowledge types, technical types and uses the appropriate type of knowledge transfer. This study includes the following topics: 1. Different service types to match specified knowledge types to create different types of knowledge management. 2. Different service types to match specified knowledge processing systems to create the different types of knowledge management. 3. Different service types to match organization structures to create the different types of knowledge management. 4. Different service types to match specified technical types to create the different types of knowledge management This essay classifies services according to service operating complexity and procedure. To make best use of knowledge management, this study attempts to establish the models of connecting classified services, organization structures, knowledge types, technical types involved in knowledge transfer.

<p>Companies learn through their employees. In this paper I make research into how knowledge transfer and learning occur at Metso Paper Karlstad AB, which is a partly project based organization.</p><p>The result is that there are many factors that affect the knowledge transfer in a company. Knowledge transfer occurs mainly between individuals within the company, but also between departments and other actors outside the company. In the gaps between these actors, there is a risk that knowledge is not transferred, which is an obstacle to learning. A great deal of the knowledge transfer and the learning is carried out through individual’s own drive and motivation. I have found that individuals have different motives for transferring or not transferring knowledge. There are types of individuals that understand and act in the interest of the company but also those who act in their own interest, such as power or career. The willingness to transfer knowledge is also affected by the feeling of being secure, both as an individual but also in the employment. These aspects are presented in a model in the paper. There are also individuals that have resigned and do not have a specific interest neither for the company nor their own career, which is a more passive attitude. A mapping of these different types of individuals can help the company to choose the correct actions to be made, in purpose to increase the knowledge transfer. Some general activities that affect knowledge transfer are the understanding of the management of the importance of transferring knowledge and to work in long-term. It is important that the employees understand their role in the total process of the company, and also their role as bearer of knowledge. Increased interactions between departments and internal training sessions based on real competence gaps will most likely stimulate the transferring between departments.</p> / <p>Företag lär genom sina medarbetare. Med denna uppsats vill jag undersöka hur kunskapsöverföring och lärande sker hos Metso Paper Karlstad AB, en organisation med delvis projektbaserat arbetssätt.</p><p>Resultatet av undersökningen är att det finns många faktorer som påverkar kunskapsöverföringen inom företag. Kunskapsöverföring sker mellan individer, mellan avdelningar och mellan övriga aktörer. I ”glappen” mellan alla dessa aktörer föreligger risk att kunskap inte överförs vilket således är hinder för lärande. Mycket av kunskapsöverföringen och lärandet sker idag utifrån individers egen drivkraft och motivation. Jag funnit att individer har olika motiv för att överföra kunskap eller att inte överföra. Det finns individer som förstår och agerar för företagets bästa men även de som agerar utifrån sina egna syften, vilket kan vara makt och karriär. Viljan att överföra kunskap påverkas även av hur trygg eller otrygg man känner sig i sin yrkesroll och i sin anställning. Därutöver tillkommer de individer som resignerat och inte intresserar sig vare sig för företagets bästa eller för egen vinning, de har en mera passiv hållning. Dessa faktorer presenteras i en modell i uppsatsen. En kartläggning av omfattningen av dessa olika typer av individer kan hjälpa företaget att välja rätt insatser för att öka kunskapsöverföringen. Några generella aktiviteter som påverkar kunskapsöverföring inom företag är ledningens förståelse av betydelsen att överföra kunskap och långsiktighet i arbetet. Det är även viktigt att medarbetarna förstår sin roll i företagets process men även sin roll som bärare av kunskap. Ökad interaktion mellan avdelningar och behovsanpassade interna utbildningar stimulerar sannolikt kunskapsöverföring mellan avdelningar.</p>

<p>A big part of assets in companies today consists of their employees knowledge and skills. In today’s society knowledge insensitive companies are increasing. The survival of these companies lie in the knowledge of their employees, which make it of great importance that knowledge transfer is managed properly. Knowledge transfer is important since it makes it possible for co-workers to apply old solutions to new problems that arise, using knowledge that already existing within the organization. From a knowledge transfer point of view, using project as an overall structure has both advantages and disadvantages. Since work comprehended in a project is limited in time knowledge and experiences made from a project may not come to use in a future project. Members of a temporary organization do not have a department to return to and there fore no natural way to transfer the knowledge they gained. </p><p>Purpose of this paper is to describe knowledge transfer in project-based organization and barriers for doing so between projects. The study is conducted at two Swedish companies, SABO AB and Struktur Svenska Kontor AB in the service sector using interviews, studies of documents and observations. Our paper contribute to research by describing problems with knowledge transfer in two small project-based service organization using new concepts and cast shed on problems depending by the organisation, members and the character of project within in the organization. </p><p>Key words: </p><p>.</p> / <p>En stor del av tillgångarna hos många av dagens organisationer utgörs av deras medarbetares kunskap och skicklighet. Vi lever i ett samhälle där kunskapsintensiva företag kommer att bli allt fler. I och med att dessa organisationer fortsätter att existera på grund av medarbetarnas kunskap är det av stor vikt att kunskapsöverföring fungerar väl. Kunskapsöverföring är viktig eftersom den möjliggör för medarbetare att använda sig av gamla lösningar på nya problem. Många av dagens företag organiserar sig i projektform, en företeelse som har blivit allt vanligare på senare tid. Att organisera sin verksamhet i projektform kan medföra både för och nackdelar när det gäller kunskapsöverföring. Detta beroende på att de konstellationer som byggs upp under ett projekt upphör när projektet är avslutat. Projektmedlemmar har heller ingen avdelning att återvända till, vilket gör att kunskap och erfarenheter från ett projekt blir svårare att sprida vidare. </p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva kunskapsöverföring i projektbaserade organisationer samt vilka problem de har när det gäller kunskapsöverföringen mellan projekt. Undersökningen grundar sig på intervjuer, dokumentstudier och observationer som har genomförts på SABO AB och Struktur Svenska Kontor AB. Dessa företag är tjänsteproducerade och organiserar sin verksamhet i projektfrom. Vår uppsats bidrar till tidigare forskning genom att beskriva hinder för kunskapsöverföring i två små projektbaserade tjänsteföretag genom att använda nya koncept och belysa problem beroende av organisationen, individen och projektens karaktär inom organisationen. </p>