Denna studie undersöker hur illegala polska migranter lever och arbetar i Stockholm. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka varför polacker väljer illegal invandring till Stockholm som strategy. Dessutom hur strukturer i den svenska arbetsmarknaden och kontrol myndigheter påverkar dem. Studien visar att de flesta polacker hade kontakter med polska nätverk som redan var etablerade i Sverige före tanken på migration som en möjlig strategy tog form. Starka länkar kunde utskiljas mellan dessa nätverk i Stockholm och två regioner i norra Polen. Länkar kunde också utskiljas till tre regioner i södra Polen. Resultaten visar att strukturer inom den svenska arbetsmarknaden har gjort hemstädning till en niche för polacker som arbetar svart i Stockholm. Studien visar att många arbetade svart inom bygg och trädgårdsbranchen, dock inte i samma uttsträckning. Att resa genom Tyskland för att ta sig till Sverige var ett vanligt sätt att kringgå starka gränskontroller före det polska EU medlemskapet. Det svenska personnumret fungerar väl som kontrolfunktion och gör det svårt för illegala polacker att hyra lägenheter. För att kringgå detta hyr de ofta enstaka rum istället. En majoritet av polacker i studien tror inte att ett polsk EU medlemskap kommer att påverka deras arbete och leverne i Stockholm och kommer därmed fortsätta att arbeta svart. / This thesis is a study on Polish irregular migrants living and working in the Stockholm metropolitan region. The aim of the paper is to find out why Poles choose irregular migration to Stockholm as a strategy, and how the Swedish labour market structure and control authorities influence them. This study shows that most Poles had contacts with Polish networks already established in Sweden before contemplating irregular migration as a strategy. Strong links could be found between these networks in Stockholm and two regions in northern Poland. Clear links were also found to three regions in southern Poland. Swedish labour market structure has helped to make domestic cleaning a niche for undocumented Poles in Stockholm although many were also working in the gardening and building/renovation sectors. Results from this paper show that strong Swedish control functions make a number of survival strategies necessary to enter and live undocumented in Sweden. Transiting through Germany was a common way for undocumented Poles to bypass strong Swedish migration controls before Poland joined the EU. Internal control functions such as the Swedish personal ID number make renting apartments difficult for undocumented Poles, which make renting rooms a better option. A majority of undocumented Poles do not believe that Poland%u2019s membership will affect their work and lives in Stockholm and they will therefore continue to work undocumented.

Hårdnande konkurrens i en globaliserad och teknologidriven arbetsmarknad föranleder ökade krav på flexibla affärsmodeller för allt fler arbetsgivare. Atypisk arbetskraft används som en reserv för att möta marknadens fluktuerande behov och som en buffert för fast anställda vilket förklaras ge upphov till ojämlika arbetsförhållanden och segmentering av arbetskraften i ”insiders” och ”outsiders”. Denna studie ämnar bidra till att fylla den kunskapslucka som finns avseende flexibilisering i den svenska arbetsmarknaden genom att studera skillnader i arbetstillfredsställelse mellan fast och atypiskt anställda och därtill den medierande effekten av lön och arbetsotrygghet. Studien utgår från Dual Labor Market Theory vilken dikotomiserar arbetsmarknaden i ett primärt och sekundärt segment med starka institutionella barriärer emellan. Arne Kallebergs teori om arbetsbelöningar utgör utgångspunkt för studiens teoretisering och operationalisering av arbetstillfredsställelse. Datamaterialet baseras på den sjätte europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor, EWCS6, 2015. Analysen utgår från totalt 807 anställda män och kvinnor mellan 18–65 år som vid datainsamlingstillfället var folkbokförda i Sverige. Med bivariata analyser visas att atypiskt anställda har lägre lön och upplever en högre arbetsotrygghet än fast anställda. Genom enkel och multipel regressionsanalys visas att atypisk anställning är negativt associerat med arbetstillfredsställelse och att lön medierar det negativa sambandet. Resultaten går i linje med tidigare forskning som visat negativ inverkan av atypisk anställning på arbetstillfredsställelse och lön samt ger stöd åt Dual Labor Market Theory genom att påvisa strukturella komponenters betydelse i sammanhanget. Otrygghet i arbetet visas ha svag inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse och obefintlig medierande effekt på sambandet mellan atypisk anställning och arbetstillfredsställelse vilket strider mot tidigare forskningsresultat och diskuteras med hänsyn till det ekonomiska skyddsnät som innefattas i svensk socialpolitik däribland A-kassa, socialbidrag och statligt finansierade basutgifter.

As Sweden’s demographics evolve and its Asian immigrant population continues to rise, numerous skilled immigrants await the opportunity into Sweden’s skilled labor market.  Understanding the obstacles to skilled labour market integration, immigration demographics to Sweden, and the consequences of labor market barriers on well-being and lifestyle of skilled Asian immigrants in Sweden are the main topics of this study. The primary focus of this thesis is to investigate the barriers that Asian immigrants encounter when trying to find employment in Sweden, along with the resulting patterns of lifestyle. The thesis addresses this challenge by investigating three main areas. Firstly, it identifies the primary obstacles to the integration of skilled immigrants and students from Asia into Swedish labor market. These barriers include Swedish language competency, acknowledgement of foreign education and social capital. Secondly, the study analyses the demographics of Asian students attending Swedish universities, focusing on variables like age, nationality and immigration statistics. Thirdly, the study examines how the consequences of barriers to labor market affect the well-being, lifestyle of Asian immigrants and social sustainability in Sweden. We systematically examined a number of databases for literature published from the year 2000.  By employing qualitative methodologies through Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study also investigates on the effects of barriers on Swedish labor market and their impact on lifestyle and social sustainability. In addition to the qualitative study, we also included statistical data to illustrate the demographics including age, nationality, and work permit statistics. This does not form part of the analysis and is descriptive. We began the selection process by reading the abstracts and titles of the studies. Next, we read a number of the full-text studies and removed those that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We have employed the concept of thematic analysis for analysis of data in our thesis. We have applied Social Capital Theory and Human Capital Theory to give a strong foundation for our theoretical framework. Throughout the research process, ethical concerns are crucial and are strictly followed. The findings of this study shows that the language barriers, a lack of social networks and low recognition of foreign credentials are the major obstacles Asian skilled immigrants including job seekers and students encounter when trying to integrate into the Swedish workforce. Additionally, the demographic data shows that Asian students face considerable obstacles when it comes to workforce integration, highlighting the necessity of providing them with specialized assistance to expand their professional networks and gain practical work experience. Many Asian immigrants are unable to find employment that matches their qualifications as a result of these hindrances. The combination of these barriers leads to underemployment, which affect immigrants financial stability and professional advancement. These challenges also impact the lifestyle patterns and social sustainability, as they limit economic and employment opportunities thereby affecting general well-being and social cohesion of skilled Asian immigrants in Sweden. The study's conclusions deepen our understanding of immigrant experiences and provide guidance for evidence-based policies and tactics that enhance Asian immigrants' skilled labor market integration, social sustainability and well-being in Nordic nations.   Keywords:  Skilled Asian Immigrants, Sweden, Employment Patterns, Lifestyle Choices, Skilled Labor Market Integration, Asian International Students, Swedish Universities, Social Capital, Barriers, Immigration Statistics, Social Sustainability.

yes / Although many different analyses in some ways acknowledge the relevance of labour markets to the political economy of violent conflict and of war to peace transitions, there has been little sustained or systematic exploration of this dimension of war economies and post-conflict reconstruction. This paper highlights the empirical and analytical gaps and suggests that a framework departing from the assumptions of the liberal interpretation of war allows for a richer analysis of labour market issues and policies. This is illustrated by the history of rural Mozambique through the war economy and into the first post-war decade.

By studying the representation of foreign-born women in the Swedish labour market policy debate, between the years 2010-2020, I want to discover if there has been a change of the rhetoric in political debates and how that affects the activities provided to foreign-born immigrant women. My conclusion is that there has been a change towards a more individualistic approach, with a representation of the group that further amplifies systematic discrimination in the Swedish labour market system. By creating a group with weaker standing on the labour market that can be used as low wage labour under the cover of support, the rhetoric can be seen as upholding the capitalist system.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies Three Essays on Labor Market Institutional Environment Dissertation Thesis Kamila Fialová Prague 2012 Abstract This thesis consists of three papers about labor market institutional environment. The first paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Effect on Labor Market Performance in the New EU Member Countries" estimates the effects of labor market institutions on various performance indicators (unemployment, long-term unemployment, employment, activity rate) in European countries. The results confirm that high taxes increase unemployment, whereas active labor market policies tend to reduce it. The paper also shows that stricter employment protection, higher taxes, and a larger economic burden represented by the minimum wage decrease employment and activity rates. The second paper "Labor Market Institutions and Their Impact on Shadow Economies in Europe" analyzes the role of labor market institutions in explaining developments of shadow economies in European countries using several alternative measures of the shadow sector. The results indicate that the one institution that unambiguously increases shadow production and employment is strict employment protection legislation. Other labor market institutions have less...

The main aim of this dissertation thesis is to present a new system of statistical information concerning the labour market in the Czech Republic with respect to the theoretical background as well as to latest trends in the labour market statistics. The structure of the thesis is as follows. In the first chapter, there is a theoretical framework of the labour market introduced. This framework interlinks relations among employees and employers and is neutral with respect to all the economic schools of thought. Besides, I describe an actual state of the labour market statistics in the Czech Republic and evaluate its compliance with the theoretical research. The second chapter is focused on the state of the art concerning labour market statistics from the point of view of both data integration and comprehensive systems of labour market indicators. In the first part of the third chapter, there is a proposal of the new system of statistical information concerning the labour market that complies with both the economic theory and latest trends in the labour market statistics. The most likely advantage of the new system is the fact that all the key aspects of the labour market (i.e. employment as well as remuneration) are surveyed and evaluated together. In addition to the generally known indicators of both economic activity and remuneration, I propose new indicators of job creation, job destruction, hires, separations, job reallocation and worker reallocation. In the second part of the third chapter, there is a proposal of the integrated data source that will allow us to quantify all indicators provided that there are no legal restrictions concerning data integration in the Czech Republic. In last two parts of the third chapter, there are discussed both the main issues concerning the implementation of the system and the pros and cons of the system. There have never been quantified the indicators concerning job and employee flows using the linked employer-employee data in the Czech Republic, so the pilot results are introduced in the fourth chapter. It is obvious that using the new system, we could prove some hypotheses that were impossible to prove using standard set of indicators. In the last part of the fourth chapter, there are worker and job flows balanced with respect to the stock information concerning labour market in the Czech Republic. In the fifth chapter, I investigate the possibility of a wider use of the new system in order to be able to identify and analyse an array of labour market phenomena in more detail. The thesis brings a new insight to the dynamics of the labour market compared to the generally known basic set of labour market indicators. The systematic approach, based on a wider use of linked employer-employee microdata combined with new indicators, has the advantages of a higher information capability as well as of complying with the requirements of the academics.

Diploma thesis is about problems related to employment of disabled people. The aim of a thesis is complex analysis of labour market and possibilities that have people with disabilities when looking for a job. This thesis provides summary of employers rights and obligations, which are linked with employment of people with disabilities. It enumerates barriers to employ these people and it describes special working conditions that exist for people with disabilities. This thesis also contains complex analysis of the legislation and labour market with the focus on Náchod region.

The thesis "Analysis of the influence of demographic development on employment and employment policy of elderly people in the Czech republic" focuses on the specific position of elderly people in the labour market. In the event of redundancy, they tend to be under threat of long- term unemployment more often and to a greater extent than other groups in the labour market. The thesis describes in detail the current state of employment of elderly people in the Czech Republic and the European Union with respect to demographic trends, which - in addition to other consequences - also have a strong impact on the labour market. The aim of the thesis is to determine the main obstacles preventing greater involvement of elderly people in the labour market in the Czech Republic, and the direction employment policy should take in order to achieve greater efficiency. The basic hypothesis of the thesis is the idea that the implementation of an active employment policy in the Czech Republic is not effective enough in solving the unemployment issues of the elderly. Using four theoretical frameworks, the main deficiencies of the currently implemented employment policy with respect to elderly people and the causes thereof are identified. Theoretical foundations are also applied in discussing possible solutions to the...

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to evaluate the extent to which South Africa achieve the objectives of poverty and inequality reduction as well as job creation, up-to-date and reliable data are required. Since the transition, various survey data have been commonly used for these analyses, namely Census, Community Survey (CS) 2007, Income and Expenditure Survey (IES), October Household Survey (OHS), Labour Force Survey (LFS), Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), General Household Survey (GHS), Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development (PSLSD), National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) and All Media Products Survey (AMPS). However, these datasets are not fully comparable, due to differences in the sampling design, sample size, questionnaire structure, methodology to derive labour market status, as well as the way the income and expenditure information was collected. Hence, this dissertation begins by analysing these issues in each survey in Chapter 2. With regard to the income and expenditure information, it was collected differently in the surveys: the recall method was used in all surveys except IES 2005/2006, the only survey that adopted the diary method; respondents were asked to report the actual amount in some surveys but only asked to declare the relevant interval in others; for the former approach, respondents could either declare the single estimate amount or amounts for sub-categories that were then aggregated; for interval data, various methods can be used to determine the amount in each interval. Thus, Chapter 3 begins by discussing the merits and drawbacks of these approaches, as well as how they would affect the reliability and comparability of income and expenditure variables across the surveys. In some surveys (e.g., the two censuses and CS 2007), quite high proportions of households incorrectly reported zero income or expenditure or did not specify their income or expenditure. Poverty and inequality estimates could be influenced by either including or excluding these households from the analyses. Hence, various approaches to deal with these households are examined in Chapter 3. As the surveys typically under-captured income or expenditure when compared with the national accounts income, the validity of the resultant poverty and inequality estimates might be affected. Hence, arguments for and against adjusting the survey means in line with the national accounts mean (e.g. by shifting the survey distribution rightwards) are discussed. As the survey data are, strictly speaking, crosssectional and not designed for time-series labour market, poverty and inequality analyses, it is sometimes argued that the data should be re-weighted to be consistent with demographic and geographic numbers presented by the Actuarial Society of South Africa (ASSA) and Census data. This cross entropy re-weighting approach is discussed in Chapter 3. Finally, the chapter examines the labour market status derivation methodology in all OHSs, LFSs and QLFSs in greater detail, and investigates how the changes across the surveys could possibly affect the comparability of labour market estimates throughout the years. The dissertation then examines the labour market trends since the transition by using the OHS, LFS and QLFS data, and it is found that both the labour force and employment numbers increased in general since the transition, but the latter increase was not rapid enough to absorb the expanding labour force. In addition, the number of narrow unemployed doubled between 1994 and 2009, and the narrow unemployment rate showed an upward trend and peaked at just above 30% in 2003. It decreased between 2004 and 2007, before rising again in 2008- 2009 due to the impact of global recession. Application of the cross entropy approach does not substantially affect labour market trends, suggesting that the trends (including the abrupt increase in labour market estimates during the changeover from OHS to LFS) were either real or took place due to the improvement of the questionnaire to capture the labour market status of the respondents better. Furthermore, the application of the LFS 2000b-LFS 2007b methodology on the earlier surveys reduced the extent of the abrupt increase of the number of broad unemployed and broad unemployment rates during the changeover between OHS and LFS. Finally, the use of the QLFS methodology (which required minor revisions) on the LFSs greatly reduced the extent of the abrupt decrease of unemployment aggregates between LFS 2007b and QLFS 2008Q1, thereby improving the comparability of these aggregates across the surveys. In Chapter 5 poverty and inequality concepts are reviewed, followed by a detailed explanation of the sequential regression multiple imputation (SRMI) technique to deal with households with zero or missing income or expenditure, as well as the derivation of real income, expenditure and consumption variables in each survey. Poverty and inequality trends since the transition are examined in Chapter 6. With regard to poverty, with the exception of AMPS, the poverty trends were very similar across the surveys, that is, poverty increased since the transition, before a downward trend took place since 2000. As far as inequality is concerned, both the levels and trends in the Gini coefficients differed a lot amongst the surveys, as the estimates were very stable in the AMPSs, showed an upward trend in surveys like IESs and GHSs, but first increased until 2000 before a downward trend took place in others (e.g., the two censuses and CS 2007). The levels of inequality also differed when comparing the surveys. The abovementioned poverty and inequality estimates and trends could in part be affected by the various issues discussed in Chapter 3, thus there is a need for careful analysis. The impact of the number and width of intervals in which income or expenditure data are recorded on poverty and inequality estimates and trends are dealt with in greater detail in Chapter 6 by applying various intervals on the three IESs and NIDS 2008. It is found that the number and width of intervals only had some impact on these estimates and trends in some surveys. The effect of adjusting the survey means in line with the national accounts mean is also investigated. Finally, the application of the cross entropy re-weighting technique did not have any significant impact on the poverty and inequality estimates and trends. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Data wat op datum en betroubaar is word vereis om te kan evalueer in watter mate Suid- Afrika sy doelwitte rakende die vermindering van armoede en ongelykheid en die skepping van werkgeleenthede bereik. Sedert die politieke oorgang word verskeie opnamedatastelle gewoonlik vir sulke ontledings gebruik, byvoorbeeld Sensusse, die Gemeenskapsopname van 2007, Inkomste- en Bestedingsopnames, Oktober-huishoudingsopnames, Arbeidsmagopnames, Kwartaallikse Arbeidsmagopnames, Algemene-Huishoudingsopnames, die Nasionale-Inkomste-Dinamika-Studie en die Alle-Media-en-Produkte-opnames. Weens verskille in steekproef-ontwerp, struktuur van die vraelyste, metodologie om arbeidsmarkstatus te klassifiseer, asook maniere waarop inligting oor inkomste en besteding ingewin is, is hierdie datastelle egter nie ten volle vergelykbaar nie, Gevolglik begin hierdie proefskrif in Hoofstuk 2 om elk van hierdie kwessies in elke opname te ontleed. Inkomste- en bestedingsinligting is in die opnames verskillend ingewin: In die meeste opnames is respondente gevra om aan te dui hoeveel hulle in die verlede bestee of verdien het, maar in die Inkomste- en Bestedingsopname van 2005/2006 is die dagboekmetode gebruik; respondente is in party opnames gevra om die presiese bedrag te vermeld, terwyl hulle in ander opnames die betrokke inkomste- of bestedingsinterval moes aandui; vir eersgenoemde is hulle gevra om òf die enkelbedrag te verklaar, òf hulle moes ‘n aantal sub-komponente onderskei; vir intervaldata kan verskillende metodes gebruik word om skattings van die inkomste in elke interval te maak. Dus begin Hoofstuk 3 met ‘n oorsig van die voor- en nadele van die verskillende benaderings en ‘n bespreking van hoe dit die betroubaarheid en vergelykbaarheid van inkomste- en bestedingsveranderlikes oor die opnames beïnvloed. In party opnames (bv. die twee sensusse en die Gemeenskapsopname van 2007) dui heelwat huishoudings verkeerdelik aan dat hulle geen inkomste verdien of uitgawes aangaan nie, of hulle spesifiseer nie hoeveel hulle verdien of bestee nie. Ramings van armoede en ongelykheid kan geraak word deur sulke respondent in te sluit of deur hulle uit te laat in die ontledings. Gevolglik word verskeie benaderings in Hoofstuk 3 bespreek om hiermee om te gaan. Omdat opnames vergeleke met die nasionale rekeninge tipies inkomste of besteding onderskat, mag dit die geldigheid van daaruitvoortspruitende armoede- en ongelykheidsramings raak. Gevolglik word argumente vir en teen die aanpsssing van die opname-data om dit in ooreenstemming te bring met die nasionale rekeninge (d.w.s. deur die verdeling na regs te verskuif) bespreek. Ten slotte, omdat die opnamedata streng gesproke kruissnitdata is en nie ontwerp is vir tydreekse van die arbeidsmag, armoede en ongelykheid nie, word soms aangevoer dat die gewigte van die data herweeg moet word om in ooreenstemming te wees met demografiese en geografiese data soos verkry van die Aktuariële Vereniging van Suid-Afrika en sensusdata. Hierdie kruisentropie herwegingsmetode word in Hoofstuk 3 bespreek. Ten slotte ondersoek die laaste hoofstuk die metodologie vir die bepaling van arbeidsmarkstatus in all die OHS, LFS en QLFS opnames in groter besonderhede, en ook hoe die veranderings oor die verskillende opname-reekse heen dalk die vergelykbaarheid van arbeidsmarkramings deur die jare kan beïnvloed. Die proefskrif ontleed daarna arbeidsmarktendense sedert die politieke oorgang met gebruik van die Oktober-huishoudingsoponames, Arbeidsmagopnames en Kwartaallikse Arbeidsmagopnames. Beide die arbeidsmag en indiensneming het sedert die transisie toegeneem, maar die toename in indiensneming was onvoldoende om die uitbreiding van die arbeidsmag te absorbeer. Verder het die getal eng-gedefinieerde werkloses tussen 1994 en 2009 verdubbel, en die eng werkloosheidskoers het ‘n toename getoon en in 2003 ‘n toppunt van 30% bereik. Dit het daarna tussen 2004 en 2007 gedaal voordat dit weer in 2008-2009 gestyg het weens die wêreldreseessie. Die toepassing van die kruisentropie-benadering het arbeidsmarktendense nie noemenswaardig beïnvloed nie, wat daarop dui dat hierdie tendense (insluitende die skielike toename in arbeidsmagramings in die oorgang van die Oktoberhuishoudingsopname- data na die Arbeidsmarkopname-data) werklik was, of anders plaasgevind het weens veranderings in die opnamevraelyste om respondente se arbeidsmarkstatus beter te probeer bepaal. Verder het die toepassing van die LFS2000b tot LFS 2007B metodologie op die vroeëre opnames die abrupte verlaging in die oorgang tussen die OHS en LFS in die getal breed-gedefineerde werkloses en breë werkloosheidkoerse verminder. Ten slotte het die gebruik van die QLFS-metodologie op die LFS (wat kleiner hersienings benodig het) die abrupte verlaging tussen LFS2007b en QLFS2008Q1 aansienlik verminder, en dus die vergelykbaarheid van hierdie groothede oor die opnames heen verbeter. In Hoofstuk 5 word eers ‘n oorsig van armoede- en ongelykheidsbegrippe gegee, waarma die sekwensiële-regressie-veelvoudige-imputasie-tegniek in besonderhede bespreek word. Hierdie tegniek word veral gebruik vir gevalle waar huishoudings aandui dat hulle inkomste of besteding nul is, of waar hulle nie antwoord nie. Daar is ook ‘n bespreking van die bepaling van reële inkomste, besteding of verbruiksveranderlikes in elke opname. Armoedeen ongeleykheidstendense word in Hoofstul 6 bespreek. Rakende armoede is daar, met uitsondering van die Alle-Media-en-Produkte-opname, eenstemmigheid dat dit sedert die politieke oorgang eers gestyg het voor dit sedert 2000 begin daal het. Sover dit ongelykheid aanbetref verskil neigings in die Gini-koëffissiënt baie tussen die opnames, want die ramings is stabiel oor die periode vir die Alle-Media-en-Produkte-opname, styg vir die Inkomste- en Bestedingsopname en die Algemene-Huishoudingsopnames, en styg tot 2000 voordat dit afneem in ander opnames (bv. die twee sensusse en die Gemeenskapsopname van 2007). Vlakke van ongelykheid verskil ook tussen die opnames. Deels kan die genoemde tendense in armoede- en ongelykheid dalk toegeskryf word aan die kwessies wat in Hoofstuk 3 bespreek is. Die effek van die getal en wydte van die intervalle waarin inkomste- en bestedingsdata ingewin word op ramings van armoede en ongelykheid word in meer besonderheid in Hoofstuk 6 bespreek. Deur die toepassing van verskillende intervalle op data van die drie Inkomste- en Bestedingsopnames en die Nasionale-Inkomste-Dinamika-studie word bevind dat die getal en wydte van intervalle ‘n beperkte effek op hierdie ramings en tendense het. Verder word gekyk na die effek van die aanpssing van die opname-data om dit in ooreenstemming met die nasionale rekeninge te bring. Ten slotte word getoon dat die gebruik van die kruisentropie-metode nie enige beduidende uitwerking op armoede- en ongeleykheidsramings en -tendense het nie.