Den svenska arbetsmarknaden är under förändring och blir mer individualiserad och flexibel. Lagen om anställningsskydd blir mer ifrågasatt och det finns diskussioner om att förändra denna lag. Uppsatsen behandlar vilka strategier Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 har för att möta individualisering och flexibilitet.Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i aktuella teorier om individualisering och flexibilitet, det vill säga förändringsprocesser, i arbetslivet undersöka dels hur en fackförening (Handels) upplever nämnda förändringsprocesser samt dels om och hur fackföreningens agerande påverkas av förändringsprocesserna.De teorier som ligger till grund för denna uppsats behandlar individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt.Vi har gjort 4 stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med fackligt aktiva medlemmar inom Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 i Halmstad.Resultatet är uppdelat i fyra olika teman: Facklig verksamhet, individualisering, flexibilitet samt arbetsrätt. Strategier som Handels använder sig av för att möta individualisering, går ut på att träffa ungdomar tidigt.Om ungdomar är mer individualiserade i dagens samhälle än gårdagens samhälle innebär det att Handels på sikt kan få problem. Med problemet menas att de ungdomar som väljer bort ett medlemskap utifrån ett individuellt val, kan leda till att Handels förlorar medlemsantal och därmed deras förhandlingsstyrka på arbetsmarknaden. / The Swedish labour market is changing and becoming more individualized and flexible. The law on employment protection will be further challenged and there are discussions about changing this law. This essay deals with which strategies Handelsanställdas förbund Avd 3 has to accommodate individualization and flexibility.The purpose of this essay is based on current theories of individualization and flexibility, meaning, changing processes in work life and examine how a trade union (Handels) experience changes, and whether the union's behavior is affected by processes of change.The theories and previous research underlying this essay deals with theories of individualization, flexibility and labour law.We have made four semi-structured interviews with trade union officials in Halmstad.The result is divided into four themes: trade union activities, individualization, flexibility, and labour law. Handels is working on issues such as work environment, salary and work hours. Strategies Handels are using to accommodate individualization, is to communicate with young people in an early stage.If young people are more individualized in today's society than yesterday's society, Handels may in the long term have a problem. With the problem, it means that if young people will not be members on the basis of an individual choice, this may lead to Handels losing members and thus their negotiation strength in the labor market.

Uppsatsen belyser invandrade akademikers erfarenheter av Söderhamns kommuns Insteg till Svenskt Arbetsliv, en kurs för att underlätta inträdet på svensk arbetsmarknad samt invandrade akademikers syn på hur de kan få jobb i Sverige. Det är svårt för invandrade akademiker att få arbete som motsvarar deras utbildning.  Metoden för undersökningen har varit semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra invandrade akademiker. Resultatet visade att ISA-kursen gav information om hur man söker jobb i Sverige och hur den svenska arbetsmarknaden fungerar, kontakt med arbetsgivare samt träning i att prata svenska. Resultatet visade att det behövs kurser i svenskt fackspråk och ekonomiskt stöd för att studera svenska på hög nivå. Resultatet överensstämmer med Svenskt Näringslivs åsikt att brist på effektiva utbildningar i svenska gör att Sverige inte kan förvalta hitflyttad välutbildad arbetskraft. Resultatet visar att kommuner behöver fördela rätt kompetens till rätt kommun samt att invandrade akademiker behöver hjälp med kontakter med arbetsgivare. Processen att få ett arbete behöver gå snabbare för att invandrade akademiker inte ska tappa motivation. / This thesis explains how academically educated immigrants in Söderhamn, Sweden, have experienced a course aiming to help them enter the Swedish job market. It gives these academically educated immigrants' views on how they can get a job in Sweden. It is difficult for academically educated immigrants to get work in Sweden equivalent to their education. The method used has been semi-structured interviews with four immigrants with academic educations. The result shows that the course gave information about how to apply for a job in Sweden and how the Swedish job market works, contact with Swedish employers and training in speaking Swedish. The result also shows that there is a need for technical language courses in Swedish that gives immigrants the terminology needed to be able to practice their professions in Sweden.  In addition there is a need for financial support to be able to study Swedish at high levels. This result corresponds with the view of Svenskt Näringsliv: There is a lack of effective Swedish courses in Sweden which makes it impossible to make use of highly educated people that move here. Furthermore the result shows that communities in Sweden need to have a better communication and place people with competence to the appropriate community. Finally academically educated immigrants need help in contacting Swedish employers. The process to get a job in Sweden must be quicker or they may lose their motivation to find work in Sweden.

Hartz-reformen inleddes 2003 och förändrade mycket i den aktiva arbetsmarknadspolitiken och systemet för den ekonomiska ersättningen vid arbetslöshet stramades till stor del åt. Många regleringar rörande låginkomsttagare skrevs om och hela arbetsmarknaden verkade vändas upp och ner. Innan den ekonomiska krisen slog till i Europa var Tyskland ett land med hög arbetslöshet och statistiken såg inte alls bra ut. Vid 2005 vände detta, och när många EU-länder såg en kraftig ökning av arbetslösheten fortsatte Tyskland att reducera sin arbetslöshet. I Sverige kan vi se många förändringar som liknar reformen eller syftar till att åtgärda samma problemområden. Exempel på detta är subventioner på vissa grupper av arbetstagare, motverkan av svart husarbete och liknande arbetsmarknadspolitiska program genom arbetsförmedlingsstjänster för att hjälpa arbetssökande in på marknaden. De mest betydande faktorerna som spelat in i Tysklands höga sysselsättning bland ungdomar, är till synes en välutvecklad övergång mellan skola och arbetsliv samt en kulturell inställning och sedvänja bland företagarna att stötta ungdomar och leda dem in på arbetsmarknaden. Vidare finns ett samband mellan den generellt höga sysselsättningen i Tyskland och utvecklingen för gruppen låginkomsttagare. Omregleringar och skattesubventioner har möjliggjort låginkomstarbeten i en betydligt högre grad och det nya systemet tenderar att forcera arbetslösa till dessa arbeten. Uppsatsen behandlar en jämförelse av arbetsmarknadspolitiken bakom Tyskland och Sveriges utveckling av sysselsättningsgraden främst under 2000-talet. Syftet är att redogöra vilka likheter och skillnader som kan ha bidragit till ländernas olika utveckling vad gäller sysselsättningsgraden.

La tesi si inserisce nell'ambito dell'animato dibattito politico e scientifico in merito alle misure volte a supportare i soggetti più deboli nel processo di inclusione socio-lavorativa. Al centro della riflessione si situano i cambiamenti che hanno caratterizzato il mercato del lavoro negli ultimi trent'anni e le politiche di welfare sviluppate a livello nazionale e comunitario per rispondere ai nuovi rischi e bisogni dei cittadini. In particolare, si approfondiscono le politiche del mercato del lavoro, cioè tutte quelle misure e quei servizi finalizzati a supportare i lavoratori in difficoltà occupazionale. La lettura proposta è volta a comprendere il significato delle azioni di politica del lavoro, alla luce dei cambiamenti introdotti dalle riforme degli ultimi anni. Si parla oggi di politiche attive del lavoro, di occupabilità, di responsabilizzazione degli individui, di personalizzazione degli interventi e, sul fronte degli attori che governano e gestiscono il sistema, di concertazione e di sinergia pubblico-privato. Nella seconda parte della tesi sono proposti due studi di caso, il modello lombardo e il modello danese di politiche del lavoro, che presentano logiche di intervento e orientamenti differenti, pur in presenza di situazioni occupazionali simili, caratterizzate da ridotti problemi di disoccupazione e da elevati tassi di partecipazione al mercato del lavoro. / The thesis is positioned within the political and scientific debate regarding the measures aimed to support the vulnerable people in the social and employment integration process. The study in depth concerns the changes of the labour market of the last thirty years and the welfare policies developed on national and European level to meet new citizens requirements. In particular, the thesis is focused on the labour market policies, which include measures and services supporting people with employment difficulties. The analysis concerns the new trends in labour market policies, the Italian model, the actors who govern the system and the types of measures (vocational guidance, vocational training, employment services, etc). The second part of thesis explores two cases, Lombardy and Denmark labour market policies models, with the analysis of different labour market problems and the various strategies to improve social cohesion and integration for disadvantaged people.

This study deals with the consequences for household economy in connection with unemployment. Various mechanisms that influence the relationship between unemployment and the reception of supplementary benefits are described and analyzed. The labour market, the social insurance system and the adjustment strategies of families are fields of particular interest to this study. The economic systems of support that have developed are dominated by the unemployment insurance. Those, whose unemployment benefits have ceased or who for some other reason are not covered by the insurance, have to resort to supplementary benefits. The differences in level between working, receiving unemployment benefits or supplementary benefits can be described in terms of a scale of income. The aspect of the scale varies strongly between different types of families. The empirical point of reference for this dissertation is the close-down of a pulp industry (Ncb in Köpmanholmen 130 km south of Umeå in the north of Sweden). The development of those made redundant has been studied with regard to reception of supplementary benefits, income and adjustment strategies. Data about income and supplementary benefits were collected from registers at the local tax charge office and the local administration of social services. 83 out of 444 households were interviewed about adjustment strategies. The close-down in question proved to be exceptional in many aspects. The expected "social catastrophe" never occured due to the economic upswing, raised unemployment benefits and ambitious labour market policy efforts, among other things. Only a very small minority of those made redundant have received supplementary benefits after the close-down. This has been the case although many of those made redundant have been removed from the open labour market with a subsequent lowering of their income level. Amongst those made redundant many different patterns of adjustment havè been observed. It appears that those who lack work after a couple of years after the close-down are often characterized by passivity, whereas those who have been employed are often characterized by activity. Finally the variation in patterns of adjustment can be seen as a social policy problem. Judging from the results a combination of the institutional and marginal social policy strategies would be desirable. Reform schemes can be suggested that are based on a wish to supplement the preventive and institutional social policy with selective features where the adjustment strategies of families should provide an important resource potential. / digitalisering@umu

The intention of this work is to explore how Aboriginal learners are produced in the Saskatchewan Adult Basic Education (ABE) curriculum. In addition, this study examines the production of instructor identities in the curriculum. This thesis explores the social and historical contexts influencing the production of the ABE curriculum. Current prevailing discourses about Aboriginal people influence the curriculum documents. These discourses construct a grand narrative about Aboriginal people, producing Aboriginal people in particular ways that become acceptable and legitimate ways of thinking about and behaving toward Aboriginal people. This work examines how such a grand narrative functions to uphold dominance and structural inequalities rather than challenge them. The effect of reinforcing the current, particular grand narrative about Aboriginal people is that, rather than challenge dominant ideologies, the new curriculum re-inscribes them. This work employs the methodology of discourse analysis as a means of examining the production of particular identities for Aboriginal learners in ABE and uses deconstruction to explore the ways that the documents betray themselves in relation to their objectives. This thesis provides analysis of the ways that the curriculum documents produce and reproduce Aboriginal people as deficient and requiring change. This work provides analysis of the conflict within the documents between a desire to challenge dominance and the re-inscription of dominance through discursive practices. In addition, this work demonstrates how the ABE curriculum aids in the production of dominant instructor identities, and how such dominant identities assist instructors to define themselves as innocent and helpful. This analysis of the ABE curriculum reveals that while the curriculum aspires to be a proponent of social justice for Aboriginal learners it has many weaknesses in this regard. This work concludes with recommendations for changes to the curriculum and instructor practices, and for further critical analysis.

Syftet med forskningsrapporten är att undersöka hur kvinnor över femtio år använder en universitetsutbildning i formandet av sin framtidsstrategi. För att besvara våra forskningsfrågor har vi genomfört både en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ undersökning. Den kvantitativa undersökningen utgjordes av en postenkät som sändes till 30 kvinnor vid Linköpings universitet. Den kvalitativa metoden bestod av tre intervjuer med slumpmässigt utvalda respondenter från enkäten. Slutsatserna är baserade på våra resultat från enkäterna och intervjuerna samt den litteratur vi valt med anknytning till rapporten. Litteraturen berör bland annat begreppet livslångt lärande, som genom sin koppling till både arbete och utbildning fått en central roll i rapporten som helhet. Resultaten visar att önskan om utveckling, både gällande den yrkesmässiga kompetensen och på det personliga planet, har varit viktiga faktorer för beslutet att påbörja studier. Kvinnornas syn på mål och möjligheter handlar om att främja personlig utveckling, där nya utmaningar eller möjligheten till andra arbetssätt kan öka livskvaliteten. Ytterligare en slutsats som vi dragit är att man studerar på högskolan för att få möjlighet att stärka sin position på arbetsmarknaden. / The purpose of this research report is to examine how women, 50 years old or more, use their university education in establishing their future strategy. To answer our research question both quantitative and qualitative surveys were made. The qualitative method consisted of a questionnaire sent out to 30 women at Linköping university. The qualitative method consisted of three interviews with randomly selected women from the formerly mentioned group of responders. The conclusions are based upon the results from the questionnaries and the interviews, as well as the literature chosen for this research report. The literature deals with concepts such as lifelong learning. Being closely related to both work and education, lifelong learning became a key role for this study as a whole. The results show that the urge for development, both regarding professional competence and that of a personal level, has been an important factor in the process to start studying. The women´s views on the objectives and possibilities are about fostering personal growth, where new challenges or the alternative way of working can enchance life quality. Another conclusion is that by studying at the university the number of work options is increased. Thus the women strengthen their position in the labour market.

Syftet med studien är att erhålla ökad förståelse för hur medarbetare upplever att arbetsmotivation kan främjas och ledarens påverkan på främjandet av arbetsmotivationen. Vidare undersöks vilka faktorer som verkar  motivationsfrämjande för medarbetarna i den organisation där studien utförts samt hur väl deras arbetsmotivation främjas. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ metod och det empiriska materialet har insamlats genom åtta intervjuer på medarbetarnivå. Studiens resultat visar att medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation främjas genom flera faktorer, bland annat sociala faktorer och lönen betonas. Medarbetarnas motivation främjas men skulle kunna främjas mer än vad den gör idag genom ett antal motivationsfrämjande faktorer som diskuteras. Ledaren har påverkansmöjligheter över flertalet av de faktorer som skulle kunna höja medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation. Fokus bör därför riktas mot dessa motivationsfrämjande faktorer. / The purpose of this study is to contribute to increased knowledge about how employees´ perceive that work motivation can be enhanced and the leaders’ impact on it. Furthermore the authors wish to examine which motivational factors that contribute to employees’ work motivation in the organization where the study was conducted and how well their work motivation is promoted. A qualitative method has been used to conduct this study and its material has been gathered from eight qualitative interviews with employees in the organization. The result shows that several factors contribute to the work motivation, for example the influence of social factors and the salary is stressed. The work motivation could, through a series of motivational factors, be more promoted. The manager plays an important role and can influence most of the motivational factors that are needed for enhancing the employees’ work motivation. Focus should therefore be directed towards these motivational factors.

Grundtanken med individuell lönesättning är att bidra till att göra arbetsplatsen attraktiv och effektiv. Tidigare forskning visar dock att individuella löner under lång tid varit mycket kontroversiella och på flera håll mötts av ointresse eller motstånd. Flera menar att individuell lönesättning kan motverka sitt eget syfte. Utifrån denna bakgrund är syftet med studien att få ökad kunskap och förståelse om vilka konsekvenser individuella löner fört med sig genom att dels undersöka anställdas personliga upplevelser och dels studera lönestatistik. Studiens första del har undersökt brandmäns åsikter på en räddningstjänst där motståndet mot individuell lönesättning är synnerligen starkt. Resultaten visar att brandmännen menar att individuell lönesättning inte fungerar på deras arbetsplats och de ser stora risker med att behöva införa det. Studiens andra del har undersökt löneutvecklingen på en teknisk förvaltning inom samma kommun som räddningstjänsten. Resultaten visar att lönespridningen har ökat inom samtliga undersökta yrkesgrupper sedan införandet av individuella löner. Dock handlar det inte om så ”stora” summor och framförallt är det ingen individ som höjer sig långt ovanför de andras löneläge. Slutligen diskuteras att individuell lönesättning har gett upphov till starka känslor men inte några ”större” löneskillnader.

The intention of this work is to explore how Aboriginal learners are produced in the Saskatchewan Adult Basic Education (ABE) curriculum. In addition, this study examines the production of instructor identities in the curriculum. This thesis explores the social and historical contexts influencing the production of the ABE curriculum. Current prevailing discourses about Aboriginal people influence the curriculum documents. These discourses construct a grand narrative about Aboriginal people, producing Aboriginal people in particular ways that become acceptable and legitimate ways of thinking about and behaving toward Aboriginal people. This work examines how such a grand narrative functions to uphold dominance and structural inequalities rather than challenge them. The effect of reinforcing the current, particular grand narrative about Aboriginal people is that, rather than challenge dominant ideologies, the new curriculum re-inscribes them. This work employs the methodology of discourse analysis as a means of examining the production of particular identities for Aboriginal learners in ABE and uses deconstruction to explore the ways that the documents betray themselves in relation to their objectives. This thesis provides analysis of the ways that the curriculum documents produce and reproduce Aboriginal people as deficient and requiring change. This work provides analysis of the conflict within the documents between a desire to challenge dominance and the re-inscription of dominance through discursive practices. In addition, this work demonstrates how the ABE curriculum aids in the production of dominant instructor identities, and how such dominant identities assist instructors to define themselves as innocent and helpful. This analysis of the ABE curriculum reveals that while the curriculum aspires to be a proponent of social justice for Aboriginal learners it has many weaknesses in this regard. This work concludes with recommendations for changes to the curriculum and instructor practices, and for further critical analysis.