Tik XX a. viduryje pradėtos kelti idėjos apie moterų ir vyrų lygias galimybes darbo rinkoje, todėl moterų vadovavimas yra naujas reiškinys visuomenėje ir ekonomikoje. Nors sukurta pakankama teisinė bazė, garantuojanti de jure lygias moterų ir vyrų galimybes darbo rinkoje, tačiau de facto moterys siekdamos karjeros vis dar susiduria su daugybe kliūčių (vyraujantys stereotipai, šeimos ir darbo derinimo klausimai, realus lygių galimybių neužtikrinimas ir pan.). Tokiu atveju svarbų vaidmenį atlieka žiniasklaida, kaip tarpininkė tarp vadovų ir visuomenės, daranti įtaką tam tikro moters-vadovės įvaizdžio formavimui. Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas ir lyginamas realus (faktais, tyrimais, statistiniais duomenimis pagrįstas) ir žiniasklaidos formuojamas moters vadovės įvaizdis Lietuvoje, pateikiamos minėtos analizės išvados. Darbo dėstomoji dalis susideda iš trijų pagrindinių skyrių. Pirmajame aptariamas statistinis moters vadovės portretas, galimybės užimti vadovaujančias pareigas, visuomenėje vyraujantys stereotipai, nelygių galimybių darbo rinkoje klausimai, šeimos ir darbo derinimo sunkumai bei moterų ir vyrų kaip vadovų palyginimas. Antrasis darbo dalies skyrius yra skirtas dviejuose skirtingo pobūdžio spausdintinės žiniasklaidos leidiniuose pateikiamo moters vadovės įvaizdžio analizei ir palyginimui. Trečiajame skyriuje siekiama apibūdinti žiniasklaidos įtaką visuomenės nuomonės formavimui, taip pat, atsakyti į klausimą – ar žiniasklaidos formuojamas moters vadovės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The ideas of men and women having equal opportunities on labour market emerged only in the middle of the 20th century, therefore, female leadership is a new social and economical phenomenon. Although a sufficient legal base securing equal de jure opportunities for women and men in the labour market has been developed, in reality (de facto) career women still encounter many barriers (prevailing stereotypes, family and work combination issues, real insecurity of equal opportunities, etc.). In this case the mass media assumes the main role as a medium between leaders and society, influencing formation of a certain female leader image. The Master’s final paper analyzes and compares the real female leader image (based on the facts, research and statistics) and the one created by the mass media in Lithuania, including the conclusions of the aforesaid analysis. The main part of the paper consists of three main chapters. The first chapter includes the discussion on the statistic female leader portrait, opportunities of taking the leader position, prevailing social stereotypes, issues on unequal opportunities on labour market, family and work combination difficulties and the comparison of men and women in the role of the leader. The second chapter of the paper concentrates on the analysis and comparison of the female leader image provided by two different printed publications. The purpose of the third chapter is to describe the influence of the mass media upon the formation of... [to full text]

Šiuo metu pripažįstama, jog lyčių lygybės aspekto integravimas darbo rinkoje yra neatsiejama užimtumo politikos įgyvendinimo dalis. Nepaisant pažangos moterų užimtumo srityje Lietuvoje vis dar egzistuoja lyčių diskriminavimo apraiškos užimtumo srityje, kurios tampa ypač aktualios ekonominio sunkmečio akivaizdoje. Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra atskleisti lyčių lygybės principo įgyvendinimą Lietuvos užimtumo politikoje. Darbą sudaro teorinės studijos, problemos analizė, praktinis tyrimas bei darbo išvados ir siūlomos rekomendacijos. Teorinėje dalyje aptariama užimtumo samprata ir lyčių lygybės principo įgyvendinimo darbo rinkoje svarba. Problemos analizė grindžiama statistiniais duomenimis, kurie atskleidžia nelygias moterų ir vyrų dalyvavimo darbo rinkoje galimybes. Praktinėje dalyje atlikta ekspertų apklausa, siekiant atskleisti lyčių diskriminacijos apraiškas ekonomikos nuosmukio metu. Atliekant teorines gyventojų užimtumo studijas bei atliekant užimtumo analizę lyčių aspektu magistro darbe naudoti bendramoksliniai tyrimo metodai – sisteminė ir lyginamoji mokslinės literatūros, teisinių dokumentų, internetinės informacijos bei statistinių duomenų analizė. Empirinio tyrimo atlikimui pasirinktas ekspertų apklausos metodas. / Despite the substantial progress, there are still significant employment problems related to gender equality facing Lithuania. Gender discrimination in labour market especially is important in presence of economics crisis. Aim of this work is to analyze and to estimate implementation of gender equality in employment policy. The work consists of the following parts: theoretical solutions, problem analysis, research and its results, conclusions and recommendations. The theoretical studies consist of three basic parts: theoretical aspects of employment, analyse of the employment policy implementation in Lithuania and importance of gender equality in labour market. Problem analysis is based on statistical data which help to identify men’s and women’s opportunity to participate in labour market The empirical research is based on the survey. The goal of the research is finding out about gender discrimination in Lithuania labour market nowadays. The last chapter consists of conclusions and recommendations drawn upon the results of theoretical and empirical researches. The methods used in this work are: the systematic and comparative analysis of scientific literature, juridical acts, internet information sources and statistical data. For the empirical part was used qualitative research method – expert interview.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe remiantis užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių pateikta moksline medžiaga atskleidžiamos probleminės darbo rinkos grupės, kurios ilgiausiai patiria socialines ir ekonomines pasekmes. Teorinė analizė padeda atskleisti veiksnius darančius poveikį darbo rinkos segmentų nedarbo lygiui. Analitinėje-tiriamojoje darbo dalyje siekiama įvertinti ekonominių veiksnių poveikį skirtingiems darbo rinkos segmentams, siekiant sumažinti jų nedarbo lygį. / The thesis of foreign and Lithuanian authors provided scientific material disclosed problematic labor market groups that the longest experience in social and economic consequences. Theoretical analysis helps to reveal the factors affecting the labor market segments unemployment. The analytical part of the study-to assess the economic factors on different segments of the labor market in order to reduce the unemployment rate.

<p>The study concentrates on a particular type of state intervention in social policy. It considers whether policy reforms and subsequent provision of information with regards to the issue of parental leave and part-time work arrangements, makes an impact on gender equity in the labour market (Del Boca, 2002 / Naldini &amp / Saraceno, 2008). Giddens&rsquo / theory of structuration is the conceptual framework from which this study approaches these questions. It is thus held that agents (in this instance, women) are constrained by structures (labour policy framework and institutionalised labour practices) to achieve specific social goals. And further: that the apparent lack of power on the part of agents requires intervention on the part of the state apparatus to correct the failure (or inability) of the labour market to deliver the social justice as aspired to in the cited European Employment Strategy, as well as fostering economic efficiency (Barr, 1992). I further contend that not only are agents constrained by structural properties, but that institutional reform (in the form of labour policy reform) is constrained by the human action1 of the management of firms and enterprises as economic agents within the policy framework.</p>

<p>This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.</p>

This thesis examines the labour market for medical laboratory specialists, specifically anatomical pathologists and haematologists in KwaZulu-Natal. It aimed to establish the extent of mobility of pathologists from the public to the private sector and vice versa. This study also aimed to investigate the reasons for such movement and importantly, the effects of this mobility. Lee’s (1966) push-pull theory of migration was assessed in terms of its applicability to mobility in the local context and is extended and adapted to this context. The five key research questions on which this thesis is based are: What is the nature of labour markets for medical laboratory specialists in KwaZulu-Natal? What is the extent of the mobility of medical laboratory specialists from the public sector to the private sector and vice versa in KwaZulu-Natal? What are the causes of such mobility between public and private sectors in KwaZulu-Natal? What are the effects or implications of the movement of medical laboratory specialists in KwaZulu-Natal? Lastly, to what extent can Lee’s (1966) push-pull theory of migration be adapted to account for the mobility of anatomical pathologists and haematologists between the public and private sectors in KwaZulu-Natal? This study adopted a case study design that used a purposive sampling strategy. There were 23 participants involved in the study. Of the 23 participants selected, 11 were anatomical pathologists and nine were haematologists. The remaining three participants were a microbiologist, a migration specialist and an international anatomical pathologist. Key findings indicated that mobility between the public and private sectors does occur. The labour market for medical laboratory specialists displayed 23 anatomical pathologists and 11 haematologists in KwaZulu-Natal. Financial reasons were not the only reasons that pathologists switched sectors; rather the decision rested on several other non-economic factors such as the working environment, flexibility and even management styles. The effects of mobility include delays in diagnosis and patient care as well as increased stress levels and workloads of specialists. Certain push-pull factors of Lee’s (1966) push-pull theory were found to apply to the local context of this study. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

South African companies are being exposed more than ever to the effects of the world economy, technological advancement, and tough international competition. Organisations are confronted with ever increasing, turbulence and change in their environment and the telecommunications market in particular has had to face large changes and challenges during the past ten years, and will continue to do so. This industry is changing shape with the continuous emergence of new technologies and the rapidly declining market for voice service is due to people increasingly using wireless telephones. / Thesis (M.B.A.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to our better understanding of the main factors behind large and persistent gender disparities in Africa's labour markets. This work looks at three key dimensions of labour market gender inequality in Africa: (i) the gender wage gap, (ii) gender inequalities in allocating time to market and household work, and (iii) the gender-differentiated income effect of informality. Chapter 2 shows that, in Ethiopia, progress towards gender equity in education is important to improve women's wages but not enough to close most of the gender wage differential. Other interventions would be needed as, for instance, information campaigns and other awareness-raising efforts in support of the anti-discriminatory provisions of Ethiopia's own constitution and legislation, to compensate for the adverse impact of unobservable factors (discriminatory practices, social and cultural norms...), that directly contribute to the gender wage gap and indirectly, through job selection. Chapter 3 highlights the coexistence of two phenomena in Ethiopia, a strong gender-based division of labour and a double work burden on women. The country would benefit from pursuing and intensifying its efforts to ensure better access to education at all levels for women, and from providing better information and enforcement of the law in support of women's economic and social well-being, as it would help changing mentalities and attitudes that impede women to take full advantage of their abilities and that keep them subordinated to men. Finally, in Chapter 4 we observe that, in Tanzania, women face a significantly higher informal employment wage penalty than men. To explain this result, we conjecture that the exclusion hypothesis, according to which individuals are denied access to formal jobs due to the disproportionate constraints they face (burden of household responsibilities, lack of adequate infrastructure...), is more acute among women.JEL classification : J16, J22, J24, J31, J42, J71

How New Zealand’s health-sector labour markets interact with District Health Board (DHB) Provider Arms is my thesis’ focus. Using health-service delivery data, workforce data, and DHB monthly financial information, I estimate the DHB Provider Arm economic production process and the interaction between DHBs and the health-sector labour and capital input markets. Production and input market interactions are modelled through simultaneously estimating a DHB production function together with the first order conditions for cost-minimisation in an econometric system-of-equations. Estimating a system-of-equations allows labour and capital market prices to interact with DHB marginal input productivities according to the first order conditions of cost-minimisation. Nationally-determined MECA labour prices influence health service output through their equality to DHB production-based input marginal productivities. Medical and nursing labour appears to have inelastic labour demand, providing scope for unions in those sectors to exploit market power. DHBs are employing fewer workers than they would and paying more for each worker than they should if the labour market was more competitive. New Zealanders are receiving less health care then they might, and experiencing more morbidity then they need bear, from the workforce restrictions generated in the health sector's labour market. The passed-through inflated labour costs are borne by taxpayers, who lack options for alternative provider care. The non-competitive labour market induce secondary labour market effects. Overseas-trained medical labour, attracted into New Zealand by above-competition wages, are denied employment within medical-skill-hungry DHBs. Graduate nurses over-supply a quantity-constrained labour market, generated entrenched unemployment. DHBs are induced to be allocative and technically inefficient through price distortions, creating higher output costs and an inefficient production input mix.

Population models are very often used and considered useful in the policy-making process and for planning purposes. In this research I have tried to illuminate the problem of analysing population evolution in space by using three models which cover a wide spectrum of complementary methodologies: a The Hotell.ing-Puu model b A multiregional demographic model c A synergetic model Hotelling's work and Puu's later generalization have produced theoretical continuous models treating population growth and dispersal in a combined logistic growth and diffusion equation. The multiregional model is a discrete model based on the Markovian assumption which simulates the population evolution disaggregated by age and region. It is further assumed that this population is governed by a given pattern of growth and interregional mobility. The synergetic model is also a discrete model based on the Markovian assumption incorporating a probabilistic framework with causal structure. The quantitative description of the population dynamics is treated in terms of trend parameters, which are correlated in turn with demo-economic factors. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1988</p> / Digitalisering@umu