INTRODUÇÃO: O transplante de fígado intervivos (TXi) foi desenvolvido no Brasil em 1989. Neste país, beneficia portadores de encefalopatia e ascite, muitas vezes, incapacitados ou limitados profissionalmente. Em alguns casos, estes pacientes são impedidos legalmente de receber enxertos de doadores falecidos por não alcançarem pontuação mínima no escore de gravidade que permita o seu cadastro em fila de transplantes (MELD > 11 exceto São Paulo cujo MELD mínimo aceito para cadastro técnico é > 15). Entretanto, o TXi, raramente, é realizado no Brasil. O transplante de fígado intervivos empregando enxerto de lobo hepático direito entre adultos (TXiLD) é amplamente realizado na Ásia, onde a escassez de enxertos e a cultura religiosa limitam o uso de doador falecido. Particularidades anatômicas permitem diferentes reconstituições venosas durante o implante de enxerto de lobo direito (ExLD) no receptor. As consequências da quantidade e do tipo de veias de drenagem do ExLD são pouco estudadas. No presente trabalho, analisam-se as complicações e sobrevidas de receptores e enxertos relacionadas à reconstituição da drenagem venosa no TXiLD entre adultos. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 140 pacientes adultos, submetidos a TXiLD, no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2002 e junho de 2006. Estes foram agrupados e analisados em diferentes situações: de acordo com a quantidade de veias do ExLD, utilizadas em sua drenagem. Posteriormente, o menor grupo de pacientes foi excluído e as análises refeitas. Finalmente, os mesmos foram também distribuídos de acordo com o uso da veia hepática média (VHM) do ExLD. Analisou-se: insuficiência renal aguda, uso de hemodiálise, tromboses arterial, portal e das veias de drenagem, disfunção primária do enxerto, rejeição celular aguda (Rca), novo transplante (Rtx), infecções, estenoses e fístulas biliares, dias de internação hospitalar e em UTI, sobrevida dos pacientes e dos enxertos. Foram comparadas as médias e percentuais utilizando Kruskal Wallis e Exato de Fisher. Realizou-se regressão logística para análise multivariada (regressão de Cox), índice de confiança (IC) de 95%, da influência do tipo de reconstituição da drenagem venosa do enxerto no surgimento de complicações no período pós-operatório imediato (POI) e das sobrevidas de pacientes e enxertos. Foi considerado p significativo <=0,05. RESULTADO: Dos 140 pacientes adultos 69,3% são do sexo masculino. A idade e MELD médios foram, respectivamente, 51,9 ± 11 anos e 15,4 ± 5,6. A relação média entre o peso do enxerto e o peso corpóreo dos receptores (Rel pc/pe) foi >1,2%. As distribuições de acordo com a quantidade de veias utilizadas na reconstituição venosa foram: A - uma (40%), veia hepática direita (VHD), B - duas (42,9%), VHD e VHM ou VHD, e veia hepática direita acessória (VHDa) e C - três (17,1%), VHD, VHM e VHDa. De acordo com o uso da VHM: M - uso da VHM (52,9%) e AM - ausência da VHM (47,1%). O grupo B alcançou maior sobrevida em 8 (A=71,4% B=90% C=66,7% p=0,01) e 10 anos (A=48,1% B=85,4% C=56,5% p=0,0001). Após a exclusão do menor grupo (C), o grupo B passou a alcançar menor incidência de infecções (A=47,4% B=27,1% p=0,03) e maiores sobrevidas em 1 ano (A=78,9% B=94,9% p=0,01), 5 anos (A=78,9% B=91,5% p=0,04), 8 anos (A=63,7% B=91,2% p=0,02) e 10 anos (A=47,2% B=86% p=0,001). O emprego da VHM apresentou menos infecções (M=31,1% AM=47% p=0,04) e maior sobrevida em 10 anos (M=85,4% AM=55,2% p=0,001). A análise multivariada mostra que o tempo de internação e uso de crioprecipitados influenciaram significativamente na sobrevida. CONCLUSÃO: Nos receptores estudados, o uso de duas veias do ExLD utilizadas na reconstituição de sua drenagem alcançou maior sobrevida em 8 e 10 anos. Ao avaliar o uso de apenas uma ou duas veias na drenagem do ExLD, o uso de duas veias alcança menor incidência de infecções no POI e maiores sobrevidas em 1, 5, 8 e 10 anos. O uso da VHM do ExLD apresentou menor incidência de complicações infecciosas e maior sobrevida em 10 anos / Introduction: Living donor liver transplantation was developed in Brazil in 1989. In this country it benefits patients with encephalopathy and ascites, who are many times socially and professionally unproductive. Sometimes those patients are legally prevented by the system from receiving grafts of deceased donors for those that don\'t have a minimal score of gravity to permit their enrolment in transplant waiting list (MELD >= 11 except in the state of São Paulo which is >= 15). Despite this advantage, the procedure is rarely carried out in Brazil. The living donor liver transplantation using graft of the right hepatic lobe between adults (LDTRG) is widely carried out in Asia, where the shortage of grafts and the religious culture limit the use of deceased donors. Owing to differences in the anatomical distribution and number of hepatic veins, venous reconstructions differ in patients receiving right lobe grafts (RLG), and the consequences are unknown. Herein we examined the postoperative complication and survival rates of graft recipients according to the number and type of hepatic veins used in venous restoration during LDTRG. Method: Adult patients (n = 140, 69.3% men) who underwent LDTRG at the Albert Einstein Israeli hospital in São Paulo, Brazil between January 2002 and June 2006 were studied retrospectively. Who were grouped according to the number of vein(s) of right lobe graft (RLG) used in drainage, and, subsequently, distributed according to the use of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) of the RLG. The mean patient age and model for end-stage liver disease score were 51.9 ± 11 years and 15.4 ± 5.6, respectively. The graft weight was > 1.2% of the recipient\'s body weight. Results: Group B had the best survival rate at 8 (90% versus 71.4% in group A and 66.7% in group C, p = 0.01) and 10 (85.4% versus 48.1% in group B and 56.5% in group C, p = 0.0001) years. After excluding the minor group (group C), group B had a lower infection incidence rate than did group A (27.1% versus 47.4%, p = 0.03) and a better surveillance rate at 1 (94.9% versus 78.9%, p = 0.01), 5 (91.5% versus 78.9%, p = 0,04), 8 (91.2% versus 63.7%, p = 0,02), and 10 (86% versus 47.2%, p = 0.001) years. Infection incidence rates were lower when the MHV was used than when it was not (31.1% versus 47%, p = 0.04) and surveillance rates at 10 years were higher (85.4% versus 55.2%, p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that days of hospitalization and cryoprecipitate use correlated significantly with surveillance rate. Conclusion: Survival rates were best and complications were fewer when two RLG`s veins including the RVH were used in the venous restoration of LDTRG recipients. After excluding the minor group, the use of two RLG`s veins in drainage restoration achieved less infectious complications during IPP and a greater survival rates between recipients in 1, 5, 8 and 10 years. The use of RLG\'s MHV demonstrates less infectious complications during IPP and a greater survival rates in 10 years between those patients

INTRODUÇÃO: Enquanto a análise de sobrevida tradicional estima inadequadamente o prognóstico futuro dada alguma sobrevida inicial, a sobrevida condicional ajusta a sobrevida futura pela já observada, permitindo a compreensão da distribuição temporal do impacto dos preditores. OBJETIVOS: Estimar e analisar as sobrevidas global e livre de doença até o décimo ano pós-operatório; identificar preditores independentes destes desfechos; estimar e analisar as sobrevidas condicionais global e livre de doença de cinco anos dada a sobrevida até o quinto ano pós-operatório; analisar o comportamento dos preditores dos desfechos ao longo do tempo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 13 centros brasileiros. Dados clínicos, radiológicos e anatomopatológicos foram considerados. Utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meier com o teste log-rank para comparar fatores e a regressão de Cox obteve a razão de riscos. A sobrevida condicional foi calculada a partir das tábuas de sobrevida e a diferença padronizada reavaliou as variáveis consideradas significativas. RESULTADOS: 1157 pacientes foram incluídos. A sobrevida global de 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 anos foi 78,6%, 72,3%, 66,0%, 61,3% e 59,4%, respectivamente. Foram preditoras de sobrevida global: idade [HR 1,04 (IC 95% 1,02-1,06), p 0.000], sexo feminino [HR 1,35 (IC 95% 1,02-1,79), p 0.038], recidiva pós-operatória do CHC [HR 1,35 (IC 95% 1,08-1,79), p 0.003], diâmetro do maior nódulo viável no explante [HR 1,01 (IC95% 1,01-1,02), p 0.006], invasão vascular não discriminada [HR 3,18 (IC95% 1,48-6,85), p 0.004], invasão micro [HR 1,65 (IC 95% 1,27-2,15), p 0.001] e macrovascular [HR 2,25 (IC 95% 1,30-3,89), p 0.000]. A sobrevida condicional global de 5 anos ao final do 1°, 3° e 5° anos foi 79,5%, 82,2% e 90,0%, respectivamente. As variáveis preditoras na análise univariada tiveram comportamento errático ao longo do tempo. A sobrevida atuarial livre de doença em 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 anos foi 94,2%, 90,1%, 89,8%, 87,5% e 87,5%, respectivamente. Foram preditoras de sobrevida livre de doença: nível sérico de alfa-fetoproteína no diagnóstico [HR 1,0 (IC 95% 1,01-1,02), p 0.000], CHC dentro do critério de Milão no diagnóstico [HR 0,42 (IC 95% 0,22-0,80), p 0.008], explante dentro do critério de Milão [HR 0,34 (IC 95% 0,17-0,68), p 0.002], explante com neoplasia pouco diferenciada ou hepatocolangiocarcinoma [HR 3,04 (IC 95% 1,75-5,30), p 0.000], invasão vascular não discriminada [HR 15,72 (IC 95% 3,44-71,83), p 0.000], invasão micro [HR 3,40 (IC 95% 1,83-6,28), p 0.000] e macrovascular [HR 11,96 (IC 95% 5,20-27,47), p 0.000]. A sobrevida condicional livre de doença de 5 anos ao final do 1°, 3° e 5° anos foi 94,1%, 97,1% e 97,4%, respectivamente. Variáveis preditoras na análise univariada em geral tem maior impacto no primeiro ou segundo ano. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do transplante no Brasil foram comparáveis àqueles observados nos EUA e Europa. Considerando-se as perdas precoces, as curvas de sobrevida pelo método Kaplan-Meier foram pessimistas e a análise de sobrevida condicional fornece outra perspectiva para estes dados. O comportamento das variáveis determinantes de prognóstico não é uniforme ao longo do tempo / INTRODUCTION: Traditional survival analysis provides inadequate estimates of the future prognosis for patients with accrued survival. Conversely, conditional survival adjusts future survival by the already accrued survival. It provides insights into the temporal distribution of the effect of predictors. OBJECTIVES: To estimate and to analyse overall and disease free survival until the 10th post-operative year; to identify independent predictors of these outcomes; to estimate and to analyse 5-year overall and disease free conditional survival until the 5th post-operative year; to analyse the behaviour of the predictors of outcomes during follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective cohort from 13 Brazilian transplantation centers. Clinical, radiological, and anatomopathological data were considered. The Kaplan-Meier method with the longrank test for the comparison of factors was applied and the Cox proportional hazards model provided the hazard ratios. Conditional survival was calculated through life tables, while differences between significative variables were reassessed by the standardized difference. RESULTS: 1157 patients were included. Overall survival in 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years was 78.6%, 72.3%, 66.0%, 61.3%, and 59.4%, respectively. 350 (30.3%) deaths were observed, 240 (68.6%) in the 1st year. Overall survival was independently predicted by age [HR 1.04 (95% CI 1.02-1.06), p 0.000], female sex [HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.02-1.79), p 0.038], post-operative HCC recurrence [HR 1.35 (95% CI 1.08-1.79), p 0.003], diameter of the largest viable nodule on the explant [HR 1.01 (95% CI 1.01-1.02), p 0.006], non-discriminated vascular invasion [HR 3.18 (95% CI 1.48-6.85), p 0.004], micro [HR 1.65 (95% CI 1.27-2.15), p 0.001] and macrovascular invasion [HR 2.25 (95% CI 1.30-3.89), p 0.000]. 5-year overall conditional survival at the end of the 1st, 3rd and 5th post-operative years was 79.5%, 82.2%, and 90.0%, respectively. Predictors of overall survival identified on univariate analysis presented an erratic behaviour over time. Disease free survival in 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years was 94.2%, 90.1%, 89.8%, 87.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. 97 (8.4%) reccurrences occurred. Disease free survival was independently predicted by serum alpha-fetoprotein upon diagnosis [HR 1.0 (95% CI 1.01-1.02), p 0.000], HCC within the Milan criteria upon diagnosis [HR 0.42 (95% CI 0.22-0.80), p 0.008], explant within the Milan criteria [HR 0.34 (95% CI 0.17-0.68), p 0.002], undifferentiated tumor or hepatocholangiocarcinoma on the explant [HR 3.04 (95% CI 1.75-5.30), p 0.000], non-discriminated vascular invasion [HR 15.72 (95% CI 3.44-71.83), p 0.000], micro [HR 3.40 (95% CI 1.83-6.28), p 0.000], and macrovascular invasion [HR 11.96 (95% CI 5.20-27.47), p 0.000]. 5-year disease free conditional survival at the end of the 1st, 3rd and 5th post-operative years was 94.1%, 97.1%, and 97.4%, respectively. Predictors of recurrence on the univariate analysis usually presented with greater impact during the 1st or 2nd post-operative year. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of liver transplantation in Brazil were comparable to those from the US and Europe. Survival estimates through the Kaplan-Meier method were pessimistic due to greater early losses. Conditional survival offers a different perspective for the same data. The behaviour of predictive values varies over time

Objetivo: A doença cardiovascular é umas das principais causas de mortalidade tardia não relacionada ao fígado após o transplante hepático. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo do transplante hepático sobre o perfil metabólico e o sistema cardiovascular. Métodos: Trinta e seis receptores de fígado foram avaliados um ano após o transplante hepático para avaliar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e outros preditores de doenças cardiovasculares. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, exames bioquímicos, biomarcadores de aterosclerose e calculado o escore de Framingham. Quatro anos após o transplante, essa avaliação foi repetida e todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma tomografia de coronárias para obtenção do escore de cálcio coronariano. Os dados obtidos foram comparados para estimar a progressão do risco cardiovascular. Resultados: A população era constituída na sua maioria por indivíduos do sexo masculino, de cor branca e transplantados por hepatite C. Observou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo na circunferência abdominal e na prevalência de dislipidemia, obesidade e síndrome metabólica ao longo do tempo. Todos os biomarcadores de aterosclerose estudados apresentaram aumento importante dos seus níveis no quarto ano (p < 0,001) após o transplante. Quanto ao escore de cálcio, 25% dos pacientes apresentaram calcificação coronariana moderada a grave, conferindo maior risco de evento cardíaco. A mediana do escore de Framingham aumentou substancialmente do primeiro ao quarto ano (p=0,022), alterando a estratificação de baixo para alto risco. Isso se refletiu em um aumento significativo de eventos cardiovasculares após quatro anos de transplante hepático. Conclusões: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica e risco cardiovascular aumenta significativamente do primeiro ao quarto ano após transplante hepático. O escore de cálcio coronariano e os biomarcadores de aterosclerose podem melhorar a estratificação de risco e ajudar a prevenir a progressão de doenças cardiovasculares / Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are a major non-liver-related contributor to late mortality after liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of liver transplantation on the metabolism and cardiovascular system. Methods: Thirty-six liver recipients were assessed one year after transplantation to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and other predictors of cardiovascular diseases. The data collected included anthropometric features, biochemical test results, Framingham risk score and atherosclerosis biomarkers. This evaluation was repeated four years after transplantation, and a coronary artery calcium score was obtained from all participants. Data were compared to estimate cardiovascular risk progression. Results: The population consisted mostly of white male subjects who underwent transplantation for hepatitis C. Significant increases were observed in waist circumference and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, obesity and metabolic syndrome over time. All biomarkers of atherosclerosis studied showed increased levels at the fourth year (p < 0.001). Regarding the calcium score, 25% of patients had moderate to severe coronary artery calcification, conferring an enhanced risk of a cardiac event. The median Framingham risk score substantially increased from the first to fourth year (p=0.022), changing the stratification from low to high risk. This change was reflected in a significant increment of cardiovascular events four years after liver transplantation. Conclusions: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk significantly increased from the first to fourth year after liver transplantation. Coronary artery calcium scores and atherosclerosis biomarkers may improve risk stratification and help prevent symptomatic cardiovascular disease

Pacientes cirróticos apresentam comprometimento da defesa imunológica sistêmica, o que pode aumentar o risco de infecções, como as doenças periodontais. O objetivo desta investigação foi comparar pacientes cirróticos candidatos ao transplante com controles sem hepatopatia, em relação à prevalência, extensão e severidade de doença periodontal. Foram submetidos a exame periodontal completo 50 pacientes cirróticos (grupo cirrose) e 50 sujeitos sem hepatopatia (grupo controle). Os grupos foram pareados segundo sexo, idade e tabagismo. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado para registro de dados demográficos, condição hepática, saúde sistêmica e história médica relacionada a desordem hepática. Foi realizado exame periodontal completo de seis sítios por dente em boca toda: recessão gengival (RG), profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS), sangramento a sondagem (SS) e índice de placa visível (IPV). Perda clínica de inserção (PCI) foi calculada pela soma da RG e PCS mensuradas em cada sítio. Pacientes com cirrose apresentaram maior prevalência de periodontite do que os controles sadios (p<0.001). Além disso, apresentaram maior prevalência média de sítios com perda de inserção de 3mm ou mais (p=0,005) e 5mm ou mais (p=0.004), maior número médio de sítios com perda de inserção de 5mm ou mais (p=0,009), maior média de retração gengival (p<0.001) e maior número de dentes ausentes que o grupo controle (p=0,02). A análise de regressão logística múltipla mostrou que cirróticos tinham cinco vezes mais chances de apresentar periodontite do que controles sem cirrose. Além disso, diabéticos apresentaram quatro vezes maior chance de apresentar periodontite, enquanto mais de oito anos de estudo foi um fator de proteção para a doença. Foi concluído que pacientes cirróticos apresentaram maior prevalência, extensão e severidade de periodontite que indivíduos não hepatopatas. / Cirrhotic patients have compromised immune systemic defense, which may increase the risk of infections, such as periodontal diseases. The aim of this investigation was to compare cirrhotic liver transplant candidates with controls without liver disease, regarding prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease. Fifty cirrhotic patients (cirrhosis group) and 50 subjects without liver disease (control group) underwent complete periodontal examination. The groups were matched according to sex, age and smoking. A structured questionnaire was applied to record demographic data, hepatic condition, systemic health and medical history related to liver disorder. Whole-mouth complete periodontal examination of six sites per tooth was performed: gingival recession (GR), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and visible plaque index (VPI). Attachment loss (AL) was calculated as the sum of GR and PD measured at each site. Patients with cirrhosis had higher prevalence of periodontitis than healthy controls (p <0.001). In addition, they had higher mean prevalence of sites with attachment loss of 3mm or more (p = 0.005) and 5mm or more (p = 0.004), more sites with attachment loss of 5mm or more (p = 0.009), higher mean gingival recession (p <0.001) and more missing teeth than control group (p = 0.02). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that cirrhotics were 5 times more likely to present periodontitis than controls. In addition, diabetics were four times more likely to present periodontitis, while more than eight years of study was a protective factor for the disease. It was concluded that liver transplant candidates presented higher prevalence, extension and severity of periodontitis than non-cirrhotic patients.

Esse estudo de caso teve como objetivo analisar a estrutura, o processo de trabalho e os resultados do Programa de Transplante de Fígado de um hospital universitário do interior paulista, em 2017. Foram analisados 325 prontuários de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de fígado no período de abril de 2001 a junho de 2016. Elegeu-se as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, de tratamento, de estrutura, de processo e de resultados. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados três formulários e um diário de campo. Para a análise dos dados quantitativos e qualitativos utilizou-se a abordagem de Avaliação em Saúde proposta por Donabedian (1980), a Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada º 50/2002 e a Portaria º 356/2014. Para o cálculo da sobrevida do paciente utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer e o Modelo de Regressão de Cox. Para o cálculo da sobrevida do enxerto utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer e o modelo de Regressão de Riscos Competitivos. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos pacientes era homens, adultos de meia idade, com comorbidades prévia, doença hepática moderada ou grave, complicações imediatas e tardias com baixa probabilidade de sobrevida. Quanto a estrutura o Programa atendeu em parte as recomendações para os componentes da estrutura organizacional-física (58,3%), organizacional de recursos humanos (55,6%), estrutural-física para funcionários e alunos (60,0%) e estrutural-física do ambulatório (50,0%). Em relação ao processo de atendimento identificou-se lacunas de documentos e ou diretrizes que norteiam a equipe de saúde no processo de trabalho. No que se refere aos indicadores de resultados, o número de transplantes sofreu alteração devido a fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos. A maioria dos pacientes permaneceu em lista de espera por até 12 meses. Os pacientes encontravam-se em gravidade moderada a alta e probabilidade de mortalidade de 76%. O tempo de isquemia fria variou de 240 a 970 minutos, média de 499 (±112,0) minutos. A sobrevida do paciente após um, três e cinco anos de transplante foi de 66,4%, 60,4% e 56,5%, respectivamente, e a incidência acumulada para perda do enxerto foi da ordem de 10%. A maioria dos pacientes foi internada ao menos uma vez no primeiro ano após o transplante e os motivos principais foram relacionados a terapia de imunossupressão e as complicações cirúrgicas. Mais da metade (53,6%) dos pacientes estavam em seguimento ambulatorial no Programa e 43,7% evoluíram à óbito. O óbito foi relacionado, em sua maioria, ao choque séptico ou hipovolêmico. Conclui-se que os indicadores encontrados no presente estudo estão, em parte, de acordo com a legislação vigente sobre um Programa de Transplante de Fígado e que os indicadores de resultados precisam ser repensados para o fortalecimento e a consolidação do Programa no hospital estudado / The objective of this study was analyze structure, work process and outcomes of the Liver Transplantation Programme in a teaching hospital in Sao Paulo state\'s interior in 2017. It was analyzed 325 patients\' records which were submitted to liver transplantation from April 2011 to June 2016. Sociodemographic, clinical, treatment, structure, process and outcomes were the variables chosen in this study. Three forms and a field diary were used how strategy to data collection. Qualitative and quantitative data have analyzed using Healthcare Evaluation approach purposed by Donabedian (1980), the Directors\' Collegiate Resolution n. 50/2002 and Ministerial Order n. 356/2014. Kaplan-Meyer method and Cox Regression Model were used to estimate the patient survival rate. Kaplan-Meyer Method and Competing Risks Regression Model were used to calculate the graft survival. Study results showed that most patients were men, mid-aged adults, with previous comorbidities, moderate or severe liver disease, immediate and late complications with survival probability decreased. Regarding structure the Programme reached partially the recommendations of components physical-organizational structure (58.3%), organizational of human resources (55.6%), structural-physical to employers and students (60.0%) and structural-physical of clinic (50.0%). With respect to healthcare process was identified clinicals protocols absences as well as guidelines which should lead the healthcare providers in the working process. Regarding to outcomes indicators, the transplantation numbers suffered changes due intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Most patients remained in waiting list for until 12 months. The patients presented from moderate to high severity and the probability of mortality was 76% for them. The cold ischemic time range was from 240 to 970 minutes, with mean 499 (±112,0) minutes. The patient survival after one, three and five years after transplantation was 66.4%, 60.4%, 56.5%, respectively. The cumulative incidence to loss graft have been 10%. The most patients were hospitalized at least once in the first year after transplantation and the principal causes were related to immunosuppressive therapy and surgical complications. At the end of the study, more than half of patients (53.6%) were in clinical Programme follow-up and 43.7% had died. The most deaths were related with septic or hypovolemic shock. Therefore, is possible conclude that the indicators found in this investigation were, partially, according with Brazilian Current Law recommendations about Liver Transplantation Programs. The outcomes indicators should be rethought to promote strengthening and consolidation of Programme in the Hospital studied

Background Transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) amyloidosis is a systemic disorder caused by amyloid deposits formed by misfolded transthyretin (TTR) monomers. Two main forms exist – wild-type and hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, the latter associated with TTR gene mutations. Wild-type ATTR amyloidosis has a late onset and primarily cardiac manifestations, whereas hereditary ATTR amyloidosis is a rare autosomal dominant condition with a considerable phenotypic diversity. Both disorders are present all over the world, but endemic areas of the hereditary form are found in Sweden, Portugal, Brazil and Japan. Gastrointestinal (GI) complications are common in hereditary ATTR amyloidosis and play an important role in the patients’ morbidity and mortality. Malfunction of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems has been proposed to contribute to the GI disturbances, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The aims of this thesis were to assess the prevalence of GI disturbances for different subtypes of ATTR amyloidosis, to further explore the mechanisms behind these disturbances, and to evaluate the outcome of the patients’ GI function after liver transplantation, which currently is the standard treatment for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. Methods The Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey (THAOS) is the first global, multicenter, longitudinal, observational survey that collects data on patients with ATTR amyloidosis. THAOS enrollment data were used to assess the prevalence of GI symptoms and to evaluate their impact on nutritional status (mBMI) and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D Index Score). Data from routine investigations of heart-rate variability and cardio-vascular response to tilt tests were utilized to evaluate the impact of autonomic neuropathy on the scintigraphically measured gastric emptying half-times in Swedish patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. Gastric wall autopsy specimens from Japanese patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis and Japanese non-amyloidosis controls were analyzed with immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis to assess the densities of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and nervous tissue. Data from gastric emptying scintigraphies and validated questionnaires were used to evaluate the outcome of Swedish patients’ GI function after liver transplantation for hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. Results Sixty-three percent of the patients with TTR mutations and 15 % of those with wild-type ATTR amyloidosis reported GI symptoms at enrollment into THAOS. Subsequent analyses focused on patients with TTR mutations and, among them, unintentional weight loss was the most frequent symptom (32 %) followed by early satiety (26 %). Early-onset patients (&lt;50 years of age) reported GI symptoms more frequently than late-onset cases (70 % vs. 50 %, p &lt;0.01), and GI symptoms were more common in patients with the V30M mutation than in those with non-V30M mutations (69 % vs. 56 %, p &lt;0.01). Both upper and lower GI symptoms were significant negative predictors of nutritional status and health-related quality of life (p &lt;0.01 for both). Weak but significant correlations were found between gastric emptying half-times and the function of both the sympathetic (rs = -0.4, p &lt;0.01) and parasympathetic (rs = -0.3, p &lt;0.01) nervous systems. The densities of c-Kit-immunoreactive ICC were significantly lower in the circular (median density 0.0 vs. 2.6, p &lt;0.01) and longitudinal (median density 0.0 vs. 1.8, p &lt;0.01) muscle layers of the gastric wall in patients compared to controls. Yet, no significant differences in protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nervous cells were found between patients and controls either in the circular (median density 3.0 vs. 6.8, p = 0.17) or longitudinal (median density 1.4 vs. 2.5, p = 0.10) muscle layers. Lastly, the patients’ GI symptoms scores had increased slightly from before liver transplantation to the follow-ups performed in median two and nine years after transplantation (median score 7 vs. 10 vs. 13, p &lt;0.01). However, their gastric emptying half-times (median half-time 137 vs. 132 vs. 125 min, p = 0.52) and nutritional statuses (median mBMI 975 vs. 991 vs. 973, p = 0.75) were maintained at follow-ups in median two and five years after transplantation. Conclusion GI disturbances are common in hereditary ATTR amyloidosis and have a negative impact on the patients’ nutritional status and health-related quality of life. Fortunately, a liver transplantation appears to halt the progressive GI involvement of the disease, although the patients’ GI symptoms tend to increase after transplantation. An autonomic neuropathy and a depletion of gastrointestinal ICC seem to contribute to the GI disturbances, but additional factors must be involved.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rather rare clinical syndrome developing due to an acute massive dysfunction of the liver cells in previously healthy persons (at least 8 weeks there was no diagnosis of any liver disease) resulting in rapidly progressing multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Without liver transplantation 80-95 % of the patients die. Factors, influencing the outcome are etiology, the patient's age and the course of the disease. Spontaneous recovery, however, is possible in 5-60 % of ALF cases when regeneration of the liver starts, therefore the main goal of the treatment is to create the most favorable conditions for regeneration. Causes of ALF may be different. The most common cause of ALF is viral hepatitis, but the prevailing causative agent of hepatitis is different in different countries. Drug-induced (acetaminophen, halotane) liver dysfunction ranks second. The order of other etiological factors according to their frequency is: mushroom (Amanita) poisoning, carbon tetrachloride toxicity, heat stroke, synthetic amphetamine ("Ecstasy") and disorders of liver blood vessels. In cases of unfavorable prognosis for patients with ALF the only method of treatment with good prognosis is liver transplantation (LT). From 50 to 70 % of patients with lethal ALF prognosis survive after emergency LT. There is no unified ALF prognostic system or indications for LT in the world, therefore a precise individual prognosis for every patient and well-timed decision about LT are... [to full text]

La transplantation hépatique est le seul traitement définitif des enfants ayant une hépatite fulminante sans résolution spontanée. L’évolution de cette maladie dans la population pédiatrique diffère de celle adulte, particulièrement en regard de l’encéphalopathie. Pour définir les indications de transplantation hépatique, plusieurs indicateurs précoces de pronostic furent étudiés chez les adultes. Ces indicateurs n’ont pu être transposés à la population pédiatrique. Objectif primaire : Déterminer les marqueurs de risque de mortalité des enfants recevant une transplantation hépatique pour une hépatite fulminante, se définissant par une insuffisance hépatique sévère sans antécédent au cours des huit semaines précédentes. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective incluant tous les enfants ayant reçu une transplantation hépatique pour une hépatite fulminante à l’hôpital Sainte-Justine entre 1985 et 2005. Le score PELOD (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction) est une mesure de sévérité clinique d’un enfant aux soins intensifs. Il fut calculé à l’admission et avant la transplantation hépatique. Résultats : Quatorze enfants (cinq mois à seize ans) reçurent une transplantation hépatique pour une hépatite fulminante. Neuf enfants (64%) survécurent et cinq (36%) décédèrent. L’utilisation de la ventilation mécanique fut associée à un mauvais pronostic (p = 0,027). Entre l’admission et la transplantation hépatique, 88% des enfants ayant eu une variation du score PELOD inférieure à cinq survécurent. Tous ceux ayant eu une variation supérieure à cinq décédèrent. (p = 0,027) Conclusion : La variation du score PELOD pourrait aider à définir un indicateur précoce de l’évolution d’un enfant après une transplantation hépatique pour une hépatite fulminante. / Hepatic transplantation is the only definitive treatment for acute liver failure for those children who do not recover spontaneously. Early indicators of prognosis in acute liver failure have been studied in adults in order to define the indication for liver transplantation. The course of the disease in the pediatric population, particularly with respect to hepatic encephalopathy, differs from that in adults. Consequently, these criteria are not applicable to the pediatric population. Primary objective: To determine the risk markers for mortality in children receiving liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Liver failure is defined as being severe failure without prior liver disease within the last eight weeks. Method: A retrospective study was conducted with children who had received a liver transplantation for acute liver failure at Sainte-Justine’s Hospital between 1985 and 2005. Data including the PELOD (Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction) Score, a clinical score (0-71) of illness severity in children in intensive care, were recorded from patients’ charts. Results: 14 children, aged from five months to sixteen years old, were transplanted for fulminant liver failure. Nine (64%) survived and five (36%) died. The need for mechanical ventilation was associated with a poorer survival (p= 0,027). Of all of the children who had a PELOD Score variation inferior to five, between admission and transplantation, 88% survived. None of those with a score variation superior to five survived (p=0,027). Conclusion: In our single centre study, the PELOD Score variation was a pre-transplant marker of mortality after liver transplantation for pediatric acute liver failure.

L’attente de la greffe de foie représente une réalité stressante pour la personne atteinte d’insuffisance hépatique. En effet, l’insuffisance hépatique est une cause importante de mortalité en Amérique du Nord et la greffe de foie est considérée comme la solution salvatrice. Or, le nombre restreint de donneurs cadavériques ainsi que l’augmentation des demandes pour la transplantation conduisent à une prolongation de la durée d’attente et un accroissement du risque de mortalité des patients sur la liste d’attente pour obtenir une greffe de foie. Par ailleurs, cette longue attente est associée à une détérioration non seulement de la condition physique du patient mais aussi de sa qualité de vie. Cette étude vise à comprendre la signification de l’expérience d’attente d’une greffe de foie pour des personnes atteintes d’insuffisance hépatique. Six entrevues individuelles ont été réalisées et les données recueillies ont été analysées suivant une des méthodes décrites par Miles et Huberman (2003). Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que le patient en attente de greffe de foie ressent un sentiment d’incertitude qui se traduit par la peur de mourir, la tristesse et la colère, l‘impatience, l’inquiétude et l’impuissance. La fatigue a aussi été identifiée comme une cause importante de frustration chez les informants. / Waiting for a liver transplantation is a stressful reality for patients with liver failure. In north America, liver failure is associated with a high risk of mortality and the liver transplantation is the only way to save the patient’s life. However, the lack of deceased donors and the high rate of demand for transplantation increase the waiting period for a liver transplantation along with the risk of mortality on the waiting list. This long waiting period is associated with a deterioration of not only the patient’s physical condition but also his quality of life. This study aims to understand the experience of waiting for a liver transplantation for patients with liver failure. Six individual interviews had been conducted and the data had been analyzed according to one of the methods described by Miles and Huberman (2003). The results had shown that the patient waiting for liver transplantation experiences a feeling of uncertainty caracterized by the fear of death, sadness and anger, impatience, worryness and powerlessness. It has also been found that fatigue is an important cause of frustration for the informants.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of a multimodality approach consisting of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as bridging therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and to evaluate the histopathological response in explant specimens. Materials and Methods: Between April 2001 and November 2011, 36 patients with 50 HCC nodules (1.4–5.0 cm, median 2.8 cm) on the waiting list for liver transplantation were treated by TACE and RFA. The drop-out rate during the follow-up period was recorded. The local efficacy was evaluated by histopathological examination of the explanted livers. Results: During a median follow-up time of 29 (4.0–95.3) months the cumulative drop-out rate for the patients on the waiting list was 0, 2.8, 5.5, 11.0, 13.9 and 16.7% at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months, respectively. 16 patients (with 26 HCC lesions) out of 36 (44.4%) were transplanted by the end of study with a median waiting list time of 13.7 (2.5–37.8) months. The histopathological examination of the explanted specimens revealed a complete necrosis in 20 of 26 HCCs (76.9%), whereas 6 (23.1%) nodules showed viable residual tumor tissue. All transplanted patients are alive at a median time of 29.9 months. Imaging correlation showed 100% specificity and 66.7% sensitivity for the depiction of residual or recurrent tumor. Conclusion: We conclude that TACE combined with RFA could provide an effective treatment to decrease the drop-out rate from the OLT waiting list for HCC patients. Furthermore, this combination therapy results in high rates of complete tumor necrosis as evaluated in the histopathological analysis of the explanted livers. Further randomized trials are needed to demonstrate if there is a benefit in comparison with a single-treatment approach. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.