People are getting older in the world and the aging population is increasing each year which lead to a higher demand of the society to care for the elderly population. In the year of 2050 there will be over 2 billion elderly people in the world and most of them will live in the developing countries. 1 The improved healthcare has led to peoples’ wealth and longer live in the world. Though one can see ageing as a successful achievement, there is things that need to be improved in the society. The ageing population is getting larger and the age discrimination and loneliness among elderly is one of the largest concerns to deal with within this context. This thesis will try to get an understanding of the role of the elderly in society and improve the conditions for an ageing population. Therefore, one will investigate in this master thesis; "How to adapt society for an ageing population?"

Anxiety and estrangement in Juan Carlos Onetti's works Key words: Onetti, The Well, novel, Eladio Linacero, estrangement, anxiety, loneliness, dreams, Tizón This work focuses on the literary conception of characters in Onetti's works. Specifically, it converges on anxiety, loneliness and estrangement, which are the central components of the author's prose. Onetti's first-fruit, The Well, serves as a starting point. This novel revealed new possible ways of the novel-writing and influenced many other authors. It carries the key issues of Onetti's future work. The novel is sketchy; the images often do not follow each other and they are directed by hidden associations. There appears a new character: urban anti-hero, who escapes from the hostile reality to the fantasy life. The present work features the protagonist of The Well with other Onetti's characters. The part dedicated to the style focuses on the relation between form and content. Onetti's books are about misunderstanding which is reflected in the structure and language. In the final chapter of this work is confronted The Well with The Beauty of the World by Héctor Tizón. Different and in some components similar processes allow to recognize and define Onetti's style and uniqueness better.

This is a qualitative research centred on factors related to depressing and mental health among elderly Chinese immigrant women living in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to examine those social factors that affect or contribute to depression or other forms of mental illness among elderly Chinese immigrant women. Qualitative content analysis was used. Reports of organisations concerned with elderly Chinese immigrants, qualitative research articles on elderly Chinese immigrant women, and government reports and publications were analysed based on their content. From the data, three main categories were developed. These are pre-migration, settlement experiences and health promotion. Some of the themes or sub –categories under these three main categories include the following: separation, isolation and loneliness, family and economic dependence, communication barriers, physical and psychological illness, transportation and food challenges, and empowerment. These themes or sub-categories were presented alongside the general conditions affecting elderly immigrant women as reported by other literature. From these findings several recommendations with regards to feminist health promotion were discussed. These include empowerment, making health social support accessible, family connectedness and others.

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Inledning: Under Covid-19 pandemin har ett intresse väckts hos författarna angående hur en upplevd ensamhet påverkar en äldre negativt.Bakgrund: Bland annat kulturen, upplevelsen av ens egen hälsa och förtrogna kontakter påverkar upplevelsen av ensamhet. Äldre som bor på särskilda boenden upplever en större ensamhet än äldre som bor i eget hushåll. Ensamhet är en subjektiv upplevelse och kan delas in i existentiell, emotionell och social ensamhet. Besvär med ensamhet kan leda till en försämrad hälsa och ett ökat vårdbehov. Syfte: Belysa vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som minskar de äldres besvär av ensamhet på särskilda boenden.Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativa (n=3) och kvantitativ (n=10) metod.Resultat: Resultatet delas in i två huvudteman och åtta underteman. Den äldres syn på hur ensamhet kan minskas med fyra underteman: att få stöd och uppmärksamt, att ha kontroll över sin vardag och vara nöjd med livet, att vara i kontakt med det existentiell och spirituella samt att få distrahera sig. Andra temat handlar om Omvårdnadsåtgärder i form av aktiviteter med fyra underteman: Reminiscens- och kognitivstimulerandeterapi, videosamtal, djur- och robotterapi samt hobbyaktiviteter.Slutsats: Olika omvårdnadsåtgärder lämpar sig till olika former av ensamhet, beroende på om den äldre upplever existentiell, emotionell eller social ensamhet. Vidare är den äldres individuella intresse och förutsättningar av relevans vid val av omvårdnadsåtgärd. / Introduction: A spark of interest has grown during the Covid-19 pandemic about how experienced loneliness can affect elderly in a negative way.Background: For instance, culture, the experience of once own health and close relationships influences experienced loneliness. Elderly in residential care facilities experience loneliness in a higher regard than elderly who lives at home. Loneliness is a subjective experience and can be divided into existential, emotional, and social loneliness. Encumbrance of loneliness can lead to decline in health and increased care needs. Aim: Portray nursing interventions that decrease the elderly’s encumbrance of loneliness at residential care facilities.Method: A literature review based on 13 scientific studies with qualitative (n=3) and quantitative (n=10) methods.Result: The result has been divided into two main themes and eight sub-themes. The elderly’s view of how loneliness can be decreased, with four sub-themes: to get support and attention, to have control over once daily-life and to be satisfied with life, to be in contact with the existential and spiritual dimensions, and to distract one-self. The second main theme is nursing interventions in the form of activities, with four sub-themes: reminiscence- and cognitive stimulation therapy, videocalls, pet- and robot therapy and leisure activities.Conclusion: Different nursing interventions is suitable to different kind of loneliness, depending if the elderly is experiencing existential, emotional, or social loneliness. Furthermore, the elderly’s individual interest and condition is of relevance when applying nursing intervention.

Dans cette thèse, j’examine l’influence d’états aversifs (e.g., émotions désagréables, issues indésirables) sur les motivations et les comportements des consommateurs. Dans le premier essai, j’explore comment des sentiments de dégoût physique ou moral peuvent mettre en péril l’estime de soi des consommateurs et les motiver à se livrer à de la consommation compensatrice. Dans le deuxième essai, j’examine pourquoi et à quels moments les consommateurs font preuve de sentiments négatifs à l’égard des entreprises qui cessent de distribuer gratuitement des échantillons ou petits cadeaux aux consommateurs. Dans le troisième essai, j’explore comment la solitude affecte les préférences des consommateurs pour des produits et services qui peuvent ou non nécessiter des interactions interpersonnelles (ex : se faire masser vs. faire des achats en ligne). Considérés ensemble, ces trois essais contribuent à la littérature sur l’émotion, les menaces identitaires, et la consommation compensatrice, à la littérature sur les promotions commerciales et à la littérature sur la solitude. De plus, les résultats ont des implications pour les praticiens en marketing en ce qui concerne la publicité, le design des promotions commerciales, et l’haptique des consommateurs. Finalement, ces travaux de recherche offrent de nouvelles perspectives concernant le bien-être des consommateurs en soulignant les conséquences inattendues des actions des marketers qui cherchent à bénéficier aux consommateurs mais génèrent en réalité des comportements compensateurs pour faire face à leur aversion. / In this dissertation, I examine the influence of aversive states (e.g., unpleasant emotions, undesired outcomes) on consumers’ motivations and behaviors. In essay 1, I explore how feelings of physical and moral disgust can be threatening to consumers’ sense of self and motivate them to engage in compensatory consumption. In essay 2, I investigate why and when consumers exhibit negative behavioral intentions against firms that terminate unconditional business-to-consumer gift-giving initiatives. In essay 3, I explore how loneliness affects consumers’ preferences for products and services that do or do not require interpersonal touch and interaction (e.g., getting a massage vs. shopping online). Together, the three essays contribute to the literature on emotion, identity threats, and compensatory consumption, to the literature on sales promotion, and to the literature on loneliness. Moreover, the research findings inform marketing practice in the fields of advertising, sales promotions design, and consumer haptics. Finally, this research provides insights into consumer welfare by bringing attention to the unforeseen consequences of marketers’ actions that seek to benefit the consumers but instead generate compensatory behaviors to cope with their aversiveness.

Many queers are drawn to ‘the city’, as an (imagined) more progressive, and queered space. Its urbanity may offer anonymity as well as community. A major city means both the presence of diversity, of other queers, as well as possibly a queered understanding of ‘the city’ itself, with rich queer histories and cultures ingrained into the public and private realm. But then again, the realities within the city of Berlin is often a different one. Finding community that works, a multitude of exclusions plus the need for safer spaces make it harder to connect and are part of the experience of queer community. I try to understand the queerness within the feeling of yearning, of trying to find a place where one belongs and connect it with the feelings of disappointment and loneliness. I conducted interviews following a semi-guided structure. In their analysis, I hope to understand how urban queer loneliness is experienced and understood.

It is becoming a problem that the number of people who have loneliness by a physical distance between family members has lately kept increasing. Home is not only about space, but also about where an individual makes memories, feels secured with its familiarity and feels comfortable with his or her family member(s). Individuals, who live alone and feel lonely, have not been getting these senses. The available ways of connection between remote family members are not enough.  The aim of the research is to understand the current condition of the connection between remote family members to map pain points. The purpose is to develop a product that can decrease a sense of loneliness and increase positive emotions through an experience which makes a lonely individual feel a little bit more connected to a long-distance family in everyday life.  Based on the in-depth interviews, eight insights and two kinds of stakeholders, whom the connection should be made between, was revealed. Over forty ideas were created to solve the problem of loneliness based on the defined insights and stakeholders, and the ideas were narrowed down on the criteria of to what extent the idea can satisfy the revealed insights and to what extent the connection created by each idea can last easily between the two stakeholders.  The resulting product called One Home Lamp can provide an emotionally warmer experience to a target user than other similar products do with four main features: 1) a connection which lasts in everyday life in a way that everyone can keep in touch with each other more easily, 2) a better sense of identity which belongs to each family by customization with colour and stickers, 3) a better sense of belongingness towards a family by seeing an imaginal house where you and your family live together, 4) a better sense of touch which is closer to human warmth with the material and soft texture used.  The result is beneficial for modern societies in terms of the fact that it has a great possibility to reduce loneliness, increase positive emotions and improve well-being among lonely individuals which is one of the sustainable development goals to be achieved by 2030 advocated by the United Nations General Assembly.

Loneliness is a growing social problem that affects people from different age groups. Studies have shown that loneliness is prevalent more in young adults and the elderly demographic. Loneliness can pose serious health issues like cognitive malfunction, heart disease, stroke, depression, etc. People who stay alone from friends and family tend to feel lonelier. Conventional communication tools like a phone or video calls or using social media applications can help the users connect with people but also have adverse effects. As a result of this, the potential of an alternative nonverbal mode of communication needs to be explored. The research aims to understand individuals' behavior, traits, and hidden needs when it comes to loneliness. The purpose is to suggest an alternative way of communication that creates a sense of presence and ensures mental well for the people living alone and suffer from emotional loneliness. The concept of Calm and ambient technology has been explored in this thesis as an alternative means of communication. Users’ needs were gathered from eight semi-structured interviews, and two stakeholders were identified. Over forty ideas were generated from brainstorming. The ideas were sent to twenty individuals through snowballing. The response from them was analyzed and narrowed down by using concept screening and concept scoring. The final concept was a device called ‘One home lamp.’ The device uses light to show the presence of remote family members or loved ones to a person living alone. This concept product was then evaluated through ‘Mankoff’s heuristics’ to see its credibility as a calm ambient artifact.

Inledning: Genom delad erfarenhet och igenkänning förmedlas en känsla av att inte vara ensam. Relationer påverkar vår hälsa, är vi inkluderade mår vi bra medan ofrivillig ensamhet påverkas oss negativt. Ensamhet är ett välkänt begrepp, men det saknas studier kring det psykodynamiskt orienterade psykoterapiarbetet med ofrivilligt ensamma patienter.  Syfte och frågeställningar: Studien syftar till att undersöka psykodynamiskt orienterade psykoterapeuters erfarenheter av arbete med ofrivilligt ensamma patienter. Hur beskriver psykodynamiskt orienterade psykoterapeuter arbetet med ofrivilligt ensamma patienter, vad är hjälpande och vad kan vara svårt är frågeställningen. Metod: Sju psykodynamiskt orienterade psykoterapeuter har intervjuats med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer både enskilt och i form av fokusintervju. Bearbetning och analys av materialet gjordes med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat: Respondenterna beskrev att det var svårt att hjälpa de patienter som inte kunde eller ville förändras, vidare kunde det också vara så att just den enskilde psykoterapeuten inte var den bäst lämpad att kunna hjälpa. När det gick att hjälpa klarade patienten att integrera det relationella i terapiprocessen. Psykoterapeuten klarade då också av att låta sig beröras, stå ut och hålla gränser i terapirummet. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras utifrån svårigheter att etablera kontakt med den som inte själv tagit initiativ till kontakten, att lyckas få unga patienter att stanna kvar i terapin och att få grepp om de patienter som saknade intresse och förmåga att uttrycka sin ensamhet. För terapeuten kunde det vara tungt att bära patientens utsatthet och ibland var terapeuten inte rätt person att hjälpa. De patienter som gick att hjälpa klarade att använda terapirelationen som ett övningsobjekt och en modell för relation. Viktigt i arbetet för terapeuterna var att förstå sin egen ensamhet, låta sig beröras, hålla ramen, härbärgera och ta eget stöd i kollegor. Risker i arbetet var konsekvenser av att bryta ramen och att inte klara att härbärgera. / Introduction: Through shared experience and recognition, a feeling of being alone is conveyed. Relationships affect our health, included we feel good while involuntary loneliness affects us negatively. Loneliness is a well-known concept, but there are few studies on the psychodynamic oriented psychotherapy work with involuntarily lonely patients. Aim and questions: The study aims to investigate psychodynamic oriented psychotherapists' experiences of working with involuntarily lonely patients. How do psychodynamic oriented psychotherapists describe the work with involuntarily lonely patients, what is helpful and what can be difficult is the question. Method: Seven psychodynamic oriented psychotherapists have been interviewed with the help of semi-structured interviews both individually and in the form of a focus interview. Processing and analysis of the material was done using thematic analysis. Results: The respondents described that it was difficult to help the patients who could not or did not want to change, and it could also be the case that the individual psychotherapist was not the best person to be able to help. When it was possible to help, the patient was able to integrate the relational into the therapy process. The psychotherapist then also managed to allow himself to be touched, endure and keep boundaries in the therapy room. Discussion: The results are discussed on the basis of difficulties in establishing contact with those who have not taken the initiative themselves, in succeeding in getting young patients to stay in therapy and in gaining a grip on the patients who lacked interest and ability to express their loneliness. For the therapist, it could be difficult to bear the patient's vulnerability and sometimes the therapist was not the right person to help. The patients who went to help were able to use the therapy relationship as an exercise object and a model for relationship. Important in the work for the therapists was to understand their own loneliness, let themselves be touched, keep the frame, contain and take their own support in colleagues. Risks in the work were consequences of breaking the framework and not being able to contain.