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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Evaluación de nanopartículas de plata estabilizadas con ligandos sulfurados como sensores de Hg (II) en muestras de agua

Rojas Cárdenas, Jorge David 04 September 2019 (has links)
El mercurio es uno de los metales pesados más tóxicos que existen y se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en el medio ambiente ya que puede ser encontrado en el agua, el aire y el suelo. El mercurio no es biodegradable, por lo que permanece en los diversos ecosistemas y se acumula en diversas especies marinas. El mercurio es ampliamente utilizado en la minería aurífera informal e ilegal en nuestro país, cuyos efluentes son vertidos en los ríos dejando expuesta a la población y el medio ambiente ante este contaminante. Entre las diferentes formas de mercurio, el Hg2+ es la forma más común y estable, debido a su gran solubilidad en agua. Debido a la presencia de microorganismos en los sistemas acuáticos, el mercurio inorgánico es convertido en metil mercurio, sustancia altamente tóxica para los organismos vivos. Comúnmente, para el análisis de mercurio se emplean técnicas como la espectrometría de absorción atómica de llama y la espectrometría de masas con plasma acoplado inductivamente, que presentan excelentes límites de detección, pero requieren de tiempos largos de preparación de muestra e instrumentación especializada y costosa. Por ello, en los últimos años se han buscados metodologías alternativas para la detección de mercurio. Dentro de los nuevos avances tecnológicos y científicos han surgido investigaciones sobre el uso de nanopartículas de metales nobles (plata y oro) como sensores colorimétricos debido a la banda de resonancia plasmónica de estas nanopartículas que aparece en la región UV-Visible del espectro electromagnético. Este nuevo enfoque se presenta como una alternativa interesante, debido a los bajos costos de producción, su capacidad de brindar una respuesta analítica rápida y confiable, junto con el empleo de una instrumentación más accesible como los espectrofotómetros UV-Vis. Además, este nuevo enfoque permite la adaptación de los nuevos sistemas para poder contar con dispositivos portátiles que permitan realizar mediciones in situ. En el presente trabajo, se han sintetizado AgNPs esféricas y se han caracterizado mediante microscopía electrónica de transmisión y espectrofotometría UV-Vis. Además, se ha implementado y optimizado un protocolo de funcionalización para las AgNPs con los ligandos sulfurados cisteamina y cisteína, con el fin de detectar Hg2+ en agua. Finalmente, se ha optimizado un método colorimétrico de cuantificación de Hg2+ en agua empleando las AgNPs funcionalizadas. Para el sensor de AgNPs-CyNH2, se logró obtener un límite de detección de 108 nM con un tiempo de incubación de 2 min, mientras que para el sensor de AgNPs-Cy, se obtuvo un límite de detección de 441 nM con un tiempo de incubación de 20 min. / Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals that exists and is widely distributed in the environment and can be found in water, air and soil. Mercury is not biodegradable, so it remains in diverse ecosystems and accumulates in various marine species. In our country, mercury is widely used in informal and illegal gold mining. The resulting effluents are discharged into rivers, exposing the population and the environment to this pollutant. Among the different forms of mercury, Hg2+ is the most common and stable form, due to its great solubility in water. Due to the presence of microorganisms in aquatic systems, inorganic mercury is converted into methyl mercury, a substance highly toxic to living organisms. Commonly, the analysis of mercury is made by techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are used. They have excellent limits of detection, but they require long sample preparation times and specialized and costly instrumentation. For this reason, alternative methodologies for the detection of mercury have been sought in recent years. Among the new technological and scientific advances, the use of noble metal nanoparticles (silver and gold) as colorimetric sensors has emerged. These sensors exploit the localized surface plasmon band of the nanoparticles, which appears in the UV-Visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This new approach is presented as an interesting alternative, due to the low production costs, its ability to provide a rapid and reliable analytical response, together with the use of more accessible instrumentation such as UV-Vis spectrophotometers. In addition, this new approach allows the adaptation of the new systems in order to have portable devices that allow on-site measurements. In the present research work, spherical AgNPs have been synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. A functionalization protocol has been implemented and optimized for AgNPs with the sulfuric ligands cysteamine and cysteine in order to detect Hg2+ in water. Finally, a colorimetric method for quantify Hg2+ in water using the functionalized AgNPs has been optimized. For the AgNPs-CyNH2 sensor, it was possible to obtain a detection limit of 108 nM with an incubation time of 2 min, while for the AgNPs-Cy sensor, a detection limit of 441 nM was obtained with an incubation time of 20 min. / Tesis
122

Estudio cronológico de la composición química de monedas de sol de plata acuñadas entre 1863 y 1917 por medio de fluorescencia de rayos X portátil

Sarango Ramírez, Marvin Kevin 16 April 2018 (has links)
El presente estudio se encuentra enmarcado dentro del proyecto “Primer estudio cronológico de la composición química de las aleaciones de plata usadas en la elaboración de monedas de Sol que circularon en el Perú entre 1863 y 1935”, financiado por la DGI-PUCP, que tiene como finalidad determinar si la composición química de las monedas de sol de plata acuñadas entre 1863 y 1935 siguieron las leyes establecidas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en cuantificar el contenido de plata de un grupo de monedas de sol acuñadas entre 1863 y 1917 y determinar si existe alguna correlación entre el contenido de plata hallado y el contexto histórico en el que fueron emitidas las monedas. Para llevar a cabo la cuantificación se analizaron 271 monedas de sol por medio de un equipo de fluorescencia de rayos X portátil y se utilizó una curva de calibración determinada por un método de coeficientes de influencia empíricos. La caracterización de las monedas se amplió usando cristalografía de rayos X, lo que permitió un mejor estudio de la superficie. Se observa que la mayor parte de las monedas analizadas tiene un contenido de plata superior al dictado por la norma de acuñación y no parece haber ningún cambio resaltable en la composición de las mismas en todo el periodo histórico señalado. Asimismo, se encuentra que hay numerosas monedas con mercurio, lo que puede estar relacionado al tipo de refinación de la plata de la época. El análisis superficial muestra la presencia de compuestos de plata y cobre debidos a la corrosión superficial que son fácilmente removidos al limpiarse las monedas y esto altera la composición medida de plata y cobre (aumenta el contenido aparente de plata y disminuye el de cobre). / Tesis
123

Adsorción y desorción de iones plata sobre quitina y quitosano de Litopenaeur Vannamei

Jáuregui Nongrados, John Rudy 10 May 2016 (has links)
En esta investigación se estudió el proceso de adsorción de iones plata (Ag+), sobre polímeros naturales provenientes de la industria pesquera. Se utilizó quitina y sus derivados, quitina calcárea y quitosano, para determinar su potencial aplicación al tratamiento de efluentes provenientes de desechos industriales que contengan este metal precioso en bajas concentraciones. Tanto la quitina como el quitosano fueron caracterizados por espectroscopias: FT-IR , 1H-RMN y microscopía electrónica de barrido(SEM). Los experimentos de biosorción se realizaron tomando en cuenta las variables pH, temperatura y concentración de Ag+ en la solución, así, como el tamaño de partícula del biosorbente. Se encontró que la máxima capacidad de adsorción de Ag+ por parte de los biopolímeros (30% en la quitina, 80% en la quitina calcárea y 99 % en el quitosano) ocurre en un rango de pH entre 4 y 8. El estudio de la cinética muestra que el proceso de biosorción ocurre rápidamente en los primeros minutos para después continuar aumentando muy lentamente hasta llegar al equilibrio. También se obtuvieron las respectivas isotermas de adsorción para cada biopolímero, de estas curvas se obtuvieron los valores de capacidad máxima de retención. El quitosano presenta buena propiedades de retención de Ag+, seguido por la quitina calcárea, mientras que la quitina no presenta buenas propiedades de retención, aunque mejora un poco al disminuir su granulometría y al aumentar la temperatura del proceso. También se evaluó la posibilidad de reusar al quitosano dado que se obtuvo una alta capacidad al desorberlo previamente con H2SO4 y Na2SO3, obteniéndose 30 y 85% de Ag+, respectivamente. / Tesis
124

La musique dans la prose narrative moderniste espagnole / Music in Spanish Narrative Modernist Prose

Sorbier-Rawls, Julie 27 November 2010 (has links)
La littérature moderniste est musicale par essence. Elle souhaite éveiller des sensations chez le lecteur : le recours à la musique, art suggestif par antonomase, crée l’allusion. Comment sertir la musique dans la littérature ? Stéphane Mallarmé propose de « précéder les effets de la musique en redéfinissant celle-ci ‘d’où elle point’ » . Si l’art musical est naturellement porté par le poème, qu’en est-il de la prose ? En Espagne, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán offre un exemple probant de prose musicale dans ses Sonatas. Est-ce là tout ? Le projet mallarméen n’a-t-il pas rencontré d’écho parmi d’autres prosateurs espagnols ? Certes, l’intention y est ; les histoires de la littérature le confirment mais ne s’y attardent pas. Notre travail est donc double : il s’agit d’abord de retrouver des œuvres en prose modernistes espagnoles puis de les analyser par le prisme musical pour voir comment est saisi ce projet de fusion des arts. L'étude révèle que la musique de la prose, parfois imperceptible, raffine les sensations et sensibilise le lecteur à l’élégance, au rythme ou au phrasé d’un syntagme. En somme, la musique intérieure devient une propédeutique à l’ineffable. En creux de ce projet se dessine le rôle du poète dans la société. Celui-ci se présente comme un prêtre des temps modernes. Pourtant, le mythe auquel il tente de souscrire semble désincarné : sensible aux réalités de son époque, en quête d’un public féru de naturalisme, l’écrivain espagnol ne s’engage pas pleinement. Sa prose, hésitante, est souvent mièvre : cela explique qu’elle soit passée inaperçue aux yeux de l’histoire. / Modernist literature is by essence musical. It is meant to arouse the reader’s senses: the use of music, a suggestive art by excellence, creates the allusion. How can one insert music in literature? Stéphane Mallarmé suggests to precede the effects of music by redefining it from its origin. If the art of music is naturally expressed through a poem, how about through prose? In Spain, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán offers a prime example of musical prose in his Sonatas. Is this all that can be expected? Has there been no other echo of Mallarmé’s project in Spanish prose? Certainly the intention to do so exists; histories of literature confirm this intention but nothing more. Our work is going to be twofold: first we need to find Spanish modernist prose works, and then analyze these works through the prism of music in order to understand how the fusion of these arts (music and prose) is realized. The analysis reveals that the music of the prose, sometimes imperceptible, sharpens the senses and makes the reader more sensitive to the elegance, to the rhythm and the phrasing of a syntagm. In other words, the inner music paves the way to the ineffable. The poet’s role in society is described within this project. He presents himself as a modern times priest. Yet the myth to which he tries to subscribe lacks substance: sensitive to the realities of his time, in search of an audience keen on naturalism, the Spanish writer is not fully implicated. His prose is hesitant, often corny: this explains why it has passed unnoticed in history.
125

Les fondements d'une société en marge - Ecritures et actions du clergé dans la conquête du Paraguay (1537-1580) / The settlements of a marginal society - Letters and actions of the clergy during the conquest of Paraguay (1537-1580)

Candela, Guillaume 05 December 2016 (has links)
Cette thèse de doctorat désire aborder une problématique nouvelle : celle de l’implantation cléricale dans une société de conquête d’un espace américain périphérique, le Paraguay du XVIe siècle. Cette étude souhaite approfondir les connaissances dans le domaine des études sur le rôle de l’Eglise dans l’Amérique hispanique au XVIe siècle. Cette thèse sera également un apport plus général dans les études sur l’Amérique coloniale, la littérature scientifique autour du Paraguay de la conquête s’avérant presque inexistante. Cette thèse de doctorat tient à explorer plusieurs hypothèses de travail. Tout d’abord, quelles soient franciscaines ou jésuites, les missions s’appuient sur une première expérience : celle de la conquête entre 1537 et 1580. L’action des membres du clergé séculier sur place, qui peuvent être considérés comme des électrons libres, a certainement pu préparer le terrain avant l’arrivée des Jésuites. Asunción qui devient en 1541 à la fois une ville et une capitale provinciale n’abrite pas uniquement des clercs séculiers mais également des réguliers. Cette mixité cléricale apparaît dans la documentation et favorise une perception multiple de la réalité coloniale du Paraguay de la conquête. Le clergé est également envisagé dans son rapport avec la société civile ainsi qu'avec les communautés indigènes. Ainsi, à travers le prisme de l’étude d’un corpus de documents inédits transcrits par nos soins rédigés par des ecclésiastiques, cette étude analyse le rôle et l’influence des membres de l’Eglise dans la première phase de conquête du territoire dirigé depuis Asunción. / This thesis deals with a new problematic : the settlement of the clergy in a marginal society of conquest in America, the Paraguay of the 16th century. This study likes to increase knowledge about the Church's role in Colonial America, few books have been written about the subject. This dissertation will explore several hypothesis. First, Franciscans or Jesuits, the missions lean on a first experience : the conquest of the territory between 1537 and 1580. The action of the members of the clergy, who could have a certain liberty, must have prepared the arrival of the Jesuits. Asunción, which became in 1541 a city and the capital of the region houses also regular clerks. This clerical mix appears clearly in the documents and enables multiple visions of the colonial reality in the 16th century. The clergy is also analysed through its relationship with civil society and indigenous people. Through the study of a corpus of unpublished documents transcribed by us, we analyze the role and the influence of the Church in the first conquest phase of the territory managed from Asunción.
126

Feedbacks between vegetation and rainfall in the Amazon basin

Zemp, Delphine Clara 13 June 2016 (has links)
Das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine umfassende Analyse der Wasserflüsse durchzuführen und Quellen und Senken des kontinentalen Niederschlags zu identifizieren. Als Analysemethode werden komplexe Netzwerke verwendet, ein Ansatz, mit dessen Hilfe das neuartige Konzept des “cascading moisture recycling'''' (CMR) eingeführt wird. CMR wird als vielfache Verdunstung von Niederschlag während des Feuchtigkeitstransports über bewaldeten Gebieten definiert. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht es, den Anteil von CMR an der Menge des regionalen Niederschlags zu quantifizieren und Schlüsselregionen des CMR zu identifizieren. Die Analyse zeigt, dass der südliche Bereich des Amazonasbeckens nicht nur eine direkte Quelle für Niederschlag im La-Plata Becken ist, sondern auch als ``Brückenregion'''' dient, über die die verdunstete Feuchtigkeit des ganzen Amazonasbeckens auf dem Weg in die Subtropen transportiert wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Neubewertung der Vulnerabilität des Amazonasregenwalds unter Umweltveränderungen unabdingbar ist. Dies ist das zweite Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. Durch diese Veränderungen könnten große Teile des Regenwaldes in eine Savanne umgewandelt werden. Dies würde wiederum den Niederschlag reduzieren, was sich negativ auf die Stabilität der verbleibenden Waldgebiete auswirken und ein Waldsterben verursachen kann. Für die Analyse dieser Zusammenhänge werden ebenfalls komplexe Netzwerke verwendet, um das Konzept der Ökosystem-Resilienz und CMR basierend auf Beobachtungsdaten zu kombinieren. Es werden die Schlüsselregionen, in denen Entwaldung zu einer Destabilisierung der verbleibenden Wald führt, identifiziert und die Möglichkeit eines großflächigen Absterben des Regenwaldes aufgrund von verlängerter Trockenzeit untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Diversität des Regenwaldes und die durch den Feuchtigkeitstransport gegebene Konnektivität der Waldgebiete eine wichtige Rolle für die Stabilität und ökologische Integrität dieses Ökosystems spielen. / The first aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of vegetation-atmosphere interactions by means of complex network analysis of water fluxes from the sources to the sinks of rainfall in South America. This novel approach allows to introduce the concept of “cascading moisture recycling” defined as moisture recycling on the continent involving re-evaporation cycles along the way. A methodological framework is developed to quantify the importance of cascading moisture recycling and to identify key regions that sustain this process. It reveals, for instance, that the southern part of the Amazon basin is not only a direct source of rainfall for the La Plata basin as previously thought but also an intermediary region that re-distribute moisture evaporating from the entire Amazon basin towards the subtropics. This new concept lays the foundation for evaluating the vulnerability of the Amazon forest to environmental perturbations, which is the second aim of this thesis. Land-use and rainfall variability are expected to be intensified at the end of the twenty-first century and may push the south-eastern part of the Amazon forest towards a grass-dominated ecosystem. Such a forest loss would reduce local dry-season evapotranspiration and the resulting moisture supply for down-wind rainfall. In turn, this might erode the resilience of the remaining forest and lead to further forest losses. Using a complex network approach, the concepts of forest resilience and cascading moisture recycling are combined in a data-driven modeling framework. Key regions are identified where deforestation would greatly destabilize the remaining forest, as well as tipping points in dry-season intensification for large-scale self-amplified Amazon forest loss. The findings highlight the need to maintain the diversity and connectivity of forest patches in order to sustain the ecological integrity of the largest remaining tropical forest on Earth.
127

A litosfera das Bacias do Chaco-Paraná e Paraná integrando gravimetria e sondagens magnetotelúricas: novos vínculos à tectônica do Gondwana Sul-Ocidental / Chaco-Paraná and Paraná Basins lithosphere through gravity and magnetotelluric soundings: new constraints to the South-Western Gondwana tectonics

Gabriel Negrucci Dragone 11 July 2018 (has links)
Nesta tese, dados gravimétricos terrestres e de satélite foram combinados revelando que as bordas oeste e sul da Bacia do Paraná são caracterizadas por um forte gradiente que se estende por 2000 km, desde o cráton Rio Apa até a margem continental Atlântica na latitude do Sinclinal de Torres. Enquanto a Bacia do Paraná é caracterizada por anomalias Bouguer negativas (~-80 mGal), os crátons Rio de la Plata, Rio Tebicuary e Rio Apa e a Bacia do Chaco-Paraná são marcados por anomalias Bouguer positivas (~10 mGal). Dados sismológicos e de compensação isostática permitiram correlacionar a variação regional da amplitude das anomalias Bouguer à espessura crustal, de ~40 km na Bacia do Paraná para 30-35 km nos crátons. Essas observações geofísicas e a ocorrência de granitos cálcio-alcalinos de idade Neoproterozoica-Cambriana ao longo do gradiente gravimétrico indicam um ambiente tectônico de colisão e zona de subducção. A essa descontinuidade de escala litosférica denominamos Zona de Sutura do Oeste do Paraná (WPS Western Paraná Suture shear/zone). Dois perfis magnetotelúricos (MT) foram coletados para estudar a natureza e a estrutura elétrica da crosta e do manto litosférico através da WPS. O primeiro perfil se estende por 830 km desde o cráton Rio de la Plata, no Uruguai, até a parte sul da Bacia do Paraná. Modelagem inversa 2-D desses dados mostra que o manto superior no cráton Rio de la Plata é bastante resistivo (~2000 m) até 250 km de profundidade, enquanto o manto superior na Bacia do Paraná é geralmente mais condutivo e heterogêneo. Com base numa descontinuidade lateral de escala litosférica bem definida no modelo de resistividade, o limite nordeste do cráton Rio de la Plata é redefinido no norte do bloco Valentines. O segundo perfil se estende por 450 km na Argentina, entre o cráton Rio Tebicuary e a Bacia do Paraná. No modelo MT o cráton Rio Tebicuary é caracterizado por um manto superior resistivo (2000 m) até 150 km de profundidade. A litosfera na Bacia do Paraná é menos resistiva (~500 m) e provavelmente menos espessa (~80 km). Um perfil MT entre o cráton Rio Apa e a Bacia do Paraná mostra estrutura geoelétrica similar. As estruturas elétricas observadas, juntamente com dados geocronológicos, geoquímicos, sismológicos e densidade, sugerem processos de refertilização na litosfera da Bacia do Paraná. Sucessões de anomalias condutivas em antigas zonas de sutura e resistivas em blocos e terrenos juvenis nos modelos geoelétricos, integradas a dados geológicos, indicam um processo de acresção horizontal e uma progressão de subducções de placas litosféricas oceânicas, sendo a mais jovem sob a litosfera continental da Bacia do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a WPS é uma descontinuidade litosférica de primeira ordem que marca o fechamento de um oceano durante os estágios finais da formação do Gondwana Sul-Ocidental no Neoproterozoico-Cambriano. / In this thesis, terrestrial and satellite gravity data were integrated revealing a steep gravity gradient at the western and southern borders of the Paraná Basin. This gradient extends for 2,000 km from the Rio Apa craton to the Brazilian Atlantic margin at Torres Syncline latitude. Negative Bouguer anomalies (~-80 mGal) occur over the Paraná Basin, whereas positive anomalies are observed at Rio de la Plata, Rio Tebicuary and Rio Apa cratons, as well as Chaco-Paraná Basin. Seismological data and isostasy correlate the gravity gradient with crustal thickness variation, being thicker in the Paraná Basin (~40 km) and shallower in the cratons (~35 km). These geophysical observations and the presence of Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline granites along the gravity gradient suggest a collisional and subduction tectonic setting. This lithospheric discontinuity is hereafter referred to as Western Paraná Suture/shear zone (WPS). Two magnetotelluric (MT) profiles perpendicular to WPS were set up to study the electrical structure and nature of the crust and lithospheric mantle across the suture zone. The first profile, 830 km long, extends northward from Rio de la Plata craton, in Uruguay, to Paraná Basin southern border. 2-D inversion of this MT profile shows that the Rio de la Plata craton upper mantle is highly resistive (~2000 m) down to 250 km depth, whereas the Paraná Basin lithosphere is conductive and heterogeneous. Based on a lithospheric-scale lateral discontinuity in the resistivity model, the Rio de la Plata craton northern limit is redefined to the Valentines block northern limit. The second profile is 450 km long and extends from Rio Tebicuary craton to the Paraná Basin, and all stations are in Argentina. The MT model shows that Rio Tebicuary craton is characterized by a resistive lithosphere (2000 m) down to 150 km depth. The Paraná Basin lithosphere is less resistive (~500 m) and probably thinner (~80 km). Previous MT study between the Rio Apa craton and the Paraná basin, to the north, shows a similar electrical structure. These electrical characteristics, integrated with geochronological, geochemical, seismological and density data, suggest that Paraná Basin lithosphere underwent refertilization episodes. In the geoelectrical models, a series of resistive blocks and juvenile terrains and conductive anomalies in suture zone relics, integrated with geological data, suggest a horizontal accretionary process by means of progressive oceanic lithospheres subductions, the youngest one occurring below the Paraná Basin continental lithosphere. Altogether, these results show that the WPS is a first order lithosphere discontinuity, a site of an ocean closure during the South-Western Gondwana late stages of amalgamation in Neoproterozoic/Cambrian times.
128

A litosfera das Bacias do Chaco-Paraná e Paraná integrando gravimetria e sondagens magnetotelúricas: novos vínculos à tectônica do Gondwana Sul-Ocidental / Chaco-Paraná and Paraná Basins lithosphere through gravity and magnetotelluric soundings: new constraints to the South-Western Gondwana tectonics

Dragone, Gabriel Negrucci 11 July 2018 (has links)
Nesta tese, dados gravimétricos terrestres e de satélite foram combinados revelando que as bordas oeste e sul da Bacia do Paraná são caracterizadas por um forte gradiente que se estende por 2000 km, desde o cráton Rio Apa até a margem continental Atlântica na latitude do Sinclinal de Torres. Enquanto a Bacia do Paraná é caracterizada por anomalias Bouguer negativas (~-80 mGal), os crátons Rio de la Plata, Rio Tebicuary e Rio Apa e a Bacia do Chaco-Paraná são marcados por anomalias Bouguer positivas (~10 mGal). Dados sismológicos e de compensação isostática permitiram correlacionar a variação regional da amplitude das anomalias Bouguer à espessura crustal, de ~40 km na Bacia do Paraná para 30-35 km nos crátons. Essas observações geofísicas e a ocorrência de granitos cálcio-alcalinos de idade Neoproterozoica-Cambriana ao longo do gradiente gravimétrico indicam um ambiente tectônico de colisão e zona de subducção. A essa descontinuidade de escala litosférica denominamos Zona de Sutura do Oeste do Paraná (WPS Western Paraná Suture shear/zone). Dois perfis magnetotelúricos (MT) foram coletados para estudar a natureza e a estrutura elétrica da crosta e do manto litosférico através da WPS. O primeiro perfil se estende por 830 km desde o cráton Rio de la Plata, no Uruguai, até a parte sul da Bacia do Paraná. Modelagem inversa 2-D desses dados mostra que o manto superior no cráton Rio de la Plata é bastante resistivo (~2000 m) até 250 km de profundidade, enquanto o manto superior na Bacia do Paraná é geralmente mais condutivo e heterogêneo. Com base numa descontinuidade lateral de escala litosférica bem definida no modelo de resistividade, o limite nordeste do cráton Rio de la Plata é redefinido no norte do bloco Valentines. O segundo perfil se estende por 450 km na Argentina, entre o cráton Rio Tebicuary e a Bacia do Paraná. No modelo MT o cráton Rio Tebicuary é caracterizado por um manto superior resistivo (2000 m) até 150 km de profundidade. A litosfera na Bacia do Paraná é menos resistiva (~500 m) e provavelmente menos espessa (~80 km). Um perfil MT entre o cráton Rio Apa e a Bacia do Paraná mostra estrutura geoelétrica similar. As estruturas elétricas observadas, juntamente com dados geocronológicos, geoquímicos, sismológicos e densidade, sugerem processos de refertilização na litosfera da Bacia do Paraná. Sucessões de anomalias condutivas em antigas zonas de sutura e resistivas em blocos e terrenos juvenis nos modelos geoelétricos, integradas a dados geológicos, indicam um processo de acresção horizontal e uma progressão de subducções de placas litosféricas oceânicas, sendo a mais jovem sob a litosfera continental da Bacia do Paraná. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a WPS é uma descontinuidade litosférica de primeira ordem que marca o fechamento de um oceano durante os estágios finais da formação do Gondwana Sul-Ocidental no Neoproterozoico-Cambriano. / In this thesis, terrestrial and satellite gravity data were integrated revealing a steep gravity gradient at the western and southern borders of the Paraná Basin. This gradient extends for 2,000 km from the Rio Apa craton to the Brazilian Atlantic margin at Torres Syncline latitude. Negative Bouguer anomalies (~-80 mGal) occur over the Paraná Basin, whereas positive anomalies are observed at Rio de la Plata, Rio Tebicuary and Rio Apa cratons, as well as Chaco-Paraná Basin. Seismological data and isostasy correlate the gravity gradient with crustal thickness variation, being thicker in the Paraná Basin (~40 km) and shallower in the cratons (~35 km). These geophysical observations and the presence of Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline granites along the gravity gradient suggest a collisional and subduction tectonic setting. This lithospheric discontinuity is hereafter referred to as Western Paraná Suture/shear zone (WPS). Two magnetotelluric (MT) profiles perpendicular to WPS were set up to study the electrical structure and nature of the crust and lithospheric mantle across the suture zone. The first profile, 830 km long, extends northward from Rio de la Plata craton, in Uruguay, to Paraná Basin southern border. 2-D inversion of this MT profile shows that the Rio de la Plata craton upper mantle is highly resistive (~2000 m) down to 250 km depth, whereas the Paraná Basin lithosphere is conductive and heterogeneous. Based on a lithospheric-scale lateral discontinuity in the resistivity model, the Rio de la Plata craton northern limit is redefined to the Valentines block northern limit. The second profile is 450 km long and extends from Rio Tebicuary craton to the Paraná Basin, and all stations are in Argentina. The MT model shows that Rio Tebicuary craton is characterized by a resistive lithosphere (2000 m) down to 150 km depth. The Paraná Basin lithosphere is less resistive (~500 m) and probably thinner (~80 km). Previous MT study between the Rio Apa craton and the Paraná basin, to the north, shows a similar electrical structure. These electrical characteristics, integrated with geochronological, geochemical, seismological and density data, suggest that Paraná Basin lithosphere underwent refertilization episodes. In the geoelectrical models, a series of resistive blocks and juvenile terrains and conductive anomalies in suture zone relics, integrated with geological data, suggest a horizontal accretionary process by means of progressive oceanic lithospheres subductions, the youngest one occurring below the Paraná Basin continental lithosphere. Altogether, these results show that the WPS is a first order lithosphere discontinuity, a site of an ocean closure during the South-Western Gondwana late stages of amalgamation in Neoproterozoic/Cambrian times.
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A viagem do comandante dos Estados Unidos, Thomas Jefferson Page (U.S. Navy), ao estuário do Prata (1853-1860) / The expedition of the U.S navy commander, Thomas Jefferson Page, through the river La Plata, the Argentine Confederation and Paraguay (1853-1860)

Moreira, Marília Arantes Silva 11 October 2013 (has links)
O artigo discute os interesses principalmente dos sulistas dos Estados Unidos na América do Sul, através do estudo da expedição do navio a vapor Water Witch realizada pelo comandante da U.S. Navy, Thomas Jefferson Page, pelo rio da Prata e adjacentes. Com poderes para realizar trabalhos científicos na região e diplomáticos para negociar em favor da livre navegação dos rios da região, além de estabelecer tratados comerciais, Page obteve consentimentos para a navegação, principalmente por parte do Império do Brasil e da Confederação Argentina. Contudo, entrou em conflito com o governo do Paraguai, originando uma contenda com o presidente do país, Carlos Antonio López, durante a qual o navio de Page foi bombardeado. Em resposta, os Estados Unidos aprovaram uma intervenção ao Paraguai em 1858, enviando para lá uma esquadra. Tal realização movimentou navios e canhões para restituir acordos comerciais e viabilizar a segunda -- e conclusiva -- etapa da expedição de Page, entre 1858-60. O artigo pretende mostrar que parte dos objetivos dos norte-americanos foram alcançados na região, ainda que tenham usado a força para fazer valer as suas intenções, principalmente, no Paraguai. / The article discusses the interests involved in the expedition made by commander Thomas Jefferson Page through river de La Plata and adjacent rivers. Having diplomatic powers to persuade the free navigation of rivers in South America, T.J. Page obtained consent for his transit and cartographic work, especially on the part of the Empire of Brazil and the Argentine Confederation. However, he a conflict with the government of Paraguay, resulted in a feud with the country\'s president, Carlos Antonio López. Thus, an intervention, approved by the U.S. Congress, in 1858, stirred ships and cannons to repay commercial agreements and enabling the second - and conclusive - part of the expedition (1859-60). The official narrative reveals horizons of the North-American Southern elite next to the imminent U.S. Civil War (1861-65). In the South of the continent, the regional conflicts were developing into the Paraguayan War (1864-70).
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O pecuarista familiar na campanha rio-grandense (Santana do Livramento / RS)

Fernandes, Valéria Dorneles January 2012 (has links)
A Campanha, no Rio Grande do Sul, tem como principais características a predominância de produção pastoril e grande concentração fundiária. Em 1998 o IBGE identificou um grupo numeroso de pequenos produtores que se dedicam à bovinocultura de corte e com características de agricultores familiares, os quais foram identificados como pecuaristas familiares. A literatura que aborda esta categoria social considera que este grupo tem, na sua origem, diferentes trajetórias e que estes processos se desenvolveram no período inicial do século XX, ou seja, o pecuarista familiar é originário do século XX. No entanto as pesquisas históricas recentes mostram que pequenos criadores de gado estavam presentes na Campanha desde, pelo menos, o início do século XIX. O presente trabalho busca avaliar a natureza da relação histórica entre os pequenos criadores de gado do século XIX e os pecuaristas familiares da região da Campanha hoje. O estudo focaliza principalmente o município de Santana do Livramento, visto que além de ter uma tradição na produção pecuária extensiva também se mostra um município com uma significante presença de pecuaristas familiares na atualidade. O estudo utiliza o conceito de sistemas agrários e se baseia principalmente em dados extraídos de entrevistas com os pecuaristas familiares do município e fontes documentais primárias: censo, processos crimes e cíveis e inventários post-mortem. Esta pesquisa permite identificar como principais resultados a existência de estabelecimentos agrícolas que desenvolviam a pecuária em uma complexidade de tipos, que variavam quanto à dimensão do estabelecimento, modo de acesso à terra e o estatuto social da mão de obra. Ressalta-se neste trabalho a identificação de um grupo de criadores existentes no século XIX que possuíam pequenos rebanhos de gado e utilizavam principalmente a mão de obra familiar, sendo que muitos deles não possuíam a propriedade da terra. Este grupo demonstra a persistência dos pecuaristas familiares como uma categoria social na Campanha desde o período do século XIX. / The principal characteristics of the Campanha region of Rio Grande do Sul are the predominance of livestock production and concentrated landholdings. In 1998, the IBGE (Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute) identified a large group of small producers dedicated to raising beef cattle, with the characteristics of family farmers, who have been identified as family ranchers. The literature on this social category affirms that this group emerged from different trajectories and that these processes began in the early twentieth century. In other words, the family rancher is a product of the twentieth century. However, recent historical research shows that small-scale cattle ranchers were present in the Campanha since at least the beginning of the nineteenth century. This master’s thesis attempts to evaluate the nature of historical relations between small ranchers of the nineteenth century and the family ranchers of the Campanha region today. The study focuses principally on the municipality of Santana do Livramento, which in addition to having a tradition of land extensive livestock production also has a significant number of family ranchers today. The study uses the concept of agrarian systems and is based principally on data extracted from interviews with family ranchers in the municipality and from primary documentary sources: a census, criminal and civil court records, and probate records. This research allows identification of several types of livestock raising establishments, which varied in size, in forms of access to land and in the social and legal status of their workers. This work highlights the existence of a category of ranchers in the nineteenth century that had small herds of cattle and used primarily family labor, many of whom were not landowners. This group demonstrates the persistence of family ranchers as a social category in the Campanha since the nineteenth century.

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