My thesis describes a fictional concentration camp Mellern, that lies in Germany, and that made up and described E.M.Remarque. He donated this novel to his sister Elfriede, who was killed by Nazis. I wanted to show how the concentration camp looked like during the World War Two, in which parts it was divided and how it was divided. Then I describe and interpret the main characters of the novel. I occupy with the prisoners? feelings. The most important feeling is the hope. The prisoners would probably not have survived without the hope. The hope that keeps them alive and gives them courage and self-confidence to fight and not to give up.

nÃo hà / O dengue permanece como problema de saÃde pÃblica no Brasil. No nordeste brasileiro, os grandes depÃsitos domiciliares utilizados para acumular Ãgua sÃo importantes criadouros para reproduÃÃo do Aedes aegypti, o principal transmissor do dengue. O uso de alternativas ao controle quÃmico desse vetor vem sendo incentivado. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar se a presenÃa de peixes larvÃfagos altera o padrÃo de postura do A. aegypti, identificar a sobrevivÃncia de peixes larvÃfagos ao cloro e descrever a eficÃcia do peixe Betta splendens em condiÃÃes de campo. O padrÃo de postura foi avaliado em uma gaiola com 6 m3. Os peixes avaliados foram Poecilia reticulata e B. splendens. Na gaiola foram inseridos oito depÃsitos, sendo quatro com peixes, quatro sem peixes (controle) e 100 mosquitos. Em cada depÃsito tinha Ãgua e uma palheta de eucatex para postura dos ovos. Ao final de cada semana os ovos postos nessas palhetas foram contados. Os ensaios foram replicados por sete semanas consecutivas para cada espÃcie. A sobrevivÃncia do B. splendens e P. reticulata, ao cloro, foi avaliada para trÃs concentraÃÃes (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mg/L) utilizando tambores com 35 litros de Ãgua. Foram utilizados 105, 140 e 175 peixes para cada concentraÃÃo testada, na proporÃÃo de 6 depÃsitos com cloro para cada controle (sem cloro). A eficÃcia foi avaliada a partir de dados gerados pelo Programa Municipal de Controle do Dengue, na cidade de Fortaleza. Foi avaliada a permanÃncia dos peixes em depÃsitos domiciliares e a infestaÃÃo nesses depÃsitos com B. splendens e o larvicida Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. A presenÃa do B. splendens inibiu a postura de ovos pelas fÃmeas de Aedes aegypti com um Ãndice de Atividade de OviposiÃÃo (IAO) de -0,627. O nÃmero mÃdio de ovos postos em depÃsitos com B. splendens (32,5/semana) foi menor que nos depÃsitos com o P. reticulata (200,5/semana) e os controles (186,5/semana; p < 0,0001). Todos os B. splendens sobreviveram a concentraÃÃo de cloro de 1,0 mg/L; 72,5 e 39,3% sobreviveram as concentraÃÃes de 1,5 e 2,0 mg/L. Por outro lado, apenas 4,4% do P. reticulata sobreviveram a concentraÃÃo mÃnima de 1,0 mg/L. Em campo foram encontrados trÃs depÃsitos com a presenÃa do B. splendens e larvas de mosquitos (1,6%), infestaÃÃo significativamente menor que nos depÃsitos com o Bti, onde essa infestaÃÃo foi de 10,9% (p < 0,001). Nos depÃsitos onde o peixe nÃo permaneceu a infestaÃÃo foi de 27,8%, maior que nos depÃsitos com Bti (p < 0,010). Nos depÃsitos onde o peixe permaneceu ele foi 85% mais eficaz que o larvicida. A permanÃncia dos peixes foi maior nos tanques de alvenaria (48,5%), localizados no peridomicÃlio (47,5%) e ao nÃvel do solo (53,3%). ConcluÃmos que o B. splendens pode ser apropriado para controle biolÃgico de larvas de Ae. aegypti em grandes reservatÃrios domiciliares, desde que possa ser atestada sua permanÃncia nesses depÃsitos. / Dengue fever remains an important public health problem in northeast Brazil. Large domestic containers used to store water are important breeding sites of Aedes aegypti, the main vector. The use of alternatives to chemical vector control has increased in the last years. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the inhibition of oviposition by female Ae. aegypti in domestic containers with larvivorous fish; to describe the survival of larvivorous fish to different chlorine concentrations; and to describe the efficacy of Betta splendens fish under field conditions. Oviposition was assessed in a cage of 6 m3 of size. The fish species Poecilia reticulata and B. splendens were used in the laboratory assays. In the cage, eight water containers were placed - four with fish, four without fish (control), and 100 mosquitoes. In each container with 15 l water eucatex strips were placed to facilitate oviposition. At the end of each week, eggs laid on these strips were counted. For each species, the assays were repeated for seven consecutive weeks. Survival of B. splendens and P. reticulata to different concentrations of chlorine (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg / L) was assessed in drums with 35 liters of water. We used 105, 140 and 175 fish for each concentration: six test containers with chlorine for each control without chlorine. Secondary data of the Municipal Dengue Control Program of the city of Fortaleza were analyzed to assess the efficacy of B. splendens under field conditions. The presence of fish in household containers was verified after several weeks. Infestation of containers with mosquito larvae was compared to containers with the larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. The presence of B. splendens inhibited oviposition by Ae. aegypti with an activity oviposition index of -0.627. The mean number of eggs laid in deposits with B. splendens (32.5 / week) was lower than in deposits with P. reticulata (200.5 / week) and controls (186.5 / week, p <0.0001). All B. splendens specimens survived a chlorine concentration of 1.0 mg / L, and 72.5% and 39.3% survived concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 mg / L, respectively. On the other hand, only 4.4% of P. reticulata survived a concentration of 1.0 mg / L. Under field conditions, three containers were encountered with B. splendens and mosquito larvae (1.6%), significantly less than infested deposits with Bti (10.9%; p <0.001). In containers where the fish died or disappeared, infestation was 27.8% higher than in deposits with Bti (p <0.010). In deposits where the fish remained, efficacy was 85% better than Bti. The permanence of fish was higher in concrete tanks (48.5%), located outside the house (47.5%) and at ground level (53.3%). We conclude that B. splendens may be suitable for biological control of Ae. aegypti larvae in large domestic water containers.

Pre-mRNA splicing is an important level in posttranscriptional gene regulation that is essential for accurate protein synthesis and generating protein diversity. The abundance of cryptic splice sites and long intronic DNA sequences makes their splicing a complex one. The identification of correct exons and introns needs additional information in the form of splicing regulatory elements (SREs) along with canonical splice signals. The interplay among these SREs and the trans factors (which bind to SREs) gives the identity to introns and exons which in turn leads to precise pre-mRNA splicing. Previous studies from our laboratory showed, that when expressed in mammalian cells from an expression vector, PDGF-B ORF was re-spliced at 4/5 exon junction with the downstream SV40 splice acceptor site in the vector. However, deletion of the 66-nt PDGF-B 3’ UTR region resulted in about 25% reduction in re-splicing. Sequence analysis of this region revealed presence of binding sites for splicing factors ASF/SF2 and SRp55, and an AU-rich element (ARE), mutation each of which affected re-splicing partially. In mammals, AREs are commonly found in the 3’UTR of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in diverse functions and are involved in selective mRNA degradation. Several ARE binding proteins are crucial for ARE’s function. Since mutation of the single ARE in the 3’UTR region altered the re-splicing efficiency, the role of AU-rich elements and ARE-binding proteins (AU-BPs) in modulation of splicing was investigated using siRNAs against AU-BPs, BRF1, hnRNPD, HuR, GAPDH and TTP. Down regulation of expression of these factors indeed affected the level of re-spliced product. We have studied the interactions between the full-length splicing factors (U1-70K and U2AF35) and the AU-BPs (BRF1, hnRNPD and HuR) as well as among the AU-BPs using three different assay methods: Yeast-two hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation and pull down assays. Our study has revealed that the BRF1 interacts with U1-70K and U2AF35 as well as the other AU-BPs hnRNPD and HuR but with different affinities. We have also analyzed the ability of AU-BPs to interact with SR proteins SRp20 and 9G8. We did find strong interaction of BRF1 with SRp20 and 9G8. Generation of a large number of nested deletion mutants of all the proteins allowed us to identify the interaction regions on the surface of BRF1, U1-70K, hnRNPD, U2AF35 and HuR. The results of Y2H analyses were further confirmed by pull down assay using purified interacting regions. It was found that a single region from aa 181-254 in BRF1 interacts with multiple partners i.e., splicing factors and the AU-BP hnRNPD. However, the RNA-binding zinc-finger domain from residue 120-181 independently interacts with HuR. Further, the multiple protein interacting region (MPIR) (aa 181-254) in BRF1 exhibits different affinities towards its interacting partners with that for U1-70K and hnRNPD being stronger than that for U2AF35 and HuR. This observation suggests that BRF1 activity can be modulated by interaction with different partners at different sites. U1-70K interacted only with BRF1 among the proteins tested in this study and this interaction appears to be RNA independent .This could have implications in splice site selection and RNA stability since BRF1 has been shown to promote RNA degradation. While the Arg/Glu-rich C-terminal region in U1-70K is sufficient for its interaction with BRF1, U2AF35 requires both the zinc-finger 2 and the arg/Gly/Ser-rich C-terminal regions for its association with BRF1. hnRNPD also interacts with multiple partners that include BRF1, HuR and U2AF35 using the N-terminal region that harbors a Ala-rich domain. The interaction of hnRNPD with HuR is RNA dependent while with BRF1 and U2AF35, it is RNA independentt. Further, its interaction with all the partners is equally strong. This suggests that hnRNPD could exert differential influence depending on the context of its interaction and abundance of the interacting partner. HuR, primarily known as an mRNA stabilizing factor, interacts with both BRF1 and hnRNPD with equal affinity involving the hinge region, the interaction with the former being RNA-independent and the later being RNA-dependent. This differential RNA-dependent and independent interactions with the two AU-BPs using a single interacting domain suggests a balancing act of HuR on the activities of BRF1 and hnRNPD. These interactions can further be differentially modulated by posttranslational modifications on one or all of the interacting partners depending on the physiological status of the cell. We have also analyzed the multiple protein complexes formed in absence of cellular RNA. Though we are unable to see direct protein-protein interaction between HuR and U1-70K in Yeast two hybrid analysis, we could detect the presence of U1-70K in HuR immunoprecipitate. It appears that U1-70K associates with HuR via BRF. We also detected the presence of HuR in U1-70K complexes which could be due to its association with BRF1. We are unable to find hnRNPD and U2AF35 in these complexes indicating that they may have been excluded. In anti-U2AF35 immunoprecipitates, we detected the presence of U1-70K as well as hnRNPD but no HuR. This may be due to RNase treatment as hnRNPD and HuR interactions are RNA dependent. Our findings that AU-rich elements in conjunction with AU-BPs function as intronic splicing modulators or enhancers, reveal hitherto unidentified new players in the poorly understood complex mechanisms that mediate alternative splicing. The possibility of dynamic nature of the interactions among splicing factors and AU-BPs mediated by post-translational modifications provide a basis for rapid cellular responses to changing environmental cues through generation of differentially spliced mRNAs and corresponding protein products that differ in their stability and hence their relative abundance. Our results also unfold enormous possibilities for future investigations on interactions among the many splicing factors and AU-BPs, and in understanding these complex interactions in modulation of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA translation and degradation. The finding of coupling of AU-BPs to splicing machinery could further lead to better understanding of the mechanism of AU-BP-mediated targeting of mRNAs to processing bodies and ultimate degradation of the mRNAs.

The nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization enables eukaryotic cells to develop sophisticated post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression. However, managing the exchanges of macromolecules between the two compartments also represents a formidable challenge for the cells. Nucleo-cytoplasmic exchanges rely on specialized soluble carriers and take place at nuclear pore complexes that span the nuclear envelope. Active nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of proteins, in particular, is performed mainly by a family of carriers called karyopherins, which includes about twenty members in mammals. Some of them, called importins, recognize nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in their substrates and convey them into the nucleus. Others, called exportins, recognize nuclear export signals (NESs) in their substrates and bring them back to the cytoplasm. <p>Many RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, where they can often fulfill different functions. RBPs also frequently localize into specialized microdomains that are not delimited by a membrane but in which specific factors are concentrated. Those include processing bodies and stress granules, which are cytoplasmic foci associated with mRNA decay, storage and translational repression. Post-transcriptional regulations mediated by RBPs can therefore be modulated rapidly and efficiently through changes in the localization of RBPs.<p>The first part of this work focuses on the subcellular localization and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of the Drosophila RBP dTIS11. Like its mammalian and yeast homologues, dTIS11 binds AU-rich elements in the 3’UTR of its target mRNAs, and stimulates their rapid deadenylation and decay. Here, we have observed that although dTIS11 appears to be located mostly in the cytoplasm, it is constantly shuttling in and out of the nucleus. We show that the export of dTIS11 from the nucleus depends on the CRM1 exportin and is mediated by a hydrophobic NES that encompasses residues 101 to 113 in dTIS11 sequence. We also identify a cryptic Transportin-dependent PY nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) in the tandem zinc finger region of dTIS11 and show that it is conserved across the TIS11 protein family. This PY-NLS partially overlaps the second zinc finger (ZnF2) of dTIS11. Importantly, mutations disrupting the capacity of the ZnF2 to coordinate a Zn2+ ion unmask dTIS11 and TTP PY-NLS and promote nuclear import. Taken together, our results indicate that the nuclear export of Drosophila and mammalian TIS11 proteins is mediated by CRM1 through diverging NESs, while their nuclear import mechanism might rely on a conserved PY-NLS whose activity is negatively regulated by ZnF2 folding.<p>In the second part, we present preliminary results which implicate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport machinery in the assembly of stress granules (SGs) in mammalian cells. SGs contain silenced mRNPs which resemble stalled initiation complexes, and they form transiently in response to acute stress, concomitantly with a global arrest of translation. While their exact role remains undefined, it seems clear that SGs are able to exchange mRNPs with polysomes and with PBs, and that they are connected to post-transcriptional and translational regulations of gene expression during stress. Here, we show that inhibition of Transportin-1 expression or function does not affect the translational status of cells but impairs the assembly of stress granules. Finally, we show that Transportin-1 and -2B, but not -2A, localize into stress granules in response to several stresses. <p>In conclusion, we suggest two potential new roles for Transportins, in the nucleo-cytoplasmic traffic of TIS11 proteins on the one hand and in the assembly of stress granules on the other hand.<p>/<p>Le compartimentage nucléo-cytoplasmique permet aux cellules eucaryotes de réguler l’expression génétique par des mécanismes post-transcriptionnels élaborés. Les ARN messagers subissent plusieurs étapes de maturation dans le noyau avant d’être exportés vers le cytoplasme où ils sont traduits et dégradés. Ces processus sont effectués via des protéines de liaison à l’ARN, ou RBPs. Beaucoup de RBPs exercent des fonctions différentes dans le noyau et dans le cytoplasme, et leur activité peut dès lors être rapidement modulée par une modification de leur localisation.<p>Le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique actif des protéines s’effectue à travers les pores nucléaires et fait majoritairement appel à des transporteurs solubles de la famille des karyophérines. Ceux-ci reconnaissent au sein des protéines à transporter une séquence-passeport appelée NLS (nuclear localization signal) ou NES (nuclear export signal) selon la direction nécessitée. <p>Le présent travail comporte deux parties. La première porte sur la localisation subcellulaire et le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique des protéines de la famille TIS11, et plus particulièrement de dTIS11 qui est le seul représentant de cette famille chez la Drosophile. Comme ses homologues dans d’autres espèces, dTIS11 est une RBP qui favorise la déadénylation et la dégradation de ses ARN messagers cibles. Nos résultats démontrent que dTIS11 fait la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme. L’export de dTIS11 hors du noyau est réalisé par la karyophérine CRM1 et fait appel à un NES différent de celui présent chez les protéines TIS11 mammaliennes. Nous identifions également un NLS cryptique au sein du domaine à deux doigts de zinc avec lequel dTIS11 lie l’ARN. Ce NLS correspond partiellement au signal consensus reconnu par la Transportine. Il est démasqué par la mutation du second doigt de zinc ;dans ces conditions, il permet l’import de dTIS11 par la Transportine. Enfin, nous montrons qu’il est conservé dans d’autres protéines de la famille TIS11. <p>Dans la seconde partie, nous nous intéressons aux granules de stress, qui sont des microdomaines cytoplasmiques dans lesquels se concentrent des RBPs et des ARN messagers non traduits en réponse à un stress cellulaire. Nous montrons que les karyophérines appartenant à la sous-famille des Transportines sont présentes dans ces granules et que l’inhibition de l’expression ou de la fonction des Transportines réduit la formation de ces granules en réponse à divers stress cellulaires. Nous écartons la possibilité que ce résultat soit un effet indirect d’un ralentissement du métabolisme traductionnel. Nos résultats suggèrent donc une implication des Transportines dans la formation des granules de stress. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

<i> History Will Be My Judge: A Cultural Examination of America's Racial Tensions Presented Through the Symbolization of Booker T. Washington</i> is an interdisciplinary study about the emergence of Booker T. Washington as a black cultural hero. By the turn of the twentieth century, Washington had become the most prominent African American educator, economic reformer, entrepreneur, and race leader in the United States. He is most recognized as the founder of Tuskegee Institute (now University) and his highly acclaimed autobiography, <i>Up From Slavery</i>, which recounts his life growing up enslaved to becoming an international icon. Since his death in 1915, several monuments, memorials, landmarks, and commemorative tributes have been established in his honor. During the 1940s, Washington became the first African American pictured on the United States postage stamp and minted silver half-dollar. Additionally, he was spotlighted in a series of media campaigns called "Famous American Firsts," and was the first African American inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. Moreover, amidst the presidential transition between Barack Obama and Donald Trump, black popular media has alluded to Washington's economic philosophy through music videos, documentaries, and television programs. I argue that each of these posthumous commemorations belong to larger social justice movements, namely, the Civil Rights movement and Black Lives Matter movement. Throughout these eras, Washington's legacy has served to counter white supremacy and symbolize the rise of integration, the black middle class, economic justice, black self-made, black education, and the legacy of slavery.<div> The purpose of this study is to examine how during periods of racial unrest, African Americans leverage Booker T. Washington's image to counter racist stereotypes and reaffirm black citizenship. The primary framework applied in this study is William L. Van Deburg's theory of the <i>black cultural hero. </i>Two emergent theories from this research are my developing frameworks called <i>Black Hustle Theory</i> and <i>nostalgic tension</i>. Using literary and visual analysis, I assess historical archives from popular press, black literature, American memorabilia, and black popular culture to examine Washington's commemorative legacy through a black radical lens. Specifically, I explore how the following four people have connected Washington's legacy to the Civil Rights movement and Black Lives Matter movement: Major Richard Robert Wright, Sr., founder of Savannah State University; Langston Hughes, famed Harlem Renaissance poet and author; Stanley Nelson, award-winning producer; and, Beyonce Knowles-Carter, singer and pop mogul. I put Washington's legacy in conversation with each of these cultural producers to simulate a call-and-response between his lifework and the generations after him.<br><div><br></div></div>

Blastodinium, a genus of the phytoplanktonic dinoflagellates, was found to be inhabiting the gut region of the copepod species Labidocera. Copepods are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, being the most numerous multicellular organisms on planet earth. Being primary consumers, they play important ecological roles, passing energy from one trophic level to the next. As zooplankton, estuarine copepods contribute substantially to carbon cycling as they undergo diurnal migration to avoid daylight UV-B damage and surface water predation. Blastodinium are presumed to infect copepods via ingestion of zoospores by juvenile hosts, who function as microhabitats for acquiring nutrients in non-photosynthetic species or in nutrient-limited environments. Blastodinium may hinder reproduction of copepod hosts, thereby influencing local copepod populations and, by extension, food webs up to humanity. Copepod populations may also help contain disease spread, such as malaria and Dengue fever, through their consumption of mosquito larvae in standing water. Further evaluation of copepods for Blastodinium may help shed light on the limited knowledge of this species and the nature of its relationship with copepods, as well as its effects on copepod populations and the higher order consequences of its parasitism.

This thesis is about pastoral work with people who live with mobility impairment. The research address two main questions, namely "What are the implications of acquired mobility impairment for personal identity and collective identity?" and "How can we in Christian faith communities, through pastoral work, facilitate a sense of belonging and strengthen personal identity and collective identity for people who are mobility disadvantaged?" This thesis therefore addresses the problem of identity. Thus, a theoretical analysis from literature sources is undertaken to explore theories about narrative identity in relation to personal identity and the importance of the metaphor "belonging" to bridge the gap of personal identity to collective identity. Consequently, religious identity is discussed in relation to the notion of multiple identities and the importance of collective identity to shaping personal identity. The research questions are answered through a theoretical exploration of approaches to disability and qualitative, narrative empirical research is undertaken. A few people who are quadriplegic, a family member and an occupational therapist are interviewed and the recounting of their "stories" facilitated. The empirical research results in highlighting that the research participants' "stories" discloses a link between bodily restrictions and social restrictions to mobility. This combination works together to make social interaction very difficult and clearly influenced the transition from pre-quadriplegia to post-quadriplegia. Analysing the "stories" told by the research participants allows for critical reflection on a preferred pastoral work praxis to people living with mobility impairment. Narrative identity is linked with a theology of embrace and metaphors of "covenant" and "belonging" which expresses that faith communities should imitate the embracing love and compassion of the Triune God who through the act of suffering included all humankind. It provides the foundation for a preferred pastoral work praxis of "embrace" which can be practised holistically and actively through integration with the other practices of faith communities to facilitate a sense of belonging to a collective identity. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

Sammanfattning Förskollärares arbetsmiljö med fokus på stress är en masteruppsats i pedagogik med syftet att försöka belysa förskollärares egna uppfattningar. Det fanns många rapporter om förskollärare, arbetsmiljö och stress, på senare år larmrapporter. Därför undersöks också hur myndigheter och andra parter beskriver arbetsmiljöproblem. Varför syns inga förbättringar av arbetsmiljön och varför blev så många förskollärare sjuka? Hittades några svar hos förskollärare själva? Metoden blev en tematisk analys av kvalitativa intervjuer med 20 förskollärare i Stockholm. Studiens teoretiska perspektiv är ramfaktorteorin, sociokulturellt perspektiv, psykosocial miljö och stress inklusive krav-kontroll-stöd modellen. Några av de viktigaste resultaten blev: Förskolebarnen ingår inte i arbetsmiljölagen, det finns statistiska problem med att mäta barngruppers storlek 15 oktober bara varje år, det är problem att all statistik slår ihop förskollärare och fritidspedagoger, ska förskollärare undervisa 40 timmar/ vecka, det saknas likvärdighet för till exempel planeringstid och ökad arbetad tid hemma. Studien föreslår vidare forskning. / Abstract Preschool teachers 'work environment with a focus on stress is a master's thesis in pedagogy with the aim of trying to shed light on preschool teachers' own perceptions. There were many reports on preschool teachers, work environment and stress, in recent years alarm reports. Therefore, it is also investigated how authorities and other parties describe work environment problems. Why are there no improvements in the work environment and why did so many preschool teachers become ill? Were any answers found among preschool teachers themselves? The method was a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with 20 preschool teachers in Stockholm. The theoretical perspective of the study is the framework factor theory, sociocultural perspective, psychosocial environment and stress including the requirements-control-support model. Some of the most important results were: Preschool children are not included in the work environment law, there are statistical problems with measuring the size of children's groups on 15 October only every year, it is a problem that all statistics combine preschool teachers and leisure educators, preschool teachers must teach 40 hours / week, it is missing equivalence for, for example, planning time and increased time worked at home. The study proposes further research.

For many years, community colleges that chose to offer community college baccalaureate (CCB) programs were looked upon in a negative light (Rice, 2015). However, as the need for specialized baccalaureates within specific fields and job markets have continued to grow (McKee, 2005), CCB programs are becoming more widely accepted throughout the United States. In spite of this paradigm shift, Mississippi is one of the remaining states that have not embraced the idea of CCB programs, in spite of its statistical deficiency in regards to baccalaureate degree holding citizens (Williams, 2010). The focus of this study was to explore the perceptions of community college administrators in Mississippi with regards to the influence of CCB programs to the community college mission of institutions in their state. This study indicates that administrators in Mississippi recognize the benefits of offering CCB programs, but do not want CCB programs to take away from the well-established statewide higher education system through mission creep. Many of the strong position statements received overwhelmingly neutral responses. In contrast, Administrators who chose to give their opinion indicated that they are not familiar with how CCB programs are implemented, and do not believe that Mississippi is ready for CCB programs across the state. However, respondents felt that the community college mission is always evolving, should meet students’ needs, and varies from location to location. The findings also show that administrators are favorable to the piloting of CCB programs at a few (1-2) institutions, even though they believe the programs will take funding away from current programs and do not want community colleges evolving into 4-year institutions. The study also concludes that there is a significant difference between institution size and survey questions #18 and #20. There is also a significant difference between length of time in the community college sector and survey questions #15, #17, and #18.

Die frühere vielfältige bäuerliche Kulturlandschaft wird durch die industrielle Intensivlandschaft, die vielen Tieren und Pflanzen ihre Daseinsgrundlage entzieht, weitgehend verdrängt. Deshalb muss die Stadt heute, verstärkt in Parks, Wohn- und Siedlungsgrün, als Entwicklungsraum für die Natur angesehen werden. Die soziale Gartenarchitektur sieht die Stadt als 'ökologisches Refugium. Doch was hat die Ökologiebewegung mit der Gartenkunst zu tun?“ Im Vordergrund steht der Schutz der Natur und somit das Wohl des Bürgers. Was die Menschen heute wie nie zuvor bewegt, ist die Sorge um die Erhaltung der Natur, aber auch die Angst vor dem Verlust. Durch den Menschen und seine extreme Ausbeutung der Landschaft unter anderem durch die industriell bestimmte Agrarlandwirtschaft. Jeder größere Park sollte sein Naturreservat haben. Georg Penker:1. EINLEITUNG UND METHODIK 1 2. NATUR IN DER GESTALTUNG AUSGEWÄHLTER ÖFFENTLICHER GRÜNANLAGEN 30 2.1 Parkanlage Biegerhof, Duisburg (1964-1967) 30 2.2 Parkanlage in den Querforen West und Ost der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (1969-1971, 1978) 44 2.3 Grünanlage Borner See, Gemeinde Brüggen (1970-1972) 69 2.4 Grünanlage 'Südliche Parkplätze', Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1976) 79 2.5 Grünanlage am nördlichen Zugang zum botanischen Garten, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1977) 82 2.6 Grünanlage an der Stadthalle Hagen mit Felsengarten (1979) 97 2.7 Grünanlage am Kemnader See, Bochum/ Witten (1979-1982) 112 2.8 Grünanlage am 'Universitätssee“, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1980) 119 2.9 Grünanlage auf dem Universitätsautobahntunneldeckel, Düsseldorf (1983) 128 2.10 Grünanlage mit „Südsee“ an der Hauptverwaltung der Axa-Colonia Versicherung, Köln (1983) 147 2.11 Grünanlage 'Schutthügel', Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1985-1986) 159 2.12 Grünanlage 'Fleher Knoten', Düsseldorf (1985-1987) 167 2.13 Landesgartenschaugelände Grevenbroich mit Ian-Hamilton-Finlay-Waldpark (1991-1995) 175 2.14 Rheinpark Bilk, Düsseldorf, Parkteil Landschaftsbrücke (1996) 191 3. NATUR UND NATURNÄHE IN DER GARTENGESTALTUNG PENKERS 200 Naturnähe in der Pflanzenverwendung 200 Gestaltrelevante Naturmerkmale in der Pflanzenverwendung und der Grünraumbildung. Naturmerkmale als Teil der gestalterischen Handschrift Penkers 205 Der Biegerhof-Park in Duisburg: Abweichungen von der gestalterischen Handschrift Penkers und weitere Parkentwicklung 234 Naturerzählungen 236 Die literarischen Naturerzählungen „nine proposals for a forest“ von Ian-Hamilton Finlay 250 Bilden Finlays Natur-Erzählungen in Penkers Waldwildniskonzept ein Gesamtkunstwerk? 275 4. NATURNAHE GESTALTUNG, NATURSCHUTZ UND ÖKOLOGIE. STANDPUNKTE VON GEORG PENKER 280 „Pflanzengesellschaft“ 282 „Bodenständig–Heimisch“ und „Standortgerecht–Heimisch“ 289 Wildnis und Natur 291 Spannungsverhältnis von Zivilisation und Natur 299 Überlebensmodelle: „Arche 2000“, „Die Erde heilen“, „Neue Einheit von Zivilisation und Natur“, „Überlebensmodell Zukunft“ 304 „Lebensraum, Habitat, Biotop“ 312 'Verbundsystem,' 'Grünverbindung'... Funktionale Anforderungen an Verbundsysteme 321 Die Ästhetik in der Gestaltung von Verbundsystemen 325 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Verbundsysteme 332 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Lebensräume 338 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Lebensraumstrukturen 340 'Leitbilder' 347 Penkers Leitbildverständnis 347 Penkers Leitbilder für naturnah zu gestaltende Grünanlagen 348 Ausgesuchte Leitbilder in einzelnen Grünanlagen 353 Leitbildgenese (Querforen Ost und West der Ruhr-Universität Bochum) 353 Leitbild Dritter als Gestaltungsrahmen (Borner See, Gemeinde Brüggen) 356 Leitbild und Perspektivplanung (Außengrünanlagen der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf) 358 Vorrang-Leitbild (Felsengarten und Stadthalle Hagen) 361 Leitbild - Sonstiges (I) (Universitätstunneldeckelpark, Düsseldorf) 364 Gemeinsame Leitbilder (Grünanlage mit Südsee an der Hauptverwaltung der Colonia Versicherung, Köln) 364 Beinahe leitbildlos - Natur und Wildnis (Grünanlage Schutthügel und Grünanlage Fleher Knoten) 367 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil I) (Bundesgartenschau Berlin 1985 - Wettbewerbsentwurf) 367 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil II) (Bundesgartenschau Düsseldorf 1987 - Wettbewerbsentwurf) 369 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil III) (Landesgartenschau Grevenbroich) 369 Die Leitbilder von Georg Penker - Zusammenschau 372 Erstnennungsanspruch und Aktualität von Penkers Leitbildern 375 5. ZEITGENÖSSISCHE EINORDNUNG DER NATURNAHEN GRÜNANLAGENGESTALTUNG PENKERS 377 Vergleich der prämierten Wettbewerbsarbeiten jeweils eines Gartenschauwettbewerbs 377 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die BUGA Berlin 1985 377 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die BUGA Düsseldorf 1987 391 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die Landesgartenschau Grevenbroich 1995 396 Vergleich der Wettbewersarbeiten verschiedener Gartenschauwettbewerbe 401 Charakteristische Merkmale naturnaher Gestaltung 410 ANHÄNGE Feingliederung der Anhänge mit Seitenangaben siehe S. 411 Anhang 1: Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 415 Anhang 2: Gliederung des Gesamttextes 437 Anhang 3: Grünanlagensteckbriefe 443 Anhang 4: Zusammenstellung der Pflanzenarten nach ihren Mengenanteilen 627 / The former cultural landscape, produced by farmers, was rich in ecological structures. It has been replaced by an intensive landscape, which removes the basis for the lifes of animals and plants. Therefore today the city has to be considered to be a place for evolution of nature. This applies especially to parks, gardens and other green areas. For „Social“ Garden Architecture the city is an ecological refuge. But what has the ecological movement to do with garden art? The conservation of nature stays in the foreground. That is the common good of the people. What the people today concern more than ever before is the care for the preservation of nature, but also the fear of loss. By men and his extremely exploitation of landscape, by the agricultural industry, Every bigger park should have its nature reservate. Georg Penker:1. EINLEITUNG UND METHODIK 1 2. NATUR IN DER GESTALTUNG AUSGEWÄHLTER ÖFFENTLICHER GRÜNANLAGEN 30 2.1 Parkanlage Biegerhof, Duisburg (1964-1967) 30 2.2 Parkanlage in den Querforen West und Ost der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (1969-1971, 1978) 44 2.3 Grünanlage Borner See, Gemeinde Brüggen (1970-1972) 69 2.4 Grünanlage 'Südliche Parkplätze', Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1976) 79 2.5 Grünanlage am nördlichen Zugang zum botanischen Garten, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1977) 82 2.6 Grünanlage an der Stadthalle Hagen mit Felsengarten (1979) 97 2.7 Grünanlage am Kemnader See, Bochum/ Witten (1979-1982) 112 2.8 Grünanlage am 'Universitätssee“, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1980) 119 2.9 Grünanlage auf dem Universitätsautobahntunneldeckel, Düsseldorf (1983) 128 2.10 Grünanlage mit „Südsee“ an der Hauptverwaltung der Axa-Colonia Versicherung, Köln (1983) 147 2.11 Grünanlage 'Schutthügel', Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf (1985-1986) 159 2.12 Grünanlage 'Fleher Knoten', Düsseldorf (1985-1987) 167 2.13 Landesgartenschaugelände Grevenbroich mit Ian-Hamilton-Finlay-Waldpark (1991-1995) 175 2.14 Rheinpark Bilk, Düsseldorf, Parkteil Landschaftsbrücke (1996) 191 3. NATUR UND NATURNÄHE IN DER GARTENGESTALTUNG PENKERS 200 Naturnähe in der Pflanzenverwendung 200 Gestaltrelevante Naturmerkmale in der Pflanzenverwendung und der Grünraumbildung. Naturmerkmale als Teil der gestalterischen Handschrift Penkers 205 Der Biegerhof-Park in Duisburg: Abweichungen von der gestalterischen Handschrift Penkers und weitere Parkentwicklung 234 Naturerzählungen 236 Die literarischen Naturerzählungen „nine proposals for a forest“ von Ian-Hamilton Finlay 250 Bilden Finlays Natur-Erzählungen in Penkers Waldwildniskonzept ein Gesamtkunstwerk? 275 4. NATURNAHE GESTALTUNG, NATURSCHUTZ UND ÖKOLOGIE. STANDPUNKTE VON GEORG PENKER 280 „Pflanzengesellschaft“ 282 „Bodenständig–Heimisch“ und „Standortgerecht–Heimisch“ 289 Wildnis und Natur 291 Spannungsverhältnis von Zivilisation und Natur 299 Überlebensmodelle: „Arche 2000“, „Die Erde heilen“, „Neue Einheit von Zivilisation und Natur“, „Überlebensmodell Zukunft“ 304 „Lebensraum, Habitat, Biotop“ 312 'Verbundsystem,' 'Grünverbindung'... Funktionale Anforderungen an Verbundsysteme 321 Die Ästhetik in der Gestaltung von Verbundsystemen 325 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Verbundsysteme 332 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Lebensräume 338 Ökologisch ausgerichtete Naturschutzfunktionen: Lebensraumstrukturen 340 'Leitbilder' 347 Penkers Leitbildverständnis 347 Penkers Leitbilder für naturnah zu gestaltende Grünanlagen 348 Ausgesuchte Leitbilder in einzelnen Grünanlagen 353 Leitbildgenese (Querforen Ost und West der Ruhr-Universität Bochum) 353 Leitbild Dritter als Gestaltungsrahmen (Borner See, Gemeinde Brüggen) 356 Leitbild und Perspektivplanung (Außengrünanlagen der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf) 358 Vorrang-Leitbild (Felsengarten und Stadthalle Hagen) 361 Leitbild - Sonstiges (I) (Universitätstunneldeckelpark, Düsseldorf) 364 Gemeinsame Leitbilder (Grünanlage mit Südsee an der Hauptverwaltung der Colonia Versicherung, Köln) 364 Beinahe leitbildlos - Natur und Wildnis (Grünanlage Schutthügel und Grünanlage Fleher Knoten) 367 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil I) (Bundesgartenschau Berlin 1985 - Wettbewerbsentwurf) 367 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil II) (Bundesgartenschau Düsseldorf 1987 - Wettbewerbsentwurf) 369 Leitbild und Gesellschaft (Teil III) (Landesgartenschau Grevenbroich) 369 Die Leitbilder von Georg Penker - Zusammenschau 372 Erstnennungsanspruch und Aktualität von Penkers Leitbildern 375 5. ZEITGENÖSSISCHE EINORDNUNG DER NATURNAHEN GRÜNANLAGENGESTALTUNG PENKERS 377 Vergleich der prämierten Wettbewerbsarbeiten jeweils eines Gartenschauwettbewerbs 377 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die BUGA Berlin 1985 377 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die BUGA Düsseldorf 1987 391 Die prämierten Wettbewerbsbeiträge für die Landesgartenschau Grevenbroich 1995 396 Vergleich der Wettbewersarbeiten verschiedener Gartenschauwettbewerbe 401 Charakteristische Merkmale naturnaher Gestaltung 410 ANHÄNGE Feingliederung der Anhänge mit Seitenangaben siehe S. 411 Anhang 1: Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 415 Anhang 2: Gliederung des Gesamttextes 437 Anhang 3: Grünanlagensteckbriefe 443 Anhang 4: Zusammenstellung der Pflanzenarten nach ihren Mengenanteilen 627