A pesquisa apresentada nesta dissertação se situa no campo da educação superior brasileira, com foco nas universidades federais. Teve como objetivo analisar o Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais, conhecido como Reuni, de forma a discutir as evidências dos processos de expansão e de reestruturação nas universidades federais, com destaque para a dimensão acadêmico-curricular e a ocorrência dos Bacharelados Interdisciplinares (BIs). O Reuni vigorou de 2007 a 2012, sendo singular no contexto da política pública de expansão da educação superior, no Brasil, de 2003 a 2012, no sentido de que se voltou, especificamente, para as universidades federais, vinculando uma proposta de reestruturação acadêmico-curricular. Esta se verificou, por exemplo, em um incentivo, proporcionado pelo Programa, ao surgimento de novas propostas curriculares de cursos superiores, como é o caso dos BIs. Como contexto amplo do objeto, têm-se as transformações recentes do capitalismo, em que se buscou compreender a centralidade do conhecimento e suas possíveis implicações no campo do trabalho e da educação, de forma a apresentar as ideias de sociedade do conhecimento, profissional polivalente e pedagogia das competências. A principal conclusão do estudo foi que o Reuni esteve entre os processos de expansão e de reestruturação, já que, ainda que sejam expressivos os dados quantitativos que traduzem a expansão, a reestruturação proposta revelou-se como mais uma dose no processo de reconfiguração da educação superior no Brasil que, paulatinamente, vem se alinhando às exigências da atual fase do capitalismo. O Reuni funcionou, desta forma, como um marco legal de indução das universidades federais a uma mudança em seus formatos acadêmico-curriculares, com vistas a atender aos anseios de formação profissional da sociedade capitalista atual. / The research presented in this thesis is to be placed in the field of the Brazilian higher education focusing on the federal universities. Its objective was to analyze the Program for Restructuration and Expansion of the Federal Universities, known as Reuni, in order to discuss the evidences of the processes of expansion and restructuration of these universities, with emphasis on both the academic-curricular dimension and the presence of the Interdisciplinary Baccalaureate programs (BI, according to the acronym in Portuguese). The Reuni was in force from 2007 through 2012, representing a distinctive action inside the context of the public policy relative to the expansion of higher education in Brazil, in the period 2003-2012; it turned in specifically to the federal universities, through the linkage of a proposal of an academic-curricular restructuration. This latter has been evidenced, for instance, by an incentive given by the Program to the emerging of new curricular proposals of higher education courses like the BI. As a broad context of the research herein presented, there are the recent transformations of capitalism, in which the centrality of knowledge and its possible implications in the field of work and education as a means to present the ideas of the so named knowledge society, multi-skilled worker and pedagogy of competences. The main conclusion of this study claims that Reuni was present amid the processes of expansion and restructuration because, though the quantitative data that express the expansion be considerable, the proposed restructuration has proved to be one more step in the process of reconfiguration of higher education in Brazil that has been gradually aligned to the demands of the current stage of capitalism. Reuni has worked, in this way, as a legal milestone inciting the federal universities to change their academic-curricular format for the purpose of reaching the expectations of professional formation within the contemporary capitalist society.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-08T21:29:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LiaGomes.pdf: 3879655 bytes, checksum: 369e998a9b9f64322893d8c228423ba1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T21:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LiaGomes.pdf: 3879655 bytes, checksum: 369e998a9b9f64322893d8c228423ba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / L'étude vise à comprendre les processus de travail mis au point par les travailleurs forestiers pour assurer leur entrée et rester sur le marché du travail en Maranhão Ouest. Elle vise également à analyser les principales caractéristiques de l'activité de reboisement, en tenant compte des différentes étapes du processus de travail forestier (production de semis, plantation, entretien et récolte) en décrivant la relation des travailleurs avec les outils et l'objet de travail. Aux processus de recherche jái utilizé comme outils méthodologiques pour l'observation directe et des entretiens avec les travailleurs, les techniciens des entreprises et des dirigeants syndicaux. Cependant, la priorité des entrevues avec des travailleurs forestiers, quand il est venu à comprendre les conditions et le processus de travail, ainsi que leur inclusion dans la société centrale et les tiers. Dans cette perspective, l'étude a comme but comprendre et discuter le fonctionnement de l'activité de reboisement, compte tenu de ses implications pour les travailleurs. L'approche a privilégiée l'analyse de ce processus du point de vue des travailleurs eux-mêmes, cherchant à vérifier quelles sont les principales difficultés pour l'insertion et le maintien dans ce travail et quelles stratégies mobilisées par les travailleurs pour assurer leur reproduction en tant que travailleurs forestiers. / O estudo tem como objetivo compreender os processos de trabalho desenvolvidos por trabalhadores florestais para garantir a sua inserção e permanência no mercado de trabalho no Oeste maranhense. Procura também analisar as principais características da atividade de reflorestamento, considerando as diferentes etapas do processo de trabalho florestal (produção de mudas, plantio, manutenção e colheita) através da descrição da relação dos trabalhadores com os instrumentos e o objeto do trabalho. No processo de pesquisa utilizei como ferramentas metodológicas a observação direta e a realização de entrevistas com trabalhadores, técnicos das empresas e lideranças sindicais. Contudo, priorizei a realização de entrevistas com trabalhadores florestais, quando se tratou de entender as condições e o processo de trabalho, bem como sua inserção na empresa central e nas terceirizadas. Nessa perspectiva o estudo tem como finalidade compreender e problematizar o funcionamento da atividade de reflorestamento, considerando suas implicações para os trabalhadores. A abordagem privilegiou a análise desse processo a partir das perspectivas dos próprios trabalhadores, procurando verificar quais são as principais dificuldades encontradas para a inserção e manutenção nesse tipo de trabalho e quais as estratégias mobilizadas pelos trabalhadores para garantir a sua reprodução como trabalhadores florestais.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de solutions de durcissement des circuits reconfigurables à base de SRAM aux effets radiatifs singuliers. Un partitionnement symbolique des FPGA en une couche de configuration et une couche opérative a permis de mettre en évidence et de hiérarchiser les erreurs d'origine radiative. C'est l'éventuelle inversion de bits de configuration qui est le principal facteur limitant l'usage des FPGA en milieu radiatif. Après avoir étudié les solutions actuellement retenues, nous présentons deux approches permettant d'assurer leur durcissement.<br />La première approche est basée sur la restructuration des inverseurs et des éléments de mémorisation au niveau de l'agencement de leurs transistors. Elle permet de durcir efficacement la couche opérative aux effets singuliers. Elle est également adaptée au durcissement de la couche de configuration, mais au prix d'un surcoût en surface important.<br />La deuxième approche repose sur l'utilisation d'un code détecteur et correcteur d'erreurs par test de la parité. Elle est dédiée au durcissement de la couche de configuration.<br />Un circuit test est également présenté afin de valider expérimentalement les principes de durcissement par restructuration que nous avons utilisés.

Des données de Statistique Canada montrent que le Québec a perdu 86 700 emplois manufacturiers nets entre 2004 et 2008, ce qui représente un recul de 13,8% (Bernard, 2009). Un dollar canadien fort, la concurrence internationale, les délocalisations de la production et les consolidations globales d'opérations sont souvent mentionnés comme étant les causes des difficultés du secteur manufacturier canadien - principalement concentré au Québec et en Ontario. La crise financière amorcée à l’été 2007, a contribué à aggraver la crise propre au secteur manufacturier dont les origines remontent au début des années 2000 (Weir, 2007; AgirE, 2008; Pilat et al., 2006). Cette recherche examine le processus de restructuration du secteur manufacturier québécois de manière détaillée au niveau des établissements afin d’en évaluer l’ampleur et la nature entre 2003 et 2008. Les données colligées permettent de poser un regard unique et original sur les restructurations ayant impliqué des licenciements collectifs au Québec. Ces données sont issues de deux sources. D'abord, nous avons utilisé une liste d‘entreprises qui ont envoyé un avis de licenciement collectif au Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale du Québec entre 2003 et 2008. En second lieu, nous avons eu recours aux archives en ligne des médias pour trouver d’autres évènements de restructuration non rapportés par le ministère ainsi que pour obtenir des informations complémentaires sur les évènements déjà compilés dans la liste du ministère. Notre méthodologie de recherche et notre typologie analytique des types de restructuration sont basées sur celles développées par l’European Monitoring Center on Change (EMCC) et reprises dans certaines études comme celles de Bronfenbrenner et Luce (2004) et Hickey et Schenk (soumis). Les résultats, présentés en termes d’événements de restructuration et d’emplois perdus, sont ventilés en fonction de quelques variables (année d’occurrence, taille de l’établissement, sous-secteur d’activité, intensité technologique, région administrative, types de restructuration). Les raisons données par l’entreprise afin de justifier la restructuration ont aussi été colligées. Au cours de la période étudiée, nous avons identifié au total 1 631 évènements de restructurations dans le secteur manufacturier à travers toutes les régions du Québec, qui ont entraîné la perte de 129 383 emplois. Ainsi, 78 246 emplois ont été perdus suite à la réduction des activités de l‘établissement et 51 137 emplois l’ont été suite à la fermeture de leur établissement. La forme la plus fréquente de restructuration est la restructuration interne, suivi par la faillite/fermeture. Les types de restructuration qui ont engendré le plus de pertes d’emplois en moyenne par évènement sont dans l’ordre, la délocalisation, la sous-traitance, la consolidation d’activités ainsi que la fusion-acquisition. L’année 2008 fut celle où il y a eu le plus grand nombre de restructurations. Montréal et la Montérégie sont les régions qui ont le plus été touchées par la restructuration, les pertes d’emplois et les fermetures d’établissements. Les industries à faible intensité technologique ont davantage été frappées par la crise manufacturière. C’est le sous-secteur du papier et du bois qui connu le plus grand nombre d’événements de restructurations. Ce sous-secteur a aussi subi les pertes d’emplois les plus importantes, suivi par le sous-secteur du textile et du vêtement. Ces deux industries se partagent plus de la moitié des fermetures d’établissements. L’insuffisance de la demande (22,1%), la concurrence internationale (14,3%), la hausse de la valeur du dollar canadien (11,2%), la réorganisation interne de l’entreprise (11,1%), la rationalisation des coûts visant une augmentation de la profitabilité (10,1%) ainsi que les difficultés financières (9,9%) sont les motifs principaux donnés par les employeurs. Nos résultats montrent qu’il y a eu deux temps dans l’évolution de la restructuration du secteur manufacturier au Québec. Un premier temps au début de la période où des changements structurels profonds ont été observés dans certaines industries (p.ex. le bois-papier et le textile-vêtement) et un second temps, en fin de période caractérisé par des changements davantage liés à la conjoncture en raison de la crise économique dont les effets commençaient à se faire sentir à ce moment (Institut de la statistique du Québec, 2009a). / Data from Statistics Canada show that Quebec lost 86.700 manufacturing jobs between 2004 and 2008, which represents a withdraw of -13,8% (Bernard, 2009). A high value Canadian dollar, international competition, production shifts and global operations consolidations are often mentioned as causes of the difficulties in Canadian manufacturing — mainly concentrated in Quebec and Ontario, which have both been severely hit. The financial crisis that broke out in the summer 2007, contributed to worsen the crisis, specific to the manufacturing sector whose origins go up at the beginning of the years 2000 (Weir, 2007; AgirE, 2008; Pilat and al., 2006). This paper examines these aspects in some detail at the establishment level, in order to assess its extent and nature between 2003 and 2008. The data set featured provides a unique overview of the specific aspects of the restructuring processes that involve job losses in Quebec. Two original sources contributed to our study. First, we consulted the list of companies that sent a notification of mass termination to the Quebec Ministry of Labour between 2003 and 2008. Second, we searched electronic media archives to find new cases of plant closures not reported by the Ministry and additional information on the cases found with the Ministry database. Our tracking methodology and analytical typology of restructuring processes are based on those developed by the European Monitoring Center on Change (EMCC) and used in other studies by Bronfenbrenner and Luce (2004) and by Hickey and Schenk (submitted). The results, presented in terms of restructuring events and job losses, are broken down into a few variables (year of occurrence, facility size, sub-sector, technological intensity, administrative region, restructuring type). In total for the study period, we have identified 1,631 restructuring events within Quebec’s regions, which resulted in the loss of 129,383 jobs. Thus, 78,246 workers lost their jobs due to downsizing and 51,137 workers lost their jobs due to closures. Internal restructuring is the most frequent form of restructuring, followed by bankruptcy/closure. Offshoring, outsourcing, relocation and merger/acquisition are the types of restructuring that have resulted on average, in more job losses per event in Quebec's manufacturing sector during the study period. The year 2008 was one that generated the most restructuring events. Montreal and Monteregie are the regions that were the most affected by restructuring events, job losses and plant closures. Overall, it’s the low-technology industries that were the most impacted by the manufacturing crisis. The paper and wood industry had the greatest amount of restructuring events. This sub-sector also had the most job losses, followed by the textiles and clothing industry. These two industries share more than half of the closures. Demand shortage (22.1%), global competition (14.3%), the rise of Canadian dollar (11.2%), internal corporate reorganization (11.1%), cost rationalization to increase profitability (10.1%) and financial difficulties (9.9%) were the main reasons given by employers. Our results show that there were two stages in the evolution of the restructuring events within Quebec’s manufacturing sector. First, structural changes were observed in some industries (e.g. wood and paper and textile-garment) at the beginning of the period and a second phase characterized by economic related changes , due to the economic crisis, whose effects began to be felt at that time (Quebec Institute of Statistics, 2009a).

Maceió was born in the 17th century along the margins of the Jaraguá port and it was growing around a sugar engenho (sugar cane processing farm) located where today is the D. Pedro II Square. The original toponymy Massayó gave the name to the small village, whose urban draw was defined by the constructions assented on the tortuous trails of the oxcarts. Thus were formed the streets of the actual downtown. On the 19th century, they got the streetcars and the train that advanced till the port. On the 20th century the architecture of central streets was diversified, showing stiles and programs conditioned by the new uses. The commerce prospered along of this century but provoked a disordered urban increase and the disconfiguration of the original architecture. The general crisis of the years 1980 installs its decadence, accelerated by the arrival of the shopping centers. The idea of the restructuration of downtown borns of the crisis, although it never has been done. However, it gets force recently, object of articulation between the private and the public actions. This fact motives this work that tries to reflect about this restructuration. The empirical research conglobates the study of the historical formation, the actual physical characterization and the knowledge of the social actors acting in downtown. The construction of an analytical chart and a diagnostic will base prospections and contributions for the revitalization and the spatial requalification intended. / Maceió nasceu no século XVII às margens do porto de Jaraguá e foi crescendo em torno de um engenho de açúcar localizado onde hoje está a Praça D.Pedro II. A toponímia original Massayó nomeou pequena vila, cujo partido urbanístico foi-se definindo pelas construções assentadas sobre caminhos tortuosos dos carros de bois. Assim se formaram as ruas do atual centro comercial. No século XIX, elas receberam os bondes e o trem que avançou até o porto. No século XX a arquitetura das ruas centrais se diversifica, revelando estilos e programas condicionados pelos novos usos. O comércio floresce ao longo deste século, mas provoca crescimento urbano desordenado e desfiguração da arquitetura original. A crise geral dos anos 1980 instala a sua decadência, acelerada pela chegada dos shopping centers. A idéia de reestruturação do centro nasce da crise, embora jamais tenha sido realizada. Entretanto, ganha força recentemente, objeto de articulação de ações privadas e públicas. Este fato motiva o presente trabalho que tenta refletir sobre tal reestruturação. A pesquisa empírica compreende o estudo da formação histórica, a caracterização física atual e o conhecimento dos atores sociais atuando no centro. A construção de um quadro analítico e diagnóstico deverá embasar prospecções e contribuições para a revitalização e requalificação espacial pretendida.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4323558 bytes, checksum: 409bfa86ef0aebaed28f8ba5bfb838bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work investigates the behavior of formal employment in the Brazilian manufacturing industry and changes in the level of specialization of its production structure from the 1990. The information used was obtained from the RAIS database. The regional distribution of employment and salaries was measured by the Gini and indexes of participation, to identify clusters of employment, according to the microregions, adopted the LISA, to measure the specialization of regional industrial structures we used the K-index. The results showed distinct behaviors of industrial employment in the decades of 1990 and 2000. At first, the changes in the internal and external macroeconomic restrict its capacity of generate occupations by the industrial sector, implying the loss of its relative participation in employment front of the tertiary sector. In 2000, facing a favorable internal and external scenario we observed a recovery in industrial employment, although with reduced salary levels despite the increase the level of education of workers. Since 1994, there has been a dislocation in employment towards the less developed regions. The spatial redistribution of the companies mainly affected intensive segments in the natural resources and labor. The results allow us see that most of the adjustments suffered by Brazilian industry, in the analyzed period, was transferred to the working class, either through higher unemployment, or by reduction in salary levels. Also conclude that companies relocated, rather than contribute to alleviate the regional disparities, benefited these to increase its competitiveness. / Este trabalho investiga o comportamento do emprego formal na indústria de transformação brasileira e as alterações no nível de especialização da sua estrutura produtiva, a partir dos anos 1990. As informações utilizadas foram obtidas junto ao banco de dados RAIS. A distribuição regional do emprego e dos salários foi medida pelos índices de participação e Gini; para identificação dos clusters de emprego, segundo as microrregiões, adotou-se o LISA; para medir a especialização das estruturas industriais regionais utilizou-se o K-index. Os resultados mostraram comportamentos distintos do emprego industrial nas décadas de 1990 e na de 2000. Na primeira, as mudanças no contexto macroeconômico interno e externo restringiram a capacidade de gerar ocupações por parte do setor industrial, implicando perda de sua participação relativa no emprego frente ao setor terciário. Na década de 2000, diante de um cenário interno e externo favorável, observou-se uma recuperação do emprego industrial, embora com redução dos níveis salariais apesar da elevação do nível de instrução dos trabalhadores. A partir de 1994, verifica-se um deslocamento do emprego em direção às regiões menos desenvolvidas. A redistribuição espacial das empresas afetou principalmente os segmentos intensivos em recursos naturais e trabalho. Os resultados permitem constatar que boa parte dos ajustes sofridos pela indústria brasileira, no período analisado, foi repassada à classe trabalhadora, seja através de maior risco de desemprego seja por redução nos níveis salariais. Também se conclui que as empresas relocalizadas, ao invés de contribuírem para atenuar as disparidades regionais, beneficiaram-se destas para ampliar sua competitividade.

Submitted by MARIA DO CARMO CAPPUTTI MAZZINI null (mariadocarmo_capputti@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-26T02:12:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL com ficha cat. (2).pdf: 1153749 bytes, checksum: 4888aa563a0adb75827f3f3ae488cc2c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T16:42:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mazzini_mcc_me_mar_par.pdf: 588802 bytes, checksum: a1bb53e909543223dae4f89840d6683b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T16:42:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mazzini_mcc_me_mar_par.pdf: 588802 bytes, checksum: a1bb53e909543223dae4f89840d6683b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a precarização do trabalho docente na Rede de Educação do município de Marília/SP. Para a compreensão dessa realidade partimos, de um lado, da análise do processo de reestruturação produtiva operada na década de 1970 nos países de capitalismo central que culminou com a instalação de uma nova morfologia social do trabalho, caracterizada pelos aspectos da flexibilização, intensificação e alienação do processo produtivo. Por outro lado, analisamos as políticas públicas educacionais implantadas no Sistema Educacional Brasileiro, da Ditadura Militar ao neoliberalismo, nos anos de 1990, as quais, em conformidade com os interesses do capital, reestruturaram a gestão e a produção do trabalho docente no interior das escolas públicas do país em consonância com a nova morfologia social do trabalho capitalista. Essas transformações atingem a Rede em estudo a partir do processo de municipalização do Ensino Fundamental, impactando de modo negativo no mundo do trabalho docente local e conduzindo a categoria a um intenso processo de precarização. A investigação ocorreu a partir da análise de relatos das professoras pertencentes a quatro escolas da Rede em questão, representativas das regiões da cidade, bem como do estudo das legislações e documentos locais. A partir das análises empreendidas à luz da fundamentação teórica adotada, pretendemos contribuir para o desvendamento das condições objetivas que conduziram e conduzem o processo de precarização do trabalho da categoria e, ao mesmo tempo, apontar as implicações operadas no plano da subjetividade humana. / The present study aimed to investigate the precarization of teachers’ labor at Marilia’s, SP Municipal Education Network. To comprehend this reality, we start from one side, the analysis of the productive restructuration process operated in the 70’s in central capitalism countries which culminated with the installment of a new labor social morphology, marked by processes of flexibilization, intensification and alienation of productive process, inscribed in protocols derived from Taylorism, Fordism and then Toyotism of production organization. On the other hand, we analyzed the educational public policies implanted on the country as a device used by the capital aiming to promote reforms in societal sectors in conformity with market needs. Therefore, we investigated the implemented reforms in the Brazilian Educational System, since the Brazilian Military Government until the neoliberalism, in the 90’s, that restructured the management and production of teachers’ labor inside public schools to be in consonance with the new morphology of capitalist labor. These transformations hit the Network studied from a process of municipalization of Elementary Schools, negatively impacting the world of teachers’ labor and conducting the category to an intense process of precarization. The investigation is based on the analysis of the reports of teachers belonging to four schools of the Network in question, representative of the regions of the city as well as the study of laws and local documents. From these analyses In light of the theoretical basis adopted we intend to contribute to the unraveling of objective conditions that has led the process of precarization of labor of category and, at the same time, point out the implications operated on human subjectivity plan.

Orientador: Geraldo Di Giovanni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T14:28:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilhon_MariaVirginiaMoreira_D.pdf: 680558 bytes, checksum: 871520a20c674c1a7de5b038862d2dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Estudo sobre o processo de tecnificação da avaliação do Plano Nacional de Qualificação do Trabalhador, desenvolvido de 1995 a 2002, como ação prioritária do governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Inicialmente, trata-se da reforma de Estado na dinâmica de reestruturação capitalista. Aborda-se, após, o modelo ¿pós-burocrático¿ de administração pública, mostrando-se como a avaliação de Políticas Públicas é necessária nesse contexto, apresentando-se sua função e sua lógica. Analisa-se o processo de articulação de interesses de trabalhadores, de empresários e do Estado, especificamente o Ministério do Trabalho, em torno da necessidade de formulação de uma Política de Qualificação Profissional. Mostra-se a trajetória da avaliação do Plano em direção à tecnificação como decorrente da acomodação dos interesses dos sujeitos participantes do Conselho Deliberativo do Fundo de Amparo do Trabalhador, principal instância de decisão quanto às iniciativas públicas ligadas a questão do trabalho. Em seguida, procede-se a uma reflexão sobre a própria arquitetura da avaliação, destacando os principais elementos que mostram essa tomada de direção da avaliação. Por fim, conclui-se com uma reflexão sobre o significado desse processo / Abstract: Étude sur le processus de technification de l'évaluation du ¿Plan National de Qualification du Travailleur¿, mis en exécution de 1995 le 2002, comme une action prioritaire du gouvernement de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Premièrement, on abord la réforme d'État dans la dynamique actuelle de la restructuration capitaliste. Ensuite, on commente le modèle ¿postbureaucratique¿ de l'administration publique, indiquant porquoi l'évaluation de la politique publique est nécessaire dans ce contexte, présentant sa fonction et sa logique. On analyse le processus d¿articulation d'intérêts des ouvriers, des entrepreneurs et de l'État, spécifiquement le Ministère du Travail, autour de la nécessité de formulation d¿une politique de qualification professionnelle. On trace la trajectoire de l'évaluation du Plan vers la technification comme resultat de la conciliation d'intérêts des participants du ¿Conseil Délibératif des Fonds d¿Appui au Travailleur¿, qui est la principale instance de décision par rapport aux iniciatives publiques concernant à la question du travail. Après, on fait une réflexion sur l'architecture de l'évaluation, détachant les éléments principaux qui montrent cette prise de direction de l'évaluation. Enfin, on conclut avec une réflexion sur la signification de ce processus / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

Esta pesquisa trata das possíveis relações entre um novo paradigma produtivo e a proposta de currículo presente nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) de Geografia para o ensino fundamental. Novo paradigma produtivo construído pelo sistema do capital cuja materialização se apresenta entre outras formas de políticas neoliberais como as que conduziram reformas econômicas e educacionais e da reestruturação produtiva com mudanças na forma do produzir que imprime a necessidade de um novo trabalhador mais adaptado, apto, e multifuncional para essa nova forma de produzir e onde a constituição desse trabalhador tenha nas competências cognitivas de atributos individuais sua relação com o mundo do trabalho. O PCN se constitui como um currículo oficial do Estado brasileiro no bojo dessas reformas educacionais, construído a partir de elementos de recontextualização do discurso pedagógico caracterizando-se por um currículo por competências, cuja expressão para o ensino fundamental são os temas transversais. No caso da Geografia, o PCN critica uma abordagem marxista e salienta a fenomenologia como a metodologia científica mais adequada ao entendimento dos fatos geográficos. A fenomenologia constitui-se numa leitura filosófica da realidade, a partir da subjetividade dos sujeitos, onde o caráter individualista de leitura de mundo é bastante presente e forte. A partir do método dialético, relaciono esses elementos e defendo que reside nessa aproximação entre o currículo por competências e a proposta fenomenológica para a Geografia, uma possível relação do PCN de Geografia para o ensino fundamental e um novo paradigma produtivo. / This research is about the possible relations between a new productive paradigm and the proposal of curriculum in the National Curricular Parameters (PCN) of Geography for high school. New productive paradigm created by the capital system, which manifestation shows itself among other ways of neoliberal policies as the ones which conducted economic and educational reform and the productive restructuration with changes in the producing way, what leads to the necessity of a new worker more adapted, able, and multifunctional for this new way of producing and where the constitution of this worker has, in the cognitive competences of individual qualities, its relation with the working world. The PCN constitutes itself as an official curriculum of the Brazilian state in the core of these educational reforms, made up from elements of the pedagogic discourse recontextualization characterizing itself as a curriculum of competences, which expression for high school are the transversal themes. In the case of Geography, the PCN criticizes an Marxist approach and emphasizes the phenomenology as a scientific methodology more suitable to the comprehension of the geography facts. The phenomenology constitutes itself as a philosophical reading of reality, took from the subjectivity of the individuals, where the individualistic character of the world reading is really present and strong. From the dialectical method on, I relate these elements and stand for the fact that there is, in this rapprochement between the curriculum of competences and the phenomenological proposal for the Geography, a possible relation of the PCN and Geography for high school and a new productive paradigm.

Les systèmes logiciels sont devenus de plus en plus répondus et importants dans notre société. Ainsi, il y a un besoin constant de logiciels de haute qualité. Pour améliorer la qualité de logiciels, l’une des techniques les plus utilisées est le refactoring qui sert à améliorer la structure d'un programme tout en préservant son comportement externe. Le refactoring promet, s'il est appliqué convenablement, à améliorer la compréhensibilité, la maintenabilité et l'extensibilité du logiciel tout en améliorant la productivité des programmeurs. En général, le refactoring pourra s’appliquer au niveau de spécification, conception ou code. Cette thèse porte sur l'automatisation de processus de recommandation de refactoring, au niveau code, s’appliquant en deux étapes principales: 1) la détection des fragments de code qui devraient être améliorés (e.g., les défauts de conception), et 2) l'identification des solutions de refactoring à appliquer. Pour la première étape, nous traduisons des régularités qui peuvent être trouvés dans des exemples de défauts de conception. Nous utilisons un algorithme génétique pour générer automatiquement des règles de détection à partir des exemples de défauts. Pour la deuxième étape, nous introduisons une approche se basant sur une recherche heuristique. Le processus consiste à trouver la séquence optimale d'opérations de refactoring permettant d'améliorer la qualité du logiciel en minimisant le nombre de défauts tout en priorisant les instances les plus critiques. De plus, nous explorons d'autres objectifs à optimiser: le nombre de changements requis pour appliquer la solution de refactoring, la préservation de la sémantique, et la consistance avec l’historique de changements. Ainsi, réduire le nombre de changements permets de garder autant que possible avec la conception initiale. La préservation de la sémantique assure que le programme restructuré est sémantiquement cohérent. De plus, nous utilisons l'historique de changement pour suggérer de nouveaux refactorings dans des contextes similaires. En outre, nous introduisons une approche multi-objective pour améliorer les attributs de qualité du logiciel (la flexibilité, la maintenabilité, etc.), fixer les « mauvaises » pratiques de conception (défauts de conception), tout en introduisant les « bonnes » pratiques de conception (patrons de conception). / Software systems have become prevalent and important in our society. There is a constant need for high-quality software. Hence, to improve software quality, one of the most-used techniques is the refactoring which improves design structure while preserving the external behavior. Refactoring has promised, if applied well, to improve software readability, maintainability and extendibility while increasing the speed at which programmers can write and maintain their code. In general, refactoring can be performed in various levels such as the requirement, design, or code level. In this thesis, we mainly focus on the source code level where automated refactoring recommendation can be performed through two main steps: 1) detection of code fragments that need to be improved/fixed (e.g., code-smells), and 2) identification of refactoring solutions to achieve this goal. For the code-smells identification step, we translate regularities that can be found in such code-smell examples into detection rules. To this end, we use genetic programming to automatically generate detection rules from examples of code-smells. For the refactoring identification step, a search-based approach is used. The process aims at finding the optimal sequence of refactoring operations that improve software quality by minimizing the number of detected code-smells while prioritizing the most critical ones. In addition, we explore other objectives to optimize using a multi-objective approach: the code changes needed to apply refactorings, semantics preservation, and the consistency with development change history. Hence, reducing code changes allows us to keep as much as possible the initial design. On the other hand, semantics preservation insures that the refactored program is semantically coherent, and that it models correctly the domain-semantics. Indeed, we use knowledge from historical code change to suggest new refactorings in similar contexts. Furthermore, we introduce a novel multi-objective approach to improve software quality attributes (i.e., flexibility, maintainability, etc.), fix “bad” design practices (i.e., code-smells) while promoting “good” design practices (i.e., design patterns).