O peptídeo antimicrobiano retratado neste trabalho é a nisina, produzido pela bactéria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, um peptídeo estruturalmente composto por 34 aminoácidos, mostra um vasto espectro de atividade inibitória em microrganismos Gram-positivos, Gram-negatios e esporo formadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir a nisina a partir de células de Lactococcus lactis utilizando soro de leite e leite desnatado como meio de cultivo. Para tanto as células de L. lactis foram desenvolvidas em agitador rotacional (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) e a atividade de nisina, os parâmetros de crescimento e os componentes do meio de cultivo foram analisados. Em leite desnatado, contendo 2,27 9 de sólidos totais, a atividade de nisina foi 20077,05 AU.mL-1 sendo 3 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 4,54 9 sólidos totais, 8739,77 AU.mL-1 ; e foi 73 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 1,14 9 sólidos totais, 273,21 AU.mL-1. Osoro de leite utilizado foi doado por uma indústria de lacticínios, em laboratório parte do soro foi tratada de duas formas: (i) filtrado e (ii) esterilizado, e ambos foram utilizados para cultivo das células produtoras de nisina em agitador rotacional 30°C/36 h/100 rpm. Os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultivo composto por soro de leite não filtrado forneceu uma adaptação ao L. lactis, sendo a concentração de nisina obtida 1628 vezes maior que do soro de leite filtrado, 11120,13 e 6,83 mg.L-1 respectivamente. Em relação à atividade de nisina contra Gram-negativos, aumentou-se o efeito bactericida quando adicionada ao EDTA. O comportamento da nisina no sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi investigado experimentalmente, demonstrando que a biomolécula alvo pode ser extraída tanto do meio fermentado complexo quanto daslmpurezas presentes na nisina comercial. Nos testes com o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas, a nisina particionou, preferencialmente, para a fase rica em micelas (coeficiente de partição (KNis) maior que 1,5), ocorrendo um aumento de 1 ciclo logaritimo na concentração inicial de nisina comercial (105 AU, no sistema). Este trabalho reúne os estudos desenvolvidos onde o principal objetivo foi a obtenção da nisina através de meios- de cultivo alternativos, além de sua aplicação e purificação. / Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide used as food preservative produced by Lactococcus lactis, that inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Applications of this bacteriocin include dental care products pharmaceutical products such as stomach ulcers and colon infection treatment and potencial birth control. This study aims to evaluate growth conditions for L. lactis as well as the effect in nisin production when utilizing milk whey and skimmed milk. Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 was developed in a rotatory shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin expression, growth parameters and media components were also studied. Nisin expression in skimmed milk 2.27 9 total solids (20077.05 AU.mL-1) was up to 3-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 9 total solids (8739.77 AU.mL-1) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 9 total solids (273.21 AU.mL-1). Milk whey, abyproduct from dairy industries, was utilized in two different ways (i) without filtration, autoclaved at 121°C for 30 min and (ii) filtrated (1.20 µm and 0.22 µm membrane filter), L. lactis was developed in a rotary shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) and these cultures were transferred five times using 5 mL aliquots of broth culture for each new volume of the respective media. The results showed that culture media composed by milk whey without filtration was better for L. lactis in its adaptation than milk whey without filtration. Nisin titers, in milk whey without filtration, was 11120.13 mg.L-1 in 2nd transfer, and Up to 1628-fold higher than the filtrated milk whey, 6.83 mg.L-1 in 1st transfer. Nisin activity was assayed by the agar diffusion method using Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and a recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α expressing the recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) as the nisin-susceptible test organisms. Combining EDTA with nisin increased the bactericidal effect of nisin upon the bacteria examined. A potentially scalable and cost-effective way to purify commercial and biosynthesized in bioreactor nisin, including simultaneously removal of impurities and contaminants, increasing nisin activity, was studied (two phase micellar system). Results indicated that nisin partitions preferentially to the micelle richphase, despite the surfactant concentration tested, and its antimicrobial activity increases. Biological processing of byproducts (milk whey) can be considered one profitable alternative, generating highvalued bioproducts.

L’utilisation de bactéries lactiques (BL), telle que Lactococcus lactis (LL), comme vecteur de transfert d’ADN, constitue une stratégie prometteuse dans la mesure où elles sont considérées sans risque pour la santé. Des souches sauvages (wt) ou recombinantes de LL ont été décrites comme capables de transférer un plasmide dans des cellules épithéliales in vitro et in vivo. Cependant, les mécanismes d'action grâce auxquels certaines souches de LL ont la capacité de transférer de l’ADN plasmidique sont toujours inconnus. C’est pourquoi, nous avons décidé de construire une nouvelle souche recombinante de LL exprimant l’internaline mutée (mlnlA,) à partir de la souche pathogène Listeria monocytogenes, de manière à comprendre par quel procédé l’ADN est transféré à des cellules eucaryotes. Nous avons détecté l’expression de mInIA par FACS et montré que la souche LLmInIA était plus invasive que la souche sauvage wt après co-incubation avec des cellules épithéliales intestinales (IECs) non confluentes ou polarisées. La microscopie confocale confirme ces propriétés d’invasivité de la souche LL-mLnLA capable de transférer plus efficacement le vecteur d’expression eucaryote codant pour l’allergène de la β-lactoglobuline, pValac :BLG, in vitro dans des IECs et dans des cellules dendritiques (DCs). La souche LL-mInIA a aussi la capacité de transférer le vecteur pValac:BLG à des DCs à travers une monocouche de IECs différenciées. Des essais in vivo montrent que des bactéries invasives du genre Lactococcus ont tendance à augmenter l’expression de BLG chez la souris. De plus, il est montré qu’une souche non invasive de LL, ou la souche invasive LL-mInIA, stimulent la sécrétion de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-12 dans des DCs, et que, in vivo, après des essais d’immunisation oraux ou intra nasaux, la souche LL non invasive oriente la réponse immunitaire plutôt vers le type 1, alors que la souche LL invasive génère une réponse de type 2 chez des animaux immunisés. Tous ces résultats apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le mécanisme d’assimilation des lactocoques en tant que vecteurs de transfert de molécules actives. / The use of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), such as Lactococcus lactis (LL), as DNA delivery vehicles represents an interesting strategy as they are regarded as safe. Wild type (wt) LL or recombinant invasive LL, were able to trigger DNA expression by epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, important information about how LL can transfer DNA plasmids is still missing. Therefore, we decided to construct a new recombinant invasive LL strain expressing mutated Internalin A (mInlA) from the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to understand the manner by which the DNA is transferred to mammalian cells. mInlA expression was detected by FACS analysis and LL-mInlA strain showed to be more invasive than the wt strain after co-incubation assays with non-confluent or polarized intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Confocal microscopy confirmed the invasive status of LL-mInlA which demonstrated to deliver more efficiently the eukaryotic expression vector coding the allergen β-lactoglobulin, pValac:BLG, in vitro to IECs and to dendritic cells (DCs). LL-mInlA was also capable to transfer pValac:BLG to DCs across a monolayer of differentiated IECs. In vivo, invasive lactococci tended to increase the number of mice expressing BLG. Moreover, noninvasive or invasive LL-mInlA stimulated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in DCs and, in vivo, after oral or intranasal immunization trials, non-invasive LL polarized the immune response more in the type 1 direction while invasive LL generated a Th2-type response in immunized animals. All these data gives new insights on the mechanism of lactococci uptake for delivery of therapeutics.

Submitted by Glauber Assunção Moreira (glauber.a.moreira@gmail.com) on 2018-08-20T17:48:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 versão 8 arão.pdf: 389258 bytes, checksum: a2429e8f15ea08ff3f880538dc4b37d0 (MD5) Errata Arão Cardoso Viana.pdf: 4889 bytes, checksum: 909aee0b82dd5ac49d90de1c7ce75506 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Setor de Periódicos (per_macedocosta@ufba.br) on 2018-08-21T14:59:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 versão 8 arão.pdf: 389258 bytes, checksum: a2429e8f15ea08ff3f880538dc4b37d0 (MD5) Errata Arão Cardoso Viana.pdf: 4889 bytes, checksum: 909aee0b82dd5ac49d90de1c7ce75506 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:59:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 versão 8 arão.pdf: 389258 bytes, checksum: a2429e8f15ea08ff3f880538dc4b37d0 (MD5) Errata Arão Cardoso Viana.pdf: 4889 bytes, checksum: 909aee0b82dd5ac49d90de1c7ce75506 (MD5) / RESUMO A utilização de leite pasteurizado, para processamento de queijo coalho, garante a qualidade do produto sob o aspecto microbiológico. Neste caso, é necessária a adição de culturas láticas, que irão conferir ao produto características sensoriais diferenciadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade de queijo de coalho produzido com adição de diferentes culturas láticas endógenas utilizando a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), teste de aceitabilidade e análise de alguns parâmetros físico-químicos. Foram utilizadas três culturas láticas: LA-02 (Lactobacillus acidofilus); RE-02 (Lactococcus ssp) e Blend (Lactococcus ssp + Lactobacillus acidofilus). A equipe da ADQ foi composta por 11 julgadores treinados. No teste de aceitabilidade utilizou-se 50 consumidores previamente selecionados por questionário. Os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados foram: umidade, cinzas, gordura em base seca, proteínas, pH, acidez e cloretos. A aceitabilidade dos queijos produzidos pelo LA-02 e Blend foram maiores para os atributos sabor, 7.38 e 6.92 e, respectivamente. Pela ADQ foram levantados 13 termos descritores para queijo coalho. A amostra Blend foi caracterizada pela cor amarela, firmeza, aroma típico de queijo de coalho, sabor típico de queijo de coalho, elasticidade e mastigabilidade. O queijo produzido com LA-02 foi caracterizado pelo sabor ácido, homogeneidade e maciez. As três amostras avaliadas apresentaram valores de umidade e gordura dentro das especificações exigidas pela legislação vigente. As culturas LA-02 e Blend foram as que melhor desenvolveram as características típicas de queijo coalho. / Abstract The utilization of pasteurized Milk to coalho cheese process guarantees the product quality on the microbiological aspect. In this case, it needs the addition of lactic culture and so that, the product comes out with differing sensorial characteristics. The objective of this work was to evaluate the coalho cheese quality, produced by adding lactic culture endogen using coalho cheese. The objective of this work was to evaluate the coalho cheese quality produced by adding endogen lactic culture utilizing the Quantities Descriptive Analysis (QDA), test of acceptability and analysis of some physical-chemical parameters. It was utilized three lactic cultures: LA-02 (Lactobacillus acidophilus); RE-02 (Lactococcus ssp) and Blend (Lactococcus ssp + Lactobacillus acidophilus). The team of QDA was with eleven people to judge it. The acceptability utilized fifty consumers previously selected by a questionnaire. The physical-chemical parameters evaluated were: humidity, ashes, base dried fat, proteins, ph, acidity and cloret. The cheese acceptability produced by LA-02 and Blend presented the highest results to the attributes flavor, 7.38 and 6.92, respectively. By the QDA were considered 13 describing terms to coalho cheese. The display of Blend was characterized by its yellow color, hardness, typical coalho cheese smell, typical coalho cheese flavor, consistency and chewing. The cheese produced by LA-02 was characterized by its acid flavor, homogeneity and softness. The three displays evaluated presented values of humidity and fat according to the legislation exigency. The LA-02 and Blend cultures were the ones which better developed the coalho cheese characteristics.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-21T17:28:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-26T12:53:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T12:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ana Carolina Cabral Carvalhaes Costa - 2016.pdf: 10341450 bytes, checksum: d69f0e1071d7458b683222711b4b5e4b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Due to their antagonistic activity against undesirable microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a promising alternative for conservation and improvement of food safety. The aim of this work was isolate, from fresh Minas cheese, bacteriocin producing LAB with potential for use in biopreservation systems of dairy products. For this purpose, cheese samples were evaluated at the beginning and end of their shelf life and the isolation was performed by surface plating on MRS agar. The antimicrobial activity was verified by antagonism assay using Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as indicators microorganisms. The selected LAB were submitted to the spot-on-the-lawn test, Gram stain, catalase and oxidase production and glucose metabolism in Hugh & Leifson broth. The occurrence of inhibition due to the production of organic acids and bacteriophages was discarded. The protein nature of antagonistic substances was confirmed by using proteases. After the well-diffusion assay, four LAB with satisfactory antagonistic activity against the indicators microorganisms were selected for identification by sequencing of the 16S RNA gene. All bacteria were identified as Lactococcus lactis. Based on antagonism assay, Lactococcus lactis QMF 11 was selected for use in co-inoculation studies with pathogens in pasteurized milk, kept at 8°C for 10 days. Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 was used as negative control for bacteriocin production. After incubation period, monocultures of Listeria monocytogenes reached 8 log cfu mL-1 and in the presence of Lactobacillus sakei ATCC its population achieved 7.3 log cfu mL-1. However, when co-inoculated with Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, Listeria monocytogenes counts were maintained at the initial inoculum levels, not surpassing 2.3 log cfu mL-1 at the end of analysis. Regarding to Staphylococcus aureus, in the end of the experiment, cultures counts were 5.4 log cfu mL-1 (monocultures), 5.0 log cfu mL-1 (co-inoculation with Lactobacillus sakei) and 4.7 log cfu mL-1 (co-inoculation with Lactococcus lactis QMF 11). Despite the lower growth inhibition in comparison with Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus growth was significantly affect (p < 0.005) by the presence of Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, indicating that this strain has potential for use as biopreservative culture in dairy products. / Devido à sua atividade antagonística contra micro-organismos indesejáveis, as bactérias ácido láticas (BAL) constituem uma alternativa promissora para a conservação e melhora da segurança de alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar, a partir de queijo Minas frescal, BAL produtoras de bacteriocinas com potencial para utilização em sistemas de bioconservação de produtos lácteos. Para tanto, amostras de queijo foram avaliadas no início e final de sua vida útil e o isolamento das BAL realizado por plaqueamento em ágar MRS. Verificou-se a atividade inibitória das bactérias pelo de ensaio de antagonismo em ágar usando Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 como micro-organismos indicadores. As BAL selecionadas nessa etapa foram submetidas aos testes spot-on-the-lawn, coloração de Gram, produção da catalase e oxidase e metabolismo da glicose em meio Hugh e Leifson. Descartou-se ocorrência de inibição pela produção de ácidos orgânicos e por bacteriófagos. A natureza proteica das substâncias antagonísticas foi confirmada utilizando-se proteases. Após realização do ensaio well diffusion, quatro BAL com atividade antagonística satisfatória frente aos micro-organismos indicadores utilizados foram selecionadas para identificação por sequenciamento do gene 16S do RNA. Todas foram identificadas como Lactococcus lactis. Com base nos testes de antagonismo, a cepa Lactococcus lactis QMF 11 foi selecionada para utilização no ensaio de co-inoculação com patógenos em leite pasteurizado mantido a 8oC por 10 dias. Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 foi usado como controle negativo para produção de bacteriocinas. Após o período de incubação, Listeria monocytogenes em monocultura atingiu 8 log UFC/mL e na presença de Lactobacillus sakei chegou a 7,3 log UFC/mL. Entretanto, quando co-inoculada com Lactococcus lactis QMF11, as médias das contagens do patógeno ao final do experimento não ultrapassaram 2,3 log UFC/mL. Em relação a Staphylococcus aureus, as contagens finais foram: 5,4 log UFC/mL (monocultura), 5,0 log UFC/mL (co-inoculado com L. sakei) e 4,7 log UFC/mL (co-inoculado com Lactococcus lactis QMF 11). Apesar da menor inibição do crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus, em comparação à Listeria monocytogenes, sua multiplicação foi significantemente afetada (p<0.005) pela presença de Lactococcus lactis QMF 11, indicando que a cepa tem potencial para uso como cultura bioconservadora em produtos lácteos.

Un des enjeux en génie microbien est de produire des quantités élevées de protéines. Parmi les hôtes disponibles pour la production hétérologue de protéines, Lactococcus lactis est une bactérie à fort potentiel. Son innocuité et son caractère gram positif en fait un hôte de choix pour la production de protéines d'intérêt. Parmi ces protéines figurent des bactériocines, qui sont des proteines antibactériennes pouvant être utilisées à des fins de sécurité sanitaires des aliments voire comme antibiotique. Ces travaux ont pour ambition d'améliorer la production hétérologue de la bactériocine pédiocine chez L. lactis au niveau quantitatif et qualitatif en ciblant respectivement les étapes de sécrétion et de maturation post-traductionnelle. La sécrétion a été améliorée en insérant les pro-peptides SD ou LEISSTCDA entre le peptide signal de sécrétion et la séquence de la bactériocine. Il a été montré que cette insertions n’affectent pas l’activité antibactérienne. L’analyse in silico de l’opéron responsable de la production de pédiocine chez la bactérie productrice sauvage a révélé que le gène pedC code une protéine prédite comme thiol-disulfide oxydoréductase, suggérant un rôle de cette protéine dans le statut redox des cystéines de la pédiocine. La co-expression de PedC avec la pédiocine recombinante a permis d’augmenter son pouvoir antibactérien. Les résultats obtenus pendant cette thèse ont ainsi montré que la production de pédiocine par L. lactis peut être améliorée par fonctionnalisation de l’extrémité N-terminale sans effet significatif sur le potentiel antibactérien et que PedC joue un rôle majeur dans le potentiel antibactérien de la pédiocine / Lactococcus lactis is considered an efficient cell factory for recombinant protein production. It is able to produce and secrete class IIa bacteriocins such as pediocin PA-1 via the general secretion (Sec) pathway. However, the positive charges at the N-terminus of pediocin PA-1 might impair secretion via the Sec secretion pathway and the obtained recombinant pediocin has been described as less potent than the pediocin from the natural producer. The impact of two propeptides on the production yield and on the potency of recombinant pediocins was investigated. The nucleotide sequences encoding the propeptides SD or LEISSTCDA were inserted between the sequence encoding the signal peptide of Usp45 and the structural gene of the mature pediocin PA-1. Both propeptides improved secretion of the recombinant pediocins. Although no major impact on the antibacterial activity of recombinant pediocins was observed, all recombinant bacteriocins produced in L. lactis were less potent than wildtype pediocin. Co-expression of the putative thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase PedC, which is encoded by the pediocin PA-1 operon, with the recombinant pediocins allowed to significantly decrease the minimal inhibitory concentration of the produced bacteriocins. To our knowledge, this report shows for the first time that the propeptides SD or LEISSTCDA lead to an improved secretion of recombinant pediocins with apparently no effect on the antibacterial potency and that PedC plays a major role in the potency of pediocin

Il est reconnu, depuis des années, que la flore intestinale par son équilibre complexe et dynamique joue un rôle essentiel dans la santé humaine. Une des stratégies les plus prometteuses pour la maintenir ou l’améliorer consiste à moduler le microbiome par l’utilisation de bactéries probiotiques ou de sucres prébiotiques. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent les études structurales et fonctionnelles d’α glucosidases bactériennes développées dans cette thèse. Ces enzymes hydrolysant les liaisons α-(1,4) glucosidiques sont classées, selon la base de données CAZy, dans les familles de glycoside hydrolases (GH) 4, 13, 31, 63, 97 et 122. Ces travaux de thèse, centrés sur trois α-glucosidases issues de Lactobacillus bulgaricus (11842aglu, GH31), Lactococcus lactis (1403aglu, GH13) et Shewanella sp. ANA-3 (SHWaglu, GH97), exposent la mise au point de leurs protocoles de surexpression et de purification. Ils présentent également des études bioinformatiques de 11842aglu et de 1403aglu, ainsi qu’une caractérisation enzymatique préliminaire de cette dernière. Une analyse structurale et fonctionnelle approfondie de SHWaglu a aussi été réalisée. La résolution, par cristallographie aux rayons X, des structures de SHWaglu seule, en complexe avec différents ligands et de mutants, a participé à enrichir les connaissances, jusqu’à présent peu étendues, sur les enzymes de la famille GH97. Ainsi, un motif structural conservé au sein de cette famille a notamment été mis en évidence. Par ailleurs, ces informations structurales combinées aux études enzymatiques ont permis de révéler des déterminants moléculaires de l’activité de cette α-glucosidase et, par conséquent, d’établir les relations structure-fonction-activité de cette enzyme. Ainsi, l’ensemble des données obtenues, couplé à des études d’ingénierie protéique, contribue à ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives industrielles, notamment en suggérant d’optimiser ou de conférer des activités enzymatiques modifiées dans certaines cibles de choix afin de leur faire synthétiser des sucres de type prébiotiques / It is now generally accepted that the gut flora with its complex and dynamic nature plays a vital role in human health. One of the most promising strategies for maintaining or improving health is to modulate the microbiome by the use of probiotics and prebiotics as food supplements. The structure/function/activity relationship studies of bacterial α-glucosidases described in this thesis have been performed within this context. These α-(1,4)-glucosidic bond hydrolyzing enzymes are classified, according to the CAZy database, into glycoside hydrolases families (GH) 4, 13, 31, 63, 97 and 122. This thesis work, has focused on three α-glucosidases from Lactobacillus bulgaricus (11842aglu, GH31), Lactococcus lactis (1403aglu, GH13) and Shewanella sp. ANA-3 (SHWaglu, GH97), and the development of their overexpression and purification protocols. It also presents a bioinformatics studies of 11842aglu and 1403aglu, as well as preliminary enzymatic characterization of the latter. As for SHWaglu, detailed structural and functional studies have been carried out. The crystal structures of SHWaglu in its native state, in complex with different ligands as well as site directed mutants have contributed to increase our knowledge on enzymes from the GH97 family which to date remains relatively limited. Notably, a conserved structural motif in this family has been identified. Overall, the structural- and enzymatic studies and analyses have revealed molecular-and structural determinants governing the activity and broad substrate specificity of this α-glucosidase which is adapted to cold temperatures. Apart from the insight gained from a fundamental research point of view, data described within this work, coupled with protein engineering studies may contribute to open up new industrial perspectives, in particular by suggesting optimized or altered enzyme activities in some attractive enzyme targets with the aim of synthesizing prebiotic compounds

O peptídeo antimicrobiano retratado neste trabalho é a nisina, produzido pela bactéria Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, um peptídeo estruturalmente composto por 34 aminoácidos, mostra um vasto espectro de atividade inibitória em microrganismos Gram-positivos, Gram-negatios e esporo formadores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir a nisina a partir de células de Lactococcus lactis utilizando soro de leite e leite desnatado como meio de cultivo. Para tanto as células de L. lactis foram desenvolvidas em agitador rotacional (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) e a atividade de nisina, os parâmetros de crescimento e os componentes do meio de cultivo foram analisados. Em leite desnatado, contendo 2,27 9 de sólidos totais, a atividade de nisina foi 20077,05 AU.mL-1 sendo 3 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 4,54 9 sólidos totais, 8739,77 AU.mL-1 ; e foi 73 vezes maior em relação ao leite desnatado com 1,14 9 sólidos totais, 273,21 AU.mL-1. Osoro de leite utilizado foi doado por uma indústria de lacticínios, em laboratório parte do soro foi tratada de duas formas: (i) filtrado e (ii) esterilizado, e ambos foram utilizados para cultivo das células produtoras de nisina em agitador rotacional 30°C/36 h/100 rpm. Os resultados mostraram que o meio de cultivo composto por soro de leite não filtrado forneceu uma adaptação ao L. lactis, sendo a concentração de nisina obtida 1628 vezes maior que do soro de leite filtrado, 11120,13 e 6,83 mg.L-1 respectivamente. Em relação à atividade de nisina contra Gram-negativos, aumentou-se o efeito bactericida quando adicionada ao EDTA. O comportamento da nisina no sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas foi investigado experimentalmente, demonstrando que a biomolécula alvo pode ser extraída tanto do meio fermentado complexo quanto daslmpurezas presentes na nisina comercial. Nos testes com o sistema micelar de duas fases aquosas, a nisina particionou, preferencialmente, para a fase rica em micelas (coeficiente de partição (KNis) maior que 1,5), ocorrendo um aumento de 1 ciclo logaritimo na concentração inicial de nisina comercial (105 AU, no sistema). Este trabalho reúne os estudos desenvolvidos onde o principal objetivo foi a obtenção da nisina através de meios- de cultivo alternativos, além de sua aplicação e purificação. / Nisin is a natural antimicrobial peptide used as food preservative produced by Lactococcus lactis, that inhibits the outgrowth of spores, the growth of a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Applications of this bacteriocin include dental care products pharmaceutical products such as stomach ulcers and colon infection treatment and potencial birth control. This study aims to evaluate growth conditions for L. lactis as well as the effect in nisin production when utilizing milk whey and skimmed milk. Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454 was developed in a rotatory shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) in diluted skimmed milk and nisin expression, growth parameters and media components were also studied. Nisin expression in skimmed milk 2.27 9 total solids (20077.05 AU.mL-1) was up to 3-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 4.54 9 total solids (8739.77 AU.mL-1) and was up to 85-fold higher than transfers in skimmed milk 1.14 9 total solids (273.21 AU.mL-1). Milk whey, abyproduct from dairy industries, was utilized in two different ways (i) without filtration, autoclaved at 121°C for 30 min and (ii) filtrated (1.20 &#181;m and 0.22 &#181;m membrane filter), L. lactis was developed in a rotary shaker (30°C/36 h/100 rpm) and these cultures were transferred five times using 5 mL aliquots of broth culture for each new volume of the respective media. The results showed that culture media composed by milk whey without filtration was better for L. lactis in its adaptation than milk whey without filtration. Nisin titers, in milk whey without filtration, was 11120.13 mg.L-1 in 2nd transfer, and Up to 1628-fold higher than the filtrated milk whey, 6.83 mg.L-1 in 1st transfer. Nisin activity was assayed by the agar diffusion method using Lactobacillus sakei ATCC 15521 and a recombinant Escherichia coli DH5&#945; expressing the recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) as the nisin-susceptible test organisms. Combining EDTA with nisin increased the bactericidal effect of nisin upon the bacteria examined. A potentially scalable and cost-effective way to purify commercial and biosynthesized in bioreactor nisin, including simultaneously removal of impurities and contaminants, increasing nisin activity, was studied (two phase micellar system). Results indicated that nisin partitions preferentially to the micelle richphase, despite the surfactant concentration tested, and its antimicrobial activity increases. Biological processing of byproducts (milk whey) can be considered one profitable alternative, generating highvalued bioproducts.

Após a constatação da escassez de estudos realizados com vegetais crus na busca por novas estirpes de bactérias láticas (BAL) produtoras de bacteriocinas e diante do potencial tecnológico da aplicação destas cepas tanto como agentes de conservação em alimento, bem como cultura probiótica em alimentos funcionais, este estudo objetivou isolar e identificar cepas de bactérias láticas potencialmente bacteriocinogênicas de amostras de rúcula obtidas no comércio local de São Paulo, SP - Brasil, identificar e caracterizar as bacteriocinas produzidas pelos isolados e avaliar o potencial probiótico dos isolados testando sua sobrevivência no modelo dinâmico do trato gastrointestinal TNO gastro-Intestinal Model - TIM-1 disponível no TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) divisão Quality of Life (Zeist, Holanda). A produção de bacteriocinas neste modelo também foi avaliada, comparando-se com L. sakei 2a, também produtora de bacteriocinas e ainda avaliou-se a interferência na viabilidade de E. faecium LMA1. A cepa Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R de rúcula produziu uma bacteriocina sensível à enzimas proteolíticas, termoestável e não influenciada pelo pH, sendo capaz de inibir Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii e Listeria Monocytogenes de diferentes grupos sorológicos. Os ensaios genéticos utilizando primers Nisf e Nisr confirmaram que a bacteriocina MK02R é uma nisina, apresentando uma alteração dos aminoácidos no peptídeo líder em relação às nisinas A, Z, Q, F e U, porém com a estrutura do peptídeo maduro idêntica ao da nisina F. Estes resultados foram confirmados por espectrometria de massas de amostras purificadas por HPLC. L. lactis MK02R resistiu à passagem no modelo dinâmico TIM-1, apresentando uma alta capacidade de sobreviver nas condições simuladas do trato gastrointestinal humano. Entretanto, não foi capaz de causar a redução no número de E. faecium LMA1. Em contrapartida, L. sakei 2a, mesmo apresentando uma sobrevivência menor, foi capaz de causar uma redução de 70% na população de E. faecium LMA1 no ambiente simulado do TGI. Não foi detectada atividade residual da ação antimicrobiana das bacteriocinas produzidas por L. lactis MK02R ou L. sakei 2a após a passagem pelo modelo dinâmico TIM-1. Estes resultados evidenciam a possível aplicação de L. lactis MK02R como um agente de controle biológico na conservação de alimentos e também como uma cultura potencialmente probiótica. / Given the scarcity of studies performed with raw vegetables addressing the search for new bacteriocinogenic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and considering the technological application of these strains as food preservatives and probiotic cultures in functional foods, this study was aimed at isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic LAB strains from samples of rocket salad obtained in the local market of São Paulo, SP - Brazil, subsequent characterization of the bacteriocins produced by these LABs and evaluation of their probiotic potential by testing their survival in the dynamic gastrointestinal model TNO gastro- Intestinal-Model - TIM-1, available at the TNO (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) Quality of Life division (Zeist, Netherlands). The studies in the TIM-1 model were also done with another bacteriocinogenic strain L. sakei 2a for comparison, evaluating their interference on the viability of E. faecium LMA1. The bacteriocin produced by strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MK02R isolated from rocket salad was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, heat-stable and not influenced by the pH. The bacteriocin inhibited the growth of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus sakei, Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus delbrueckii the primers Nisf and Nisr indicated that the bacteriocin produced by the strain MK02R is a nisin, with a change in the amino acid sequence of the leader peptide when compared to nisin A, Z, Q, U and F, but with the structure of the mature peptide homologous to that of nisin F. These results were confirmed by mass spectrometry of purified samples obtained by HPLC. L. lactis MK02R withstood the test in the dynamic model TIM-1, presenting capability to survive in the simulated conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. However, the strain was not able to cause a reduction in the number of E. faecium LMA1. On the other hand, L. sakei 2a, even presenting lower survival, was able to cause 70% reduction in the population of E. faecium LMA1 in the gut simulated environment. No residual antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin produced by L. lactis MK02R or L. sakei 2a was detected after the transit through the dynamic model TIM-1. These results demonstrate the possible application of L. lactis MK02R both as a biocontrol agent in food preservation and as a potentially probiotic culture.

Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin (MICI) regroupent la colite ulcéreuse (CU) et la maladie de Crohn (MD) qui sont des troubles intestinaux caractérisés par une inflammation chronique du tractus gastro-intestinal. Les MICI sont provoquées par un dysfonctionnement du système immunitaire de la muqueuse vers le microbiote intestinal chez les individus génétiquement prédisposés, menant à des réponses immunitaires pro-inflammatoires excessives. L'incidence de ces maladies augmente dans les pays développés et sont devenues de grands problèmes gastroentérologiques, surtout que les médicaments de traitement actuels sont associés à de graves effets collatéraux. Ainsi, les dernières recherches se concentrent sur le développement de nouvelles stratégies pour le traitement des MICI. Les probiotiques, en particulier celles qui appartiennent au groupe des bactéries lactiques (BL), se montrent capables de prévenir et de traiter les MICI en rétablissant l'équilibre du microbiote perturbé et en supprimant les réponses immunitaires pro-inflammatoires. Afin d'augmenter l’effet probiotique des BL, le clonage moléculaire et l'expression des molécules anti-inflammatoires ont été réalisés et les souches recombinantes des BL ont été évaluées comme un traitement alternatif pour les MICI. L'utilisation de ces souches, en particulier le modèle Lactococcus lactis, a montré son efficacité dans la lutte contre l'inflammation intestinale. Son administration comme thérapie pour traiter d'autres maladies inflammatoires du tractus gastro-intestinal, tels que la mucite, a également été évaluée. La mucite est un effet secondaire fréquent chez les patients subissant une radiothérapie ou une chimiothérapie qui affecte fortement leur qualité de vie. Comme pour les MICI, le traitement de la mucite est assez limité, seuls quelques médicaments et procédures décrits peuvent en effet contenir les ulcérations et l'inflammation. Par conséquent, ilest nécessaire de développer des traitementsalternatifs pour les MICI et la mucite. Le but de cette étude est de tester l'efficacité de la souche de L. lactis recombinante exprimant la protéine associée à la pancréatite I (PAP) afin de lutter contre les MICI et la mucite dans des modèles de souris. La PAP a été rapportée comme une protéine ayant des propriétés antimicrobiennes qui jouent un rôle important pour maintenir l'homéostasie intestinale. Tout d'abord, nous avons construit et confirmé l'expression de la PAP humaine par recombinant L. lactis. Ensuite, nous avons évalué l'effet thérapeutique de cette souche dans un modèle de souris de Dinitrobenzene acide sulfonique (DNBS) afin d’induire la colite. En outre, la livraison de PAP par lactocoques a protégé les animaux d’une perte de poids, de la perméabilité intestinale, et de lésions tissulaires. De plus, le traitement L. Lactis-PAP a diminué Th1 (IFN-y), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) et Th17 (IL-17) de type-réponses immunitaires. On a également observé une expression élevée de régulation de cytokines TGF-β ainsi qu’une augmentation de la quantité de cellules T régulatrices chez les souris traitées. Les effets anti-inflammatoires des L. Lactis-PAP et des souches des produits laitiers L. lactis NZ9000 ont également été mesurés dans le modèle d'inflammation des muqueuses 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). L'administration de L. lactis NZ9000 hébergeant le vecteur pSEC sans l'ADNc de PAP a été en mesure de prévenir les dommages histologiques, de réduire l’infiltration des éosinophiles et de la sécrétion d'IgA dans l'iléon de souris. D'autre part, L. lactis exprimant la PAP a conservé l'architecture muqueuse et a amélioré l'activité des cellules de Paneth. En même temps, nos résultats démontrent que L. lactis, exprimant PAP est une stratégie prometteuse pour traiter les MICI. En outre, la souche L. lactis NZ9000 de manière surprenante, a présenté des effets anti-inflammatoires chez les souris injectées avec du 5-FU. / Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are complex intestinal disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). IBD are caused by a deregulation of the mucosal immune system toward the native intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to excessive pro-inflammatory immune responses in the GIT. The incidence of both diseases is increasing in developed countries turning CD and UC a main gastroenterological problem as current treatment drugs are associated with serious side effects. Thus, recent research is focusing on the development of new strategies for the treatment of IBD. Probiotic bacteria especially the ones belonging to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group, were shown to be capable of preventing and treating IBD by restoring the balance of disrupted microbiota and suppressing pro-inflammatory immune responses. In order to increase LAB probiotic effect, molecular cloning and expression of anti-inflammatory molecules are being carried out and LAB recombinant strains are also being evaluated as an alternative treatment for IBD. As the use of these strains, especially the model Lactococcus lactis, showed to be very effective in fighting intestinal inflammation, its administration as a therapy for treating other human GIT inflammatory diseases, such as mucositis, are also being evaluated. This disorder is a common side effect of patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy that strongly affects their quality of life. Like IBD, treatment for mucositis is very limited with few medicaments and procedures described to contain inflammation. Therefore, given the need to develop alternative treatments for both IBD and mucositis, this study aimed to test theefficacy of either dairy L. lactis NZ9000 or recombinant L. lactis strain expressing Pancreatitis Associated Protein I (PAP) to fight inflammation in mouse models of IBD and mucositis. PAP has been reported as a protein with antimicrobial properties that plays important roles to keep intestinal homeostasis. Firstly, we constructed and confirmed the expression of human PAP by recombinant L. Lactis. Afterwards, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of this strain in a mice model of dinitrobenzenosulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis. Moreover, PAP delivery by lactococci protected animals from weight loss, intestinal permeability, and tissue damage. In addition, L. lactis-PAP treatment decreased Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Th17 (IL-17) type-immune responses. It was also observed a higher expression of regulatory TGF-β cytokine and increased amount of T regulatory cells in treated mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of both L. lactis-PAP and dairy L. lactis NZ9000 strains were also measured in 5-fluoracil mucositis model. We showed that this model was successfully reproduced in BALB/c mice with an induction of acute inflammation in the small bowel of animals. Administration of L. lactis NZ9000 harboring pSEC vector without the cDNA of PAP was able to prevent histological damage, reduce eosinophils infiltrate and IgA secretion in the ileum of mice. On the other hand, L. lactis expressing PAP preserved mucosal architecture and improved Paneth cells activity. Taking together, our results demonstrate that L. lactis, expressing PAP peptide is a promising strategy to treat IBD. Moreover, L. lactis NZ9000 strain, derived from dairy L. lactis MG1363, surprisingly presented anti-inflammatory effects in mice injected with 5-FU.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Lactic acid bacteria are present in many foods and beverages and are used as starter cultures in the production of a variety of fermented products. Many of these bacteria produce ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins), which inhibit the growth of bacteria genetically closely related to the producer cell. Since many of these target bacteria include foodbome pathogens such as Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Listeria spp., and Staphylococcus spp., the practical importance of these peptides as food preservatives has been well documented and, in the case of nisin and pediocin PA-I, commercially explored. The increased demand from health conscious consumers for foods with no chemical preservatives is putting renewed pressure on the producer to supply a "clean and green" product, but with the same or even an extended shelf life. Various research groups are screening lactic acid bacteria for production of novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides or are exploring the possibilities of altering known bacteriocins to inhibit Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and molds. Pediocin PD-I, produced by Pediococcus damnosus NCFB 1832, belongs to the class Ila bacteriocins, i.e. heat-stable Listeria-active peptides, containing the YGNGV -consensus sequence in the N-terminal region. Little is known about the production and mode of activity of pediocin PD-I. In this study, production of pediocin PD-I was significantly increased by optimizing the growth medium, De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth. Addition of bacteriological peptone (1.7%, w/v), manganous sulphate (0.014%, w/v) and Tween 80 (3%, v/v), and lowering of the pH during fermentation stimulated pediocin PD-I production and the level of organic acids produced. Maximum levels of bacteriocin activity were recorded at an initial pH of 6.7 in the latter medium. Under these conditions the specific bacteriocin activity increased by a factor of approximately six after 55 h of fermentation. The effect of pediocin PD-I, plantaricin 423, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423, and commercial grade nisin (Aplin and Barrett Ltd., Trowbrige, Wilts, England) was tested against planktonic cells of Oenococcus oeni and a biofilm of the cells established on stainless steel surfaces identical to those used in wineries. After 5 h of treatment with 3000 AU (arbitrary units )/ml of each bacteriocin, all planktonic cells of 0. oeni in a modified Chardonnay must medium were killed. All viable cells in the biofilm were killed after only 1 h in the presence of 3000 AU/ml of anyone of the bacteriocins. In addition, pediocin PD-I, plantaricin 423 and nisin removed the biofilms from the surfaces and reduced the biomass either completely, as in the case of pediocin PD-I, or by 58% and 50% as in the case of plantaricin 423 and nisin, respectively. These same results were recorded after 5 h of treatment with 3000 AU/ml in a modified Chardonnay must medium. To our knowledge this is the first report of controlling biofilm formation of malolactic bacteria on stainless steel surfaces with natural antimicrobial peptides. This implies that, apart from being very effective in controlling the cell numbers of free-living cells of 0. oeni, the three bacteriocins, especially pediocin PD-I, could also be used as natural sanitizers. The fact that the production and activity levels ofpediocin PD-I could be increased without genetically modifying the producer strain is an added advantage. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Melksuurbakterieë is teenwoordig in verskeie soorte voedsel- en drankprodukte en word as suurselkulture in die produksie van 'n verskeidenheid gefermenteerde produkte gebruik. Baie van hierdie bakterieë produseer ribosomaal-vervaardigde antimikrobiese peptiede (bakteriosiene) wat die groei van ander bakterieë, geneties naverwant aan die produserende organisme, inhibeer. Omdat baie van hierdie bakterieë voedselpatogene soos Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Listeria spp. en Staphylococcus spp. insluit, is die praktiese belang van hierdie peptiede reeds deeglik ondersoek en word, soos in die geval van nisien en pediosien PA-I, kommersieel gebruik. Die toenemende behoefte van die verbruiker na voedselprodukte met geen chemiese preserveermiddels plaas nuwe druk op die vervaardiger om veilige voedselprodukte te produseer, maar met dieselfde of selfs langer rakleeftyd. Verskeie navorsingsgroepe bestudeer melksuurbakterieë vir die produksie van unieke antimikrobiese peptiede met 'n wye spektrum van inhibisie en ondersoek ook die moontlikhede om hierdie bakteriosiene geneties te manipuleer ten einde Gram-negatiewe bakterieë, giste en swamme te inhibeer. Pediosien PD-l, geproduseer deur Pediococcus damnosus NCFB 1832, word as 'n klass na bakteriosien geklassifiseer. Hierdie groep sluit in die hitte-stabiele Listeria-aktiewe peptiede, met 'n YGNGV-konsensus volgorde in die N-terminale deel van die peptied. Min is egter bekend oor die meganisme van werking van hierdie bakteriosiene. In hierdie studie is die produksie van pediosien PD-l betekenisvol verhoog met die optimalisering van die vloeibare groeimedium De Man Rogosa en Sharpe (MRS). Die toevoeging van bakteriologiese peptone (1.7%, miv), mangaan sulfaat (0.014%, miv) en Tween 80 (3.0%, v/v) en 'n afname in die pH gedurende groei het pediosien PD-l-poduksie gestimuleer en sodoende ook die vlak van organiese sure wat geproduseer is. Maksimum vlakke van bakteriosien-aktiwiteit is in hierdie medium met 'n aanvangs-pH van 6.7 waargeneem. Onder hierdie omstandighede, en na 55 uur van fermentasie, het die spesifieke aktiwiteit van die bakteriosien met 'n faktor van ongeveer ses verhoog. Die effek van pediosien PD-l, plantarisien 423, geproduseer deur Lactobacillus plantarum 423, en 'n kommersiële graad nisien (Aplin and Barrett Ltd., Trowbride, Wilts, Engeland) is teen die planktoniese selle van Oenococcus oeni en 'n biofilm van hierdie selle, gevestig op 'n vlekvrye staaloppervlak identies aan wat in wynkelders gebruik word, getoets. Na 5 ure van behandeling met 3000 AB (arbitrêre eenhede)/ml van elke bakteriosien, is al die planktoniese selle van O. oeni in 'n gemodifiseerde Chardonnay mos-medium vernietig. Alle lewensvatbare selle in die biofilm is ook na slegs 1 uur in die teenwoordigheid van 3000 AE/ml van enige een van hierdie bakteriosiene vernietig. Verdermeer het pediosien PD-I, plantarisien 423 en nisien ook die biofilm op die vlekvrye staal-oppervlak verwyder. In die geval van pediosien PD-I is 'n totale afname van die biomassa-oppervlak waargeneem, terwyl plantarisien 423 en nisien 58% en 50% van die totale biomassa verwyder het. Hierdie resultate is na 5 ure van behandeling (3000 AE/ml) in 'n gemodifiseerde Chardonnay mos-medium waargeneem. Sover ons kennis strek is hierdie die eerste verslag rakende die gebruik van natuurlike antimikrobiese peptiede om biofilm-vorming deur appel-melksuurbakterieë op vlekvrye staal oppervlaktes te beheer. Dit impliseer dat bakteriosiene, spesifiek pediosien PD-I, benewens die beheer van planktoniese selle van appel-melksuurbakterieë, ook as natuurlike oppervlak-reinigers gebruik kan word. Die feit dat die produksie en aktiwiteitsvlakke van pediosien PD-I verhoog kon word sonder om die organisme geneties te modifiseer is 'n verdere voordeel.