Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This is a study of the growmg importance of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in global governance. Global governance is defined as a complex and dynamic process that deals with issues that go beyond the capacity of national governments, that is distinguished from global government because of an absence of a central authority that can ensure compliance and the presence of a wide range of actors including non-state actors. The theory of Complex Multilateralism captures the role of NGOs and NGO coalitions well. Using this theory as a theoretical framework, this study focuses on two recent transnational NGO campaigns (The International Campaign to Ban Landmines [fCBL) and the NGOs against Arms Trade) to determine why some NGO campaigns are more successful than others. The theory of Complex Multilateralism in combination with extensive information on different types of NGOs and their activities on national and international levels, makes it possible to identify criteria that can determine success. These criteria are: a realistic goal, the issue area (type, number, salience and techniques used to frame the issue), government and intergovernmental organisation (lGO) commitment, access to IGOs, extensive expertise, effective use of the media, effective use of information technology, activity variance, leadership, persuasive and influential spokespersons, membership and funds. These criteria are described, defined and then applied to the above-mentioned transnational NGO campaigns. The main finding was that the ICBL was the more successful of the two campaigns because it had more of the criteria for success. In this case the most important reasons for success is: a realistic goal, the focus on a single issue and the effective framing of the issue, significant government commitment as well as good leadership. Although, the criteria that were developed can hardly be universalised, they do provide a useful starting point for further research into this important field in International Studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk bestudeer die toenemende belangrikheid van Nie-Regerings Organisasies (NROs) in "global governance" Laasgenoemde konsep word gedefinieer as 'n komplekse en dinamiese proses wat behels die hantering van vraagstukke wat buite die beheer is van 'n enkele staat, wat onderskei word van 'n wereld regering as gevolg van die afwesigheid van sentrale gesag en die aanwesigheid van 'n wye reeks van akteurs of rolbekleers insluitente nie-staatlike rolbekleers. Komplekse Multilateralisme bied 'n goeie teoretiese begrip van die rol van NROs en NRO koalisies in hierdie proses. Hierdie studie maak gebruik van Komplekse Multilateralisme as 'n teoretiese raamwerk om te fokus op twee onlangse transnasionale NRO veldtogte ( Die internasionale veldtog om landmyne te verban en die NROs teen wapenhandel) en sodoende te bepaal hoekom sekere NRO veldtogte meer geslaag is as ander. Reedsgenoemde teorie in kombinasie met inligting oor verskillende tipes NROs en hul aktiwiteite op nasionale en internasionale vlakke maak dit moontlik om kriteria vir 'n suksesvolle NRO veldtog te identifiseer. Hierdie kriteria bestaan uit die volgende: 'n realistiese doel, die aard van die vraagstuk (tipe, hoeveelheid, "salience", en tegnieke wat gebruik is om die vraagstuk te formuleer, toewyding van regerings en tussen-regerings-organisasies, toegang tot tussenregerings -organisasies, veelsydige kundigheid, effektiewe gebruik van die media, effektiewe gebruik van inligtingstegnologie, verskeidenheid van aktiwiteite, leierskap, oorredende en invloedryke segspersone, lidmaatskap en fondse. Die bevinding is dat die internasionale veldtog om landmyne te verban die meer geslaagde veldtog is. Die belangriskste redes hiervoor is: 'n realistiese doel, die fokus op enkele vraagstukke en die effektiewe formulering van die vraagstuk, die toegewydheid van baie regerings, sowel as goeie leierskap. Alhoewel die kriteria wat in die studie ontwikkel is nie veralgemeen kan word nie dien dit as 'n nuttige basis vir vedere navorsing oor hierdie belangrike tema in die veld van Internasionale Studie.

This thesis analyses the impact of granular aggregates with structures using experiments and numerical simulations. Original contributions include an insight into multiple factors affecting the loading and damage to the structures, along with study of numerical parameters important for realistic prediction of the interaction between the granular media and structures. It extends the current understanding related to such interactions, with an underlying motivation to guide strategies in order to reduce the structural damage. The response of structures impacted by granular media (sand or soil) is of significant research interest for many applications. One of the applications is for landmine explosions which causes ejection of soil from ground and damage to structures impacted by this ejected soil. Experimentation is done in a laboratory setting where the cylindrical sand slugs are generated at high speed using an impulse provided by a piston. This induces a velocity gradient along the slug, because of which the slug expands during the flight before impacting the target. Deformable as well as rigid flat targets are considered in two orientations relative to the incoming slug: perpendicular (i.e. normal orientation) and inclined at an angle of 45°. The targets are supported by force transducers to capture the loading from the slug. Simulations are performed using a combination of discrete particle and finite element schemes, which enables the analysis of the fully coupled interaction between the flowing granular media and the structure. A contact model involving multiple parameters is used for inter-particle and particle-target contact. Firstly, a numerical analysis is performed to characterise the temporal evolution of slugs and their impact on monolithic beams constrained at the ends. Out of all the parameters used for inter-particle contact definition in discrete particle method, only the contact stiffness is found to effect the velocity gradient in the slug before it impacts the target. Other factor influencing the gradient is the acceleration provided by the piston. A strong dependence of beam deflection on the stand-off distance is observed due to the velocity gradient in the slugs. As the second step, the effect of target surface properties on the transmitted momentum is analysed. Experiments are done by applying coatings of different hardness and roughness on the target surface impacted by sand slugs. For normally oriented targets, the transmitted momentum is observed to be insensitive to the change in surface coating. In contrast, for inclined targets, a significant influence of coatings is observed. Additionally, the momentum transmitted to the inclined targets is always less than that for normal targets. Numerical analysis of this surface effect reveals that assuming the slug particles to be spherical shape in simulations does not capture the particle/target interactions accurately and under-predicts the frictional loading on the target. Following this, a detailed numerical study is done to understand the effect of the shape of particles in the slug. Simple shaped non-spherical particles are constructed by combining spherical sub-particles. With increasing angularity of particles in the slug, the frictional loading on the target is shown to increase. This results in an increase of momentum transmitted to inclined targets. For normally oriented targets however, the particle shape does not affect the overall transmitted momentum, which is a behaviour similar to that observed when studying the effect of target surface properties. In addition, effect of fracture of particles in the slug is analysed by using beam connections between sub-particles that break during the impact with the target. If the fracture results in increasing particle angularity, the transmitted momentum increases, whereas the situation reverses if fracture results on more spherical shaped particles. Lastly, a strategy to reduce the loading on the targets is analysed by using sacrificial coating on the target surface. In experiments, this coating is placed on the rigid target surface using a lubricant at their interface. When impacted by the slug, this coating slides on the target surface, resulting in a reduction of frictional loading on the target. If the friction at the coating/target interface vanishes, the transmitted momentum approaches the theoretical minimum value. Simulations are used to first validate the experimental observations and then to extend the concept of sliding coatings using deformable targets. Both the transmitted momentum and deflections depended on the thickness of the target and coating. When a coating is used, the deflections increase due to reduction in target thickness. It is found that the best strategy to reduce the damage to the target is to use least possible thickness of the coating and minimise the friction at the interface between the coating and the target. The presented work examines many of the factors that affect the loading on the target impacted by granular slugs, in addition to characterising the expansion of slugs before the target impact. The analysed factors include those already known such as target stand-off distance, inclination and unveils others such as target surface properties and granular properties. The numerical analysis discloses important parameters and shows the effect of particle shape, highlighting the shortcomings of widely used spherical particle assumption in the numerical studies. A strategy using a sacrificial coating to reduce damage to the target is also analysed.

The international dilemma of child soldiers is a humanitarian concern throughout the world. The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSUCS) began in 1998 and is currently the leading collaborative movement to address the issue. However, because of its emphasis on a universal 'Straight 18' approach and support of the Optional Protocol of the Convention on the Rights of a Child (CRC), the CSUCS ignores contextual realities that affect the implementation ofthe international legislation and the development of norms concerning child soldiers. This research project will examine the current international nongovernmental organization (INGO) response to child soldiers- focusing on the CSCUS - and formulate suggestions for potential avenues to further INGO involvement with policies and projects. The argument is based on a neoliberal institutionalist platform that argues in favour ofiNGOs' ability to successfully influence actions taken by state actors to address human right issues. Highlighting the successful INGO influence on states during the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, I will present this example as a potential model for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, and explore the feasibility of this model whilst making suggestions for more effective involvement of INGOs with regard to the issue of child soldiers.

"The debate over the effectiveness of the laws to address the situation of children in armed conflict, the political will of the international community to alleviate the plight of children in such situations, as well as the search for effective strategies to address the issue of children affected by war, remains lively and unsettled. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion with a focus on northern Uganda where, for the last 19 years, children have been suffering as a result of armed conflict with no response from the international community. It appears that the government, the armed forces and the international community have simply ignored their plight. ... The study is divided into four chapters; chapter one discusses the internal and international armed conflict dichotomy. It further discusses legal protection that exists under international law for children. An overview of the current standard-setting efforts, enforcement and implementation of these laws is also considered in the chapter. Chapter two considers particular risks faced by children in armed conflict including the child soldier phenomenon; refugee and internally displaced persons (IDPs); sexual abuse and exploitation of children; and the impact of landmines and unexploded ornances on children. The chapter finally looks at actions the international community can take to protect children in compliance with international law. Chapter three gives a background to the conflict in northern Uganda; it discusses the groups of children at risk and the failure to prioritise the protection of children by all actors at the local and international level. Chapter four draws a conclusion and gives recommendations to the ongoing search for effective strategies to address the plight of children affected by war with focus on northern Uganda. These recommendations are addressed to the government, the armed group and the international community." -- Introduction. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Stridsvagnsminans utveckling i helhet har under de senaste 20 åren mer eller mindre stått still. I försvarsberedningens slutrapport Värnkraft beskrivs fördröjande fältarbeten med minor som ett av de prioriterade områdena för Försvarsmaktens ingenjörförband. Med denna prioritering finns ett syfte att undersöka hur vidare minor fortsatt kommer att påverka den mekaniserade striden i framtiden.  För att studera minors påverkan på den mekaniserade striden har den här studien använt Totalförsvarets forskningsinstituts simuleringsverktyg Suss-mek. Minvapnet finns sedan tidigare inte implementerat i programmet. Därför undersöks också vilka nyckelegenskaper som bör ingå i simulering med minor i strid.  Resultatet visar att effekten av framtidens minor på den mekaniserade striden kommer i grunden vara densamma som idag. Däremot kommer teknologin för framtidens minor göra att minan i sig kommer att bli effektivare med högre sannolikhet att nedkämpa motståndaren. Studien kommer också fram till flera relevanta nyckelegenskaper, till exempel front, djup, densitet och fasta beteenden vid sammanstötminering. Det är egenskaper som måste tas hänsyn till vid modellering av minor i ett simuleringsverktyg. / The development of the antitank mine has more or less stood still for the past 20 years. In the Defense Committee's final report Värnkraft, counter-mobility operations with landmines is described as one of the priority areas for the Swedish Armed Forces' combat engineer units. With this priority, there is a purpose to investigate how mines will continue to affect the mechanized battle in the future.  To study the impact of antitank mines on the mechanized battle, this study has used the Swedish Defense Research Agency's simulation tool Suss-mek. The mine weapon has not previously been implemented in the program. Therefore, it is also investigated which key characteristics that should be included in simulation with mines in battle.  The results show that the impact of future antitank- mines in mechanized battle will basically be the same as today. On the other hand, the technology of the future mines will make the mine itself more efficient with a higher probability to kill. The study also shows several relevant key characteristics for example: front, depth, density and fixed behaviours during entering minefield. They are characteristics that must be considered when modelling mines in a simulation tool.

Two international treaty frameworks - Amended Protocol II (APII) to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC) - have been developed to prohibit or restrict the use of landmines. However, reflecting a gap in current academic research, there is a lack of knowledge of their effectiveness in supporting the humanitarian goals that underpin both treaties. In order to address gaps in the existing literature, this thesis applies an analytical framework grounded in regime theory to develop new insights into the design, implementation and effectiveness of APII and the APMBC within the broader framework of international humanitarian law (IHL). Two main hypotheses are explored. The first considers the importance for regime effectiveness of the relationship between design and implementation processes. The second analyses the significance for the landmine regimes of regime interplay and nesting within wider IHL and mine action discourses. In addressing these hypotheses, design/implementation interplay, agency dynamics and normative considerations represent key themes that enable us to develop new insights to a specific issue area that also demonstrates important linkages to wider humanitarian, security and developmental agendas.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The African continent has over the past 40 years witnessed a continued scourge of violent conflict and human rights abuses. These conflicts have significantly undermined the social, political, and economic prosperity of African citizens. Additionally, women and children are particularly affected by these conflicts. Women and children are regarded as ‘the most vulnerable’ as they often become the targets of sexual abuse by the enemy. The African Union (AU) is primarily responsible for the resolution of conflicts on the continent. It professes to be committed to the prevention of human rights abuses and the protection of African women (and children) during armed conflicts. It has thus developed an array of mechanisms, protocols, and instruments to address the exploitation and sexual abuse of women during conflict periods. These instruments include: The Constitutive Act of the AU (2000); The Solemn Declaration of Gender Equality in Africa (2003); the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa- ACHPRWA (2004); and the Protocol relating to the Peace and Security Council. In this research project, I consider whether the narratives used in these AU documents sufficiently and explicitly address the use of rape as a strategic weapon during armed conflicts; or whether these narratives inadvertently contribute to a culture that perpetuates war-time rape. My analysis shows that these AU documents deal with war-time rape in very vague and euphemistic terms. Although gender discrimination, sexual violence, exploitation, discrimination, and harmful practices against women are condemned, the delegitimization of rape as a weapon of war is not specifically discussed. This allows for varying interpretations of AU protocols, including interpretations which may diminish the severity of strategic rape. This has lead me to propose that the narratives used in these AU protocols and related documents draw on patriarchy, perpetuate patriarchy, and thus inadvertently perpetuates a culture that perpetuates the use of rape as a weapon of war

No description available.

Ce travail thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet FUI Tandem portant sur l’imagerie radar de mines enfouies dans un sol sec par des antennes héliportées. Les données d’antennes correspondent à des mesures de champ électromagnétique (composante tangentielle à l’antenne) en configuration « back-scattering » : une seule antenne émettrice-réceptrice. L’objectif premier de la thèse est de valider/modifier la méthodologie SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) proposée par les ingénieurs pour traiter les données d’antenne et imager les mines. La difficulté essentielle réside dans le fait que la méthode SAR repose sur le principe d’un milieu de référence homogène alors que le cas d’étude ne l’est pas. Nous avons étudié l’incorporation d’une approximation bicouche du milieu de référence pour corriger l’effet du sol et obtenir des images moins sensibles à l’effet de celui-ci. La première solution consiste à mimer la technique SAR pour construire une indicatrice de la géométrie via la rétro-propagation de la donnée dans le milieu bi-couche en utilisant la formule donnée par l’approximation de Born. La deuxième option, beaucoup plus coûteuse numériquement consiste à inverser le modèle de Born avec une technique de régularisation de type variation totale. Nous nous intéressons dans une deuxième partie à l’adaptation de méthodes d’inversion de type MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) pour retrouver l’information « profondeur » non fournie par les méthodes SAR. S’inspirant de la problématique Tandem, nous avons proposé l’extension de ces méthodes au cas de données en configuration quasi-back-scattering : une antenne émettrice couplée à un réseau 1D d’antennes réceptrices. La méthodologie est complètement nouvelle et la justification de la méthode repose sur l’analyse asymptotique du problème de diffraction dans le régime petit obstacle et champ lointain. L’étude a également été étendue à des configurations cylindriques qui pourraient être adaptées à l’imagerie bio-médicale. / This work is part of the FUI Tandem project on radar imaging of mines buried in dry ground by heliborne antennas. The antenna data correspond to measurements of the electromagnetic field (component tangential to the antenna) in the back-scattering configuration: a single transmitter/transceiver antenna. The primary objective of the thesis is to validate / modify the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) methodology proposed by engineers to process the antenna data and to image the mines. The main difficulty lies in the fact that the SAR method is based on the principle of a homogeneous background whereas the study case is not. We have studied the incorporation of a two-layer approximation of the reference medium to correct the effect of the soil and to obtain images that are less sensitive to the effect of the latter. The first solution consists in mimicking the SAR technique to construct an indicator of the geometry via the back propagation of the data in the bi-layer medium using the formula given by the Born approximation. The second option, much more costly numerically consists in inverting the Born model with a regularization technique of the total variation type. In a second part, we are interested in adapting MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) methods to retrieve the "depth" information not provided by SAR methods. Based on the Tandem experiement, we proposed the extension of these methods to the case of data in quasi-back-scattering configuration: a transmitting antenna coupled to a 1D array of receiving antennas. The methodology is completely new and the justification of the method is based on the asymptotic analysis of the scattering problem in the small obstacle and far field regime. The study was also extended to cylindrical configurations that could be adapted to biomedical imaging.

Two international treaty frameworks ¿ Amended Protocol II (APII) to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC) ¿ have been developed to prohibit or restrict the use of landmines. However, reflecting a gap in current academic research, there is a lack of knowledge of their effectiveness in supporting the humanitarian goals that underpin both treaties. In order to address gaps in the existing literature, this thesis applies an analytical framework grounded in regime theory to develop new insights into the design, implementation and effectiveness of APII and the APMBC within the broader framework of international humanitarian law (IHL). Two main hypotheses are explored. The first considers the importance for regime effectiveness of the relationship between design and implementation processes. The second analyses the significance for the landmine regimes of regime interplay and nesting within wider IHL and mine action discourses. In addressing these hypotheses, design/implementation interplay, agency dynamics and normative considerations represent key themes that enable us to develop new insights to a specific issue area that also demonstrates important linkages to wider humanitarian, security and developmental agendas.