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Den här språksociologiska undersökningen tar reda på hur individer anpassar sitt språkliga uttryck i samband med toalettbesök i privat, offentligt och högtidligt sammanhang, samt deras grad av medvetenhet och normanpassning i känsliga sammanhang. Detta har gjorts genom en enkätstudie där totalt 362 respondenter svarat på både öppna och slutna frågor, vilket har gett både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data. Det empiriska materialet har efter bearbetning jämförts med tidigare forskning och teoretiska perspektiv, vilket utmynnat i resultaten att de allra flesta ackommoderar efter sammanhang och är medvetna om hur de ackommoderar i formella sammanhang. Ytterligare en tendens resultatet visar är att det postmoderna samhället påverkat samhällsutvecklingen mot en mer öppen kommunikationsstil där relationer skapas och samarbete eftersträvas. / This sociolinguistic research examines how individuals adapt their linguistic expression in relation to toilet visits in private, public and formal contexts, as well as their degree of awareness and accommodation in sensitive contexts. A total of 362 respondents, have answered a questionnaire with both open and closed questions, which has given both quantitative and qualitative data. After processing, the empirical material has been compared with former research and theoretical perspectives, concluding that a majority of the respondents accommodate according to context and are aware of how they accommodate in formal contexts. The result also tends to that the postmodern society has influenced the social progress towards a more open style of communication in which relationships are created and cooperation is sought.

À la fin du Moyen Âge, les bâtards nobles ont bénéficié d’une situation privilégiée. L’étude de la « maison » ducale de Bourbon (XIVe-milieu du XVIe siècle) montre que cette reconnaissance s’exprime par l’identité, la parenté et le pouvoir conférés aux personnes de naissance illégitime. L’objectif est de mettre en évidence les rouages qui ont favorisé la promotion sociale d’une population née hors mariage. Les enfants naturels bénéficient d’un statut qui leur est propre, s’exprimant à travers des langages identitaires qui les singularisent. Ceux-ci les autorisent également à se revendiquer du lignage paternel qui leur assure un rang social. Les discours produits sur les bâtard.es rejoignent surtout l’attitude de la parenté à leur égard : elle les incorpore tout en les distinguant au sein du lignage. Les enfants nés hors mariage renforcent alors la parenté légitime et concourent à la reproduction sociale de la famille. À travers les fonctions qu’ils exercent, le patrimoine qu’ils possèdent ou les alliances qu’ils contractent, ils soutiennent les ambitions politiques des princes, dans un contexte de restructuration des rapports de force avec la royauté. / At the end of the Middle Ages, bastard children of nobles benefited from a privileged situation. The study of the House of the Bourbon dukes (14th-mid-16th centuries) shows that such recognition was expressed through identity, kinship and the power conferred upon people of illegitimate birth. The objective is to highlight the system which favored the social promotion of a population born outside of marriage. Natural children benefitted from a unique situation, expressed through specific languages of identity. This allowed then to claim paternal lineage as well, which assured them of a certain social standing. The discourses produced regarding bastards are reflected most notably in the attitude towards them based on their ties of kinship, which includes them as part and parcel of the lineage. Children born outside of marriage thus reinforce legitimate kinship and participate in the social reproduction of the family. Through their professional roles, the patrimony which they possess and/or the alliances which they forge, they support the political ambitions of the princes, in a context of the restructuration of power relations with royalty.

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This dissertation is a report on how Tom Lanoye, a contemporary Flemish author who explores themes of social relevance, deconstructs the sexual identity of his characters within the context of a postmodernist culture. The manifestation of this deconstruction process is described within those theoretical paradigms of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler that link sexual identity and social mores. For the purpose of this research Tom Lanoye‘s ‘Monster’ Trilogy was selected. Set against the backdrop of Belgium society during the late nineties of the twentieth century and highlighting the moral downfall of the Deschryver patriarchy, Lanoye’s novels address an assortment of contemporary gender and social political issues in his trilogy. These include the following: political corruption; incest; homosexuality; racism; the sexual abuse of minors; the relation between language and identity, volatile childrenparent relationships; the subversion of gender norms and sexual transformation. / In hierdie verhandeling word verslag gedoen van die wyse waarop Tom Lanoye as hedendaagse eksponent van die Vlaamse versetprosa die seksuele identiteit van sy karakters binne die konteks van 'n postmodernistiese verwysingsraam dekonstrueer. Die manifestasie van hierdie dekonstruksieproses word beskryf binne die teoretiese paradigmas met betrekking tot die verband tussen seksuele identiteit en maatskappy van Michel Foucault en Judith Butler. Vir die doel van hierdie ondersoek is Lanoye se 'Monstertrilogie' geselekteer. Gesitueer teen die agtergrond van die Belgiese maatskappy in die laat negentigerjare van die twintigste eeu en gefokus op die morele ondergang van die Deschryver-patriargie, sny Lanoye se trilogie 'n verskeidenheid van aktuele gender-en sosio-politieke kwessies aan. Hierdie kwessies sluit in: politieke korrupsie; bloedskande; homoseksualiteit, rassisme; die seksuele misbruik van minderjariges; die verhouding tussen taal en identiteit; onbestendige ouer-kind-verhoudings; die ondermyning van gendernorme en die kwessie van seksuele transformasie. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

This dissertation is a report on how Tom Lanoye, a contemporary Flemish author who explores themes of social relevance, deconstructs the sexual identity of his characters within the context of a postmodernist culture. The manifestation of this deconstruction process is described within those theoretical paradigms of Michel Foucault and Judith Butler that link sexual identity and social mores. For the purpose of this research Tom Lanoye‘s ‘Monster’ Trilogy was selected. Set against the backdrop of Belgium society during the late nineties of the twentieth century and highlighting the moral downfall of the Deschryver patriarchy, Lanoye’s novels address an assortment of contemporary gender and social political issues in his trilogy. These include the following: political corruption; incest; homosexuality; racism; the sexual abuse of minors; the relation between language and identity, volatile childrenparent relationships; the subversion of gender norms and sexual transformation. / In hierdie verhandeling word verslag gedoen van die wyse waarop Tom Lanoye as hedendaagse eksponent van die Vlaamse versetprosa die seksuele identiteit van sy karakters binne die konteks van 'n postmodernistiese verwysingsraam dekonstrueer. Die manifestasie van hierdie dekonstruksieproses word beskryf binne die teoretiese paradigmas met betrekking tot die verband tussen seksuele identiteit en maatskappy van Michel Foucault en Judith Butler. Vir die doel van hierdie ondersoek is Lanoye se 'Monstertrilogie' geselekteer. Gesitueer teen die agtergrond van die Belgiese maatskappy in die laat negentigerjare van die twintigste eeu en gefokus op die morele ondergang van die Deschryver-patriargie, sny Lanoye se trilogie 'n verskeidenheid van aktuele gender-en sosio-politieke kwessies aan. Hierdie kwessies sluit in: politieke korrupsie; bloedskande; homoseksualiteit, rassisme; die seksuele misbruik van minderjariges; die verhouding tussen taal en identiteit; onbestendige ouer-kind-verhoudings; die ondermyning van gendernorme en die kwessie van seksuele transformasie. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Bibliography: leaves 253-298 / This study examines the language, identity and intercultural communication dynamics in the Xhosa communities of Cape Town where some immigrant Shona speakers dwell. Language is a complex and nuanced repertoire of culture and the choice of language constitutes part of an individual’s identity construction. Owing to these identity dynamics, the Shona speakers resident among the Xhosa communities find themselves entangled in the politics of belonging and identity that define the Shona-Xhosa immigrant landscape in Cape Town. The Shona speakers engaging in intercultural communication in Xhosa communities are confronted with language and cultural hurdles. Orbe’s Co-cultural Theory among others was central to the unpacking of the intricacies of culture and the Xhosa hegemony. Results show that Shona people speak Xhosa for social acceptance and to secure economic benefits. Nevertheless, this seems not to offer them profound indulgence with the Xhosa culture. Even if they comprehend the culture, their Shona cultural identity hampers their full admission into the Xhosa culture. This lack of cultural acceptance leaves the Shona speakers alienated from both Xhosa and Shona cultures. In that regard, Shona speakers among Xhosa communities in Cape Town live a fluid life in which relentless cultural change is the only constant. This transitory life promotes intercultural concession in the personal layer of self, leading to the emergence of a hybrid multicultural self-concept. The study thus contributes towards scholarship by revealing that the differences in individual linguistic circumstances in the process of intercultural negotiation appear to produce different levels of acquisition of the Xhosa culture and Xhosa by the Shona speakers. This is corroborated by the fact that Shona speakers who could not speak English learnt Xhosa faster than those who could speak English. This study argues that the maintenance of the Shona language by its speakers in Xhosa communities is as much their duty, as it is their right. Ultimately, the study posits that ethnocentrism stifles the intercultural communication process and leads to tiffs in multicultural communities / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)