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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Distribuição do colágeno tipo I, colágeno tipo III e versican na lâmina própria da prega vocal humana de fetos e adultos: método histoquímico e imunoistoquímico / Collagen type I, collagen type III and versican distribution within the lamina propria of fetal and adult human vocal fold : histochemical and immunohistochemical method

Rogerio Borghi Buhler 22 October 2008 (has links)
A matriz extracelular apresenta importante papel na fisiologia da fonação sendo necessário o conhecimento de seus componentes. Poucos estudos sobre os componentes da matriz em fetos e a ausência de relatos do versican nesta faixa etária, bem como a necessidade de aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre os componentes da matriz em adultos, resultaram na elaboração deste estudo. Analisar a presença e distribuição do colágeno tipo I, colágeno tipo III e proteoglicano versican na lâmina própria da prega vocal de laringes fetais e adultas é o objetivo do estudo. No grupo fetal foram estudadas 7 laringes obtidas de cadáveres variando de 28 a 36 semanas de idade gestacional. No grupo adulto foram estudadas 20 laringes, 10 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 66 anos, e 10 do sexo feminino com média de idade de 70 anos, com idades pareadas. Utilizou-se método imunoistoquímico para avaliar a expressão do versican no grupo fetal e adulto. Para a avaliação das fibras colágenas utilizou-se o método da Picrosirius polarização no grupo fetal e imunoistoquímico no grupo adulto. A quantificação das fibras colágenas e do versican foi realizada por meio de análise digital de imagens. Os resultados do grupo fetal mostraram uma distribuição homogênea das fibras colágenas formando uma estrutura monolaminar com um entrelaçamento entre as fibras denominado arranjo em cesta de vime; em relação ao versican, este apresentou uma densidade maior na camada superficial e intermediária da lâmina própria. Os resultados do grupo adulto mostraram uma menor densidade de colágeno tipo I na camada intermediária quando comparado à camada superficial (p<0.001) e camada profunda (p=0.005). O colágeno tipo III apresentou distribuição mais homogênea nas camadas da lâmina própria, com uma densidade estatisticamente menor na camada intermediária quando comparada à camada profunda (p=0.001), mas sem diferença estatística na camada superficial. O versican apresentou densidade menor na camada superficial quando comparado à camada intermediária (p=0.036) e camada profunda (p=0.013). Houve menor densidade de versican nas mulheres quando comparado aos homens, percebida apenas na camada superficial. Quando todas as camadas foram consideradas conjuntamente houve uma correlação positiva entre a densidade de versican e colágeno tipo III (r=0.57; p=0.010). Este estudo mostrou as diferenças na distribuição dos componentes da matriz nas camadas da lâmina própria em dois grupos etários proporcionando uma discussão sobre as implicações destes achados na fisiologia vocal e sugerindo que as estruturas glóticas já estariam preparadas para a vocalização ao nascimento / Extracellular matrix has an important rule in the vocal fold physiology and the knowledge about your components is necessary. Fewer studies about matrix extracellular and no studies about versican in fetuses, and the necessity to improve the knowledge about extracellular matrix components in adults group came us to the elaboration of this study that has the objective to analyze the presence and distribution of collagen type I, type III and versican in human vocal fold lamina propria of fetal and adult larynges. Seven fetal larynges obtained from 28- to 36- week-old cadaveric fetuses were studied. Twenty larynges were obtained from adults (10 males and 10 females). Mean age of males was 66 and 70 from females, without significant statistical difference between groups. For the analysis of versican expression, immunohistochemical reactions were carried out in fetal and adult group. The larynges were analyzed through Picrosirius polarization method and immunohistochemistry to visualize the collagen fibers, in fetal and adult group respectively. Collagen fibers and proteoglycan were quantified using a digital image analysis system. In fetuses, the collagen fibers system exhibited homogeneous distribution pattern in a monolaminar layer and spatial arrangement as in a wicker basket; predominance of versican distribution was found out on the superficial and intermediate layer of vocal fold lamina propria. In adult group, there was a lower collagen type I density in the intermediate layer when compared to the superficial (p<0.001) and the deep layers (p=0.005). Collagen type III presented a lower density in the intermediate layer when compared to the deep layer (p=0.001) but without differences in the superficial layer. There was a lower versican density in the superficial layer when compared to the intermediate layer (p=0.036) and deep layer (p=0.013). There was a lower versican density in the lamina propria of females when compared with males. The difference was noted in the superficial layer only. When all layers are considered together there was a positive correlation between versican and collagen type III densities (r=0.57; p=0.010). This study shows the differences in the extracellular matrix components distribution in lamina propria vocal folds in fetal and adult group permitting a discussion about the implications in vocal fold physiology and suggesting that laryngeal structures will be prepared to vocalization at birth
172

Avaliação Genético-Molecular do Carcinoma das Células Escamosas da Laringe / Assessing the Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx

SILVA, Cláudio Carlos da 21 October 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudio carlos.pdf: 4222908 bytes, checksum: 9eff1b9f349ce5868c10ca1d5b440898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-21 / The larynx is a structure of the upper aerodigestive tract responsible for the production of sounds as well as protecting the lower airways and helping during the normal act of swallowing. Any pathology which affects the larynx can impose several challenges that disrupt its normal physiological function, and consequently and directly resulting in reduction of the patient s quality of life. Among the different diseases that affect the larynx, cancer is one of the most serious. The squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx is a multifactorial disease, influenced by environmental factors and individual behavioral, habits, and susceptibility. The current study describes the molecular and genetic assessment of 20 patients with the squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. In summary, the study strategy included the analyses of the genetic polymorphism of codon 72 of the TP53, the detection and genotyping of HPV genome, assessing genomic instability (MIS and LOH) and random chromosomal imbalances using PCR and CGH approaches. Regarding to the polymorphism of the TP53 gene, arginine homozygous genotypes (p53AA) and arginine-proline heterozygous genotypes (p53PA) were found in 65% (13/20) and 35% (7 / 20) of cases, respectively. HPV genome was found in association with tumor cells in 20% of SCC cases. HPV 16, 11, and 45 were the genotypes identified. Moreover, co-infection of HPV 11 and 45 was also observed. Both samples found positive for HPV genome were associated with p53AA at the TP53 gene. Our results corroborated the data published in the literature that described an increased susceptibility to the virus-induced carcinogenesis of the larynx in arginine homozygous genotypes. Here in we report genomic instability for a panel of 8 microsatellite markers distributed in 5 chromosomes. One locus (D8S135) was found in homozygous for all cases. On the other hand, RH-92600 was not included in the analysis mainly because it was also found homozygous for most cases. We found 76.2% (244/320) of informative loci. Thus the mean frequency of MIS was 9.0% (22/244) and LOH was 6.1% (15/244). The frequency of MIS was found higher than the LOH, suggesting that the tumorigenesis of SCC of the larynx follows a mechanism of mutator phenotype. Using CGH, chromosomal gains were observed in 1q21&#61664;qter. On the other hand, chromosomal losses occurred in chromosome 3p21&#61664;p28, 11q23, 16p16, 16q12, 17p13&#61664;pter and 22q13. The techniques of comparative genomic hybridization have improved the understanding of genetic alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, especially for characterizing the relationship between early precursors of laryngeal carcinomas, as well as to identify genomic regions that may contain oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in the tumorigenesis of this anatomical site. / A laringe é uma estrutura tubular do trato aero digestivo com a principal função de formação de sons, além de estar relacionada com a proteção das vias aéreas inferiores e deglutição dos alimentos. Qualquer patologia que acomete este órgão pode ocasionar diversos problemas em sua função fisiológica normal, com influência plena e direta no decréscimo da qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Das diversas doenças que afetam a laringe, o câncer apresenta-se como uma das mais graves. O carcinoma de células escamosas da laringe apresenta-se como uma doença multifatorial e epigenética sendo influenciada por fatores ambientais, comportamentais e inerentes ao indivíduo. Este estudo avaliou 20 indivíduos portadores do carcinoma das células escamosas da laringe. Dentre dos parâmetros avaliados, destacam-se o polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene do gene TP53, a detecção e genotipagem do genoma de HPV, a instabilidade genômica (LOH e MIS) e alterações cromossômicas não balanceadas. Em relação ao polimorfismo de TP53, os resultados foram 65% (13/20) de homozigotos (TP53AA) e 35% (7/20) de heterozigotos (TP53PA). Em 20% dos pacientes foi observada a presença de genoma HPV associada às células tumorais, tendo sido genotipados os subtipos virais HPV 16 em uma amostra e HPV 11 e 45 na outra amostra, caracterizando uma co-infecção. Os dois casos positivos para HPV apresentaram genótipo homozigoto (TP53AA) para o gene TP53. Os resultados deste estudo corroboram os dados publicados na literatura pertinente, que correlacionam a susceptibilidade aumentada para CEC da laringe em indivíduos homozigotos para TP53Arg e a maior susceptibilidade destes à carcinogênese vírus-induzida. A instabilidade genômica foi avaliada utilizando um painel de 8 marcadores de microssatélites distribuídos em 5 cromossomos diferentes. Os loci D8S135 e RH-92600 foram considerados não informativos, pois se apresentaram homozigotos na maioria dos casos, enquanto que 76,2% (244/320) loci foram informativos. Contudo, a freqüência de MIS foi de 9% (22/244) e a freqüência de LOH de 6,1% (15/244). A freqüência observada de MIS foi maior do que a freqüência de LOH, sugerindo que o carcinoma das células escamosas da laringe segue o mecanismo fenótipo mutante . A hibridação genômica comparativa mostrou que a principal região cromossômica que apresentou ganhos foi em 1q21&#61664;qter, enquanto que as perdas cromossômicas ocorreram em 3p21&#61664;p28, 11q23, 16p16, 16q12, 17p13&#61664;pter e 22q13. As técnicas de hibridação genômica comparativa têm contribuído para melhorar a compreensão das alterações genéticas no carcinoma das células escamosas da laringe, sobretudo para a caracterização da relação entre estágios precursores de câncer laríngeo, assim como, para a identificação de regiões genômicas que podem conter oncogenes e genes supressores tumorais.
173

O polimorfismo do gene p5372(RP) no câncer de cabeça e pescoço: estudo de associação e meta-análise / p5372(RP) polymorphism in head and neck cancer: an association and meta-analysis study

SILVA, Antonio Márcio Teodoro Cordeiro 20 October 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 antonio marcio.pdf: 1664898 bytes, checksum: a51767c9c1070efdc7346160e72afa12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-20 / Head and neck cancer arises in the oral cavity and nearby regions, larynx, pharynx, including oropharynx, nasopharynx, and hipopharynx. Extensive epidemiologic studies have revealed that chronic tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption as the two main risk factors associated with the multifactorial etiology of head and neck cancers. Additionally, nutritional status, HPV infection, and genetic polymorphism were also related with the disease. A frequently studied polymorphism in Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of head and neck is a G-to-C SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) at codon 72 in the p53 gene, which codes for an Arg or Pro (Arginine or Proline) in P53 protein. In order to investigate the distribution and potential association of that SNP in SCC, biological samples were obtained from 331 cases of head and neck SCC from Araújo Jorge Hospital and 271 healthy control individuals from Goiânia (Brazil) population. DNA was isolated and subsequently used for PCR amplification to genotype cases and controls with respect to their p5372 SNP. Additionaly, a meta-analysis was carried out using 29 relevant case-control studies that used p5372 SNP genotyping in SCC of the head and neck. Allelic frequencies for cases were 73.3% and 27.7% for Arg and Pro, respectively. On the other hand, control allelic frequencies were 74.2% and 25.8% for Arg and Pro, respectively (p = 0.119). Genotypic frequencies were 56.8% Arg/Arg, 32.9% Arg/Pro, and 10.3% Pro/Pro for all cases. The control genotypic frequencies were 61.3% Arg/Arg, 25.8% Arg/Pro and 12.9% Pro/Pro (p = 0,137). According to the current data and meta-analysis, no association between p5372 SNP and the development of SCC of the head and neck was found. Although, the homozygous genotype Arg/Arg was found as an important oncogenic risk factor associated with the carcinoma of the oropharynx. / O câncer de cabeça e pescoço ocorre nas regiões da cavidade oral, da faringe (orofaringe, nasofaringe e hipofaringe) e da laringe. Aspectos epidemiológicos evidenciam a etiologia multifatorial das neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço, destacando, o tabagismo e o etilismo crônicos como principais fatores de risco, seguidos dos aspectos nutricionais, infecções pelo HPV e polimorfismos genéticos. No contexto dos polimorfismos genéticos tem-se o gene p5372(RP). O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer a associação entre o polimorfismo do gene p53, no códon 72 (Arginina/Prolina), e o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. O estudo contou com 602 participantes, divididos em: 331 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço provenientes do Hospital Araújo Jorge (grupo caso) e 271 indivíduos saudáveis selecionados randomicamente na população da cidade de Goiânia/GO (grupo controle). As amostras foram processadas e o DNA foi isolado para a avaliação molecular, por PCR, do polimorfismo do gene p5372(RP). Realizou-se também uma meta-análise com 29 estudos do tipo caso-controle de avaliação do referido polimorfismo em câncer de cabeça e pescoço. As frequências alélicas, dos 602 participantes para p53Arg e p53Pro, foram, respectivamente, 73,3% e 26,7% no grupo caso e 74,2% e 25,8% no grupo controle (p = 0,119). As frequências genotípicas foram, para o grupo caso, 56,8% Arg/Arg, 32,9% Arg/Pro e 10,3% Pro/Pro; e para o grupo controle, 61,3% Arg/Arg, 25,8% Arg/Pro e 12,9% Pro/Pro (p = 0,137). A meta-análise agrupou 29 estudos sobre o polimorfismo de p5372(RP) em câncer de cabeça e pescoço e não indicou nenhum tipo de correlação entre as variáveis consideradas. Os dados da presente avaliação e da meta-análise sugerem ausência de correlação entre o polimorfismo do gene p5372(RP) e o risco de desenvolver o câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Por outro lado, ao estratificar os dados por sítio anatômico, o genótipo Arg/Arg se revelou como um importante fator de risco oncogênico para o desenvolvimento do câncer da orofaringe quando comparado com os outros genótipos.
174

Perfil genotípico e epidemiológico do carcinoma de células escamosas de laringe / Genotypic and epidemiological profile of larynx squamous cell carcinoma

Vasconcelos , Paulo Marcelo de Faria 30 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T13:56:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Paulo Marcelo de Faria Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2907269 bytes, checksum: 8be002cc2fa5b671e5695027d86a00dd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-24T11:00:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Paulo Marcelo de Faria Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2907269 bytes, checksum: 8be002cc2fa5b671e5695027d86a00dd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T11:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Paulo Marcelo de Faria Vasconcelos - 2016.pdf: 2907269 bytes, checksum: 8be002cc2fa5b671e5695027d86a00dd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The larynx has important functions in the body, such as speech and breath. A particular pathology that affects this anatomical site will bring serious physiological problems, having a significant impact on quality of life of the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological data, social-demographic and molecular patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx of the Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional of Goiania (RCBP) of the Associação de Combate ao Câncer in Goiás (ACCG), analyzing the data of 63 patients followed over a period of 6 years. This study was conducted at the Núcleo de Pesquisa Replicon (PUC-GO) and LaGene (SES-GO), in order to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and molecular related to cancer of the larynx. This study found no association between biometabolism genes of xenobiotics (CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1) and susceptibility to SCC of the larynx. Additionally, the study of polymorphism in codon 72 of TP53 revealed that individuals Pro/Pro develop cancer of the larynx later than the Arg/Arg and Arg/Pro patients. Comparing the case and control groups were observed an increased risk of developing cancer of the larynx in the presence of the Arg/Pro genotype 2.7 times. The HPV genome rate was 3% of analyzed samples (HPV16/45 and HPV11), all for Arg/Arg individuals. The SCC larynx, in this study, occurred 3.5 times more men than women. Patients with tobacco habits and chronic alcoholic and concomitant feature a significantly lower survival compared to patients without such habits at an interval of six years. Additionally, the overall survival of the larynx was approximately 66% in six years. This observation is directly related to smoking and concomitant alcoholic habits, strengthening the participation of these factors in the initiation and progression of SSC larynx. Additional changes in previously studied areas and the investigation of other factors associated with laryngeal carcinomas can be important tools in estimating the prognosis of tumor progression and hence improving the quality of life of patients. / A laringe possui funções importantes para o organismo, como fonação e respiração. Uma determinada patologia que acomete esse sítio anatômico trará sérios problemas fisiológicos, tendo um impacto expressivo na qualidade de vida do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os dados clínico-epidemiológicos, sócio-demográficos e moleculares de pacientes diagnosticados com carcinoma espinocelular da laringe do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Goiânia (RCBP) da Associação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás (ACCG), analisando os dados de 63 pacientes acompanhados num período de 6 anos. O presente estudo foi conduzido no Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon (PUC-GO) e no LaGene (SES-GO), no qual foram avaliadas as características clínico-epidemiológicas e moleculares relacionadas ao câncer da laringe. O presente estudo não observou associação entre os genes de biometabolismo de xenobióticos (CYP1A1, GSTM1 e GSTT1) e a suscetibilidade de câncer de células escamosas (CCE) de laringe. Adicionalmente, o estudo do polimorfismo do códon 72 do gene TP53 revelou que indivíduos Pro/Pro desenvolveram câncer da laringe mais tardiamente do que os pacientes Arg/Arg e Arg/Pro. Comparando os grupos caso e controle, foi observado um risco maior de desenvolver câncer de laringe com a presença do genótipo Arg/Pro de 2,7 vezes. A frequência do genoma do HPV foi de 3% das amostras analisadas (HPV11 e 16/45), todos para indivíduos Arg/Arg. O CCE de laringe, no presente estudo, acometeu 3,5 vezes mais homens, do que mulheres. Os pacientes com hábitos tabagista e etilista crônicos e concomitantes apresentam uma sobrevida consideravelmente menor, quando comparados aos pacientes que não apresentam tais hábitos em um intervalo de 6 anos. Adicionalmente, a sobrevida geral da laringe foi de aproximadamente 66% em seis anos. Tal observação está diretamente relacionada aos hábitos tabagistas e etilistas concomitantes, reforçando a participação desses fatores na iniciação e progressão do CCE de laringe. Alterações adicionais em regiões previamente estudadas e a investigação de outros fatores associados aos carcinomas laríngeos poderão vir a ser ferramentas importantes na estimativa do prognóstico da progressão tumoral e, consequentemente, na melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
175

Estudo histoquímico e ultra-estrutural da distribuição das fibras da matriz extracelular na prega vocal humana fetal no período perinatal / Histochemical and ultrastructural study on the distribution of the extracellular matrix fibers in the human fetal vocal fold

Luciana Miwa Nita 12 March 2008 (has links)
Acredita-se que nos humanos, o ligamento vocal se desenvolva após o nascimento. No entanto, não há consenso na literatura sobre qual a faixa etária de seu aparecimento. Muitos estudos indicam que no neonato, a lâmina própria da prega vocal apresenta-se com algumas fibras esparsas sem uma organização particular. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi obter informação a respeito das fibras colagênicas e do sistema elástico (sob a luz dos conhecimentos atuais sobre a matriz extracelular), na lâmina própria de pregas vocais de fetos no período perinatal. Laringes obtidas por autópsia de fetos entre sete a nove meses foram estudadas através de microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão. Fibras contendo colágeno foram identificadas através do Método da Picrossírius-polarização, fibras do sistema elástico foram descritas utilizando-se o método de Resorcina-fucsina de Weigert após oxidação com oxona. Os resultados histoquímicos coincidem com as observações da microscopia eletrônica, evidenciando populações de fibras de colágeno segregadas em diferentes compartimentos na lâmina própria. Assim, em sua região central as fibras de colágeno se mostraram finas, fracamente birrefringentes de coloração esverdeada, enquanto que as regiões superficiais e profundas apresentaram fibras grossas de colágeno com forte birrefringência de cor vermelho-amarelada, quando estudadas através do método da Picrossírius-polarização. Estas características sugerem que as fibras finas da região central são compostas principalmente por colágeno tipo III, enquanto o colágeno tipo I predomina nas regiões superficial e profunda, em concordância com as observações da literatura relacionada com o estudo da prega vocal de adultos. Assim como o componente colagênico, as fibras do sistema elástico mostraram uma distribuição diferencial ao longo da lâmina própria. Em certo sentido, esta distribuição é complementar àquela das fibras de colágeno: a região central, na qual fibras colagênicas eram escassas e finas, apresentou maior densidade de fibras do sistema elástico, em comparação às regiões superficial e profunda. Assim, a presença de um padrão de distribuição diferencial das fibras da matriz extracelular na prega vocal humana fetal equivalente à descrição clássica do ligamento vocal adulto nos permitiu concluir que o ligamento vocal já está presente ao nascimento. As implicações funcionais destes achados foram discutidas. O conceito corrente de que os estímulos externos, como a fonação, são essenciais para a determinação da estrutura em camadas da lâmina própria, faz com que nossos resultados sejam surpreendentes ao evidenciar a presença de uma distribuição complexa e organizada dos componentes do tecido conjuntivo na lâmina própria de pregas vocais de fetos no período perinatal. A idéia de que a contribuição genética poderia desempenhar um papel importante na organização destas camadas, independentemente do estímulo mecânico, poderia explicar melhor a presença das estruturas observadas já ao nascimento, uma vez que o mecanismo genético pode agir antes de qualquer estímulo mecânico externo, como a fonação. / It is currently believed that, in humans, the vocal ligament develops after birth. However, there is no consensus in the literature about the age of its surge. Most papers describe that in the newborn, the lamina propria shows the presence of some sparse fibers without any particular organization. The main purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding collagenous and elastic system fibers (in the light of the current knowledge on extracellular matrix) in the lamina propria of fetal vocal fold. Larynges obtained from autopsy of human fetuses aged seven to nine months were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Collagen containing fibers were assessed by the Picrosirius-polarization method, elastic system fibers were described using Weigert\'s resorcin-fuchsin with previous oxidation with oxone. The histochemical results coincide with the electron microscope observations in showing collagen populations segregated into different compartments of the lamina propria. Thus, in its central region the collagen shows up as thin, weakly birefringent, greenish fibers while the superficial and deep regions consist of thick collagen fibers which display a strong birefringence of red or yellow color when studied with the aid of the Picrosirius-polarization method. These characteristics strongly suggest that the thin fibers in the central region are composed mainly of type-III collagen, whereas type-I collagen predominates in the superficial and deep regions, in agreement with the observations in the literature pertaining to studies of adult vocal folds. As well as collagen, the elastic system fibers show a differential distribution throughout the lamina propria. This distribution is complementary, in a sense, to that of the collagen fibers: the central region, with thin collagenous fibers, presents the greatest density of elastic system fibers in comparison to the superficial and deep regions. Thus, the presence of a differential distribution of the extracellular matrix fibers in the fetal vocal fold equivalent to the classical description of the adult vocal ligament allowed the conclusion that a vocal ligament is already present in the newborn. The functional implications of the foregoing findings are discussed. Current ideas sustaining that stimuli like phonation are essential to the determination of the layered structure of the lamina propria would make it surprising that a newborn baby could present a complex and organized distribution of connective tissue components as our results show to be the case. The idea that genetic contrivance instead should play a role in the organization of these layers seems to explain better the observed structures once it would act before any mechanical stimulus similar to phonation could take place.
176

Análise do fluxo glotal em modelo da laringe baseado em tomografia computadorizada / Glotal fluid flow analysis in Larynx model based on computed tomography scans

Fernando Roberto Hebeler Andrade 15 March 2013 (has links)
A voz é a principal ferramenta de comunicação da espécie humana e quase 70% da população economicamente ativa dos países desenvolvidos dependem direta ou indiretamente dela em sua profissão. Sua produção deve-se ao funcionamento harmônico de sistemas fisiológicos distintos, nos quais a laringe desempenha um importante papel. É nela que as funções de deglutição, respiração e fonação se encontram e também onde o pulso glotal é formado durante a passagem do ar pelas pregas vocais. Se os nervos e músculos da região por alguma razão são lesionados, o funcionamento dessas funções é prejudicado, causando sérios danos à qualidade de vida do indivíduo. Em virtude disso, diversas pesquisas tem sido realizadas visando adquirir informações que auxiliem as tomadas de decisões clínicas e cirúrgicas. Embora diversos avanços tenham sido realizados no campo de modelagens das pregas vocais e nos estudos da laringe, modelos baseados em geometrias de pacientes específicos que possam colaborar mais ativamente no planejamento cirúrgico, permanecem um desafio. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional tridimensional, com base em imagens de tomografia computacional. Tendo por objetivo impulsionar a modelagem das características fisiológicas de pacientes reais e assim proporcionar maiores informações para tomadas de decisões. Esse modelo foi utilizado em simulações de escoamento de fluido solucionadas por elementos finitos, apresentando possibilidades satisfatórias de contribuir para avanços na modelagem de pacientes com patologias e em abordagens interativas, tal como interferências nos modelos virtuais por interfaces hápticas e simulações virtuais de cirurgia da laringe. / The voice is the main instrument for communication of human beings and almost 70% of the economically active population in the developed countries depends, directly or indirectly, on it for their profession. Its production is due to the harmonious interaction of different physiological systems, in which the larynx plays an important role. The larynx is involved in the deglutition, breathing and phonation functions and it is where the glottal pulse is formed during airflow through the vocal folds. If the nerves and muscles in this region for some reason are injured, this functions are adversely affected, causing serious damages to the individuals quality of life. As a result, several researches have been carried out, aiming at acquiring information that help in the clinical and surgical decision making. Although many progresses had been reached in the field of vocal folds modeling and in larynx studies, patientspecific geometry modeling that may take an active part in the surgical planning are still a challenge. In this regard, this work presents the development of a threedimensional computational model, based on images from computed tomography (CT) scans. This model was used in fluid flow simulations, solved by finite element analysis, showing satisfactory possibilities for contributions to progresses in the modeling of patients with lesions and in interactive approaches, such as interferences in the models with haptic interface and virtual surgery of the larynx.
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Využití optických endoskopických metod v diagnostice slizničních nádorů hlavy a krku / Application of Optical Endoscopic Methods in Diagnostics of Head and Neck Mucosal Tumors

Šatanková, Jana January 2021 (has links)
Diagnosis of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is often in advanced stages of cancer, resulting in elimination of the possibility of treatment with the least mutilating effect for the patient. The huge progamination. ress in diagnostic process of mucosal tumors of the head and neck has been started with the development of new optical endoscopic imaging methods that are able to visualize initiating discrete mucosal changes with pathological vascularization easier and more accurately. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the benefit of Narrow Band Imaging (NBI), especially in the differentation of benign, precancerous and malignant changes in three groups of patients, it means in preoperative diagnostics in outpatient department (group I), during the endoscopic surgery (group II) and also in follow-up of patients after curative radiotherapy (group III). The vascular changes within the observed lesion or in close contact with the laryngeal/hypopharyngeal lesion were classified according to two classifications (Ni and Arens) and subsequently correlated with the histopathological results. The dissertation confirmed that NBI plays a key role in early detection of precancerous and malignant changes, in discrimination between benign and malignant vascular patterns with statistical significance. We...
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The Effect of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems on the Vocal Folds

Sample, Hilary Gayle 12 June 2019 (has links)
No description available.
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Flow-induced Responses of Normal, Bowed, and Augmented Synthetic Vocal Fold Models

Murray, Preston Roylance 10 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The voice is the primary mode of communication for humans. Because the voice is so important, voice disorders tend to severely diminish quality of life. A better understanding of the physics of voice production can help to improve treatment of voice disorders. For this thesis research a self-oscillating synthetic vocal fold model was developed, compared with previous synthetic vocal fold models, and used to explore the physical effects of augmentation injections on vibration dynamics. The research was conducted in two stages. First, four vocal fold models were evaluated by quantifying onset pressure, frequency, maximum glottal gap, flow rate, and medial surface motion. The newly developed model, differentiated from the other models by the inclusion of more layers, adjusted geometry, and an extremely soft superficial lamina propria layer, was included in this study. One of the models, created using MRI-derived geometry, had the most defined mucosal wave. The newly-developed model had the lowest onset pressure, flow rate, and smallest maximum glottal width, and the model motion compared very well with published excised human larynx data. Second, the new model was altered to simulate bowing by decreasing the volume of the body layer relative to that of a normal, unbowed model. Two models with varying degrees of bowing were created and tested while paired with normal models. Pre- and post-injection data (onset pressure, vibration frequency, glottal flow rate, open quotient, and high-speed image sequences) were recorded and compared. General pre- to post-injection trends included decreased onset pressure, glottal flow rate, and open quotient, and increased vibration frequency. Additionally, there was a decrease in mucosal wave velocity and an increase in phase angle. The thesis results are anticipated to aid in better understanding the physical effects of augmentation injections, with the ultimate goal of obtaining more consistent surgical outcomes, and also to contribute to the advancement of voice research through the development of the new synthetic model.
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High-Resolution MRI for 3D Biomechanical Modeling: Signal Optimization Through RF Coil Design and MR Relaxometry

Badal, James A. 27 February 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Computed Tomography (CT) is often used for building 3D biomechanical models of human anatomy. This method exposes the subject to a significant x-ray dose and provides limited soft-tissue contrast. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a potential alternative to CT for this application, as MRI offers significantly better soft-tissue contrast and does not expose the subject to ionizing radiation. However, MRI requires long scan times to achieve 3D images at sufficient resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). These long scan times can make subject motion a problem. This thesis describes my work to reduce scan time while achieving sufficient resolution, SNR, and CNR for 3D biomechanical modeling of (1) the human larynx, and (2) the human hip. I focused on two important strategies for reducing scan time and improving SNR and CNR: the design of RF coils optimized to detect MRI signals from the anatomy of interest, and the determination of MRI relaxation properties of the tissues being imaged (allowing optimization of imaging parameters to improve CNR between tissues). Work on the larynx was done in collaboration with the Thomson group in Mechanical Engineering at BYU. To produce a high-resolution 3D image of the larynx, a 2-channel phased array was constructed. Eight different coil element designs were analyzed for use in the array, and one chosen that provided the highest Q-ratio while still meeting the mechanical constraints of the problem. The phased array was tested by imaging a pig larynx, a good substitute for the human larynx. Excellent image quality was achieved and MR relaxometry was then performed on tissues in the larynx. The work on the hip was done in collaboration with the Anderson group in orthopedics at the University of Utah, who are building models of femoral acetabular impingement (FAI). Accurate imaging of hip cartilage requires injection of fluid into the hip joint capsule while in traction. To optimize contrast, MR relaxometry measurements were performed on saline, isovue, and lidocaine solutions (all typically injected into the hip). Our analysis showed that these substances actually should not be used for MR imaging of the hip, and alternate strategies should be explored as a result.

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