Vid en rent praktisk tillämpning av cirkulär ekonomi krävs det att man har kunskaper kring hur man får ett uttjänt material att bli till en ny produkt. Detta kan innefatta lagstiftning, men det finns även ett behov att se till att det inte kan orsaka negativa konsekvenser för hälsa eller miljö. Swerock önskar kunna producera ett cirkulärt ballastmaterial av överskottsmaterial från olika projekt vilket leder till frågan hur man kan miljöbedöma detta. Genom en litteraturstudie har en kunskapssammanställning genomförts för att besvara frågeställningen om vilken eller vilka testmetoder Swerock kan använda sig av för att testa material med syfte att kunna användas i vägbyggen så att materialet inte kommer att utgöra en fara för människa och miljö. Litteraturstudien i detta examensarbete behandlar bland annat lagstiftning, rapporter, studier och myndighetsdokument för att bygga en grund till förslag på miljöbedömningsförfarande som slutligen sammanställts. En jämförelse har även gjorts mellan tillhandahållna testresultat av laktestade prover från Swerock mot sammanställda haltgränser från litteraturen. Detta för att illustrera dagsläget och få en uppfattning om halter och ämnen som olika aktörer gränssatt och på vilka vis. Studien har visat att laktester är vanligt förekommande som ett sätt att bedöma miljöpåverkan hos olika typer av material och också ett tillvägagångssätt bland End of Waste-kriterier. Ekotoxikologiska test har inte befunnits vara så vanligt tillämpade men har framhållits av studier som ett lämpligt komplement till laktester. Ur litteraturstudien framkom det svenska systemet BASTA som ett sätt att farobedöma byggmaterial, där det är grundat på CLP:s faroangivelser för hälso- och miljöfarlighet. Dessa tre delar har sammanställts i det förslag på miljöbedömning som presenteras i resultatdelen. En slutsats som kan göras är att arbetet med frågeställningen om produktifiering av cirkulära material är i sin linda och att det finns möjligheter till fortsatta studier på ämnet. / In a purely practical application of circular economics it is necessary to have knowledge of how to convert a used material into a new product. This may include legislation, but there is also a need to ensure that it cannot cause negative health or environmental consequences. Swerock strives to be able to produce circular aggregate material of surplus material from various projects, which leads to the question of how this can be environmentally assessed. Through a literature study, a compilation of knowledge was made to answer the question about which test methods Swerock can use to test materials for use in road constructions to ensure that danger to humans and the environment is avoided. The literature study in this thesis covers, inter alia, legislation, reports, studies and government documents to build a basis for a proposal for an environmental assessment procedure. A comparison was also made between the provided test results of leaching test samples from Swerock and compiled content limits from the literature. This was to illustrate the current situation and get an idea of the levels and substances that different actors have set limits for and in what ways. The study has shown that leaching tests are common for assessing the environmental impact of different types of materials and also as an approach among the End of Waste criteria. Ecotoxicological tests have not been found to be as commonly applied but have been highlighted by studies as a suitable complement to leaching tests. From the literature study, the Swedish system BASTA emerged as a way of assessing hazard in building materials, where it is based on CLP's hazard statements for health and environmental hazards. These three parts have been compiled in the environmental assessment proposal presented in the results section. One conclusion that can be made is that the work on the question of the production of circular aggregate materials is in its infancy and that there are opportunities for further studies on the subject.

[pt] O níquel é um metal resistente à corrosão, usado em abundância na indústria. No que diz respeito às ocorrências lateríticas, o níquel se encontra distribuído na rede dos minerais de forma substitucional e em baixos teores o que, por sua vez, faz com que operações de processamento mineral se mostrem pouco eficazes para concentração. Desta forma, é fundamental que sejam estabelecidas iniciativas de processamentos químicos para aumento do teor do metal de interesse. Sob essa perspectiva, a presente dissertação de mestrado, por sua vez, se propõe a estuda o desenvolvimento de uma rota de pré-tratamento fundamentada na formação e solubilização seletiva de sulfatos a fim de verificar condições operacionais que permitam o enriquecimento de níquel no material de interesse. Dentro desse contexto, foi conduzido um estudo termodinâmico onde se verificou a viabilidade teórica de se utilizar o sulfato de ferro III como uma fonte de SO4 para formação dos sulfatos Ni, Co, Al, Mg e Ca. O estudo experimental de ustulação foi conduzido em forno mufla em tempos de 30 e 60 minutos, misturas diversas com diferentes proporções de Fe2(SO4)3, em temperaturas variando de 500 graus celsius até 900 graus celsius. A seguir, o produto reacional foi solubilizado em água a 80 graus celsius durante 1 hora. Observou-se a 700 graus celsius para um tempo de residência de 30 minutos, dado um excesso de 30 porcento de sulfato de ferro III, uma recuperação de 34 porcento de níquel, 68 porcento de cobalto e 58 porcento de magnésio, segundo análise em ICP-OES. Um ponto interessante do estudo está associado com a formação de licores de extração sem a presença do ferro, seja ele oriundo das lateritas ou do reagente de ustulação. A rota mostra-se promissora como uma etapa inicial para a processamento, sobretudo no que diz respeito à concentração de mais da metade do conteúdo de Co em uma corrente, particularmente se tratando de um minério rico em Fe e Si. / [en] Nickel is a corrosion resistant metal used in abundance in the industry. Regarding the lateritic occurrences, nickel is distributed in the mineral lattice in a substitutional manner and at low levels, which in turn makes mineral processing operations less effective for concentration. Thus, it is essential that chemical processing initiatives are established to increase the content of the metal of interest. From this perspective, the present master s thesis proposes to study the development of a pretreatment route based on the formation and selective solubilization of sulfates in order to verify operational conditions that allow the enrichment of nickel in the material of interest. In this context, a thermodynamic study was conducted in which the theoretical feasibility of using iron sulfate III as a SO4 source for the formation of Ni, Co, Al, Mg and Ca sulfates was verified. The experimental roasting study was conducted in muffle furnace in times of 30 and 60 minutes, different mixtures with different proportions of Fe2(SO4)3, at temperatures ranging from 500 celsius degrees to 900 celsius degrees. Then, the reaction product was solubilized in water at 80 celsius degrees for 1 hour. It was observed at 700 celsius degrees for a residence time of 30 minutes, given an excess of 30 percent of iron sulfate III, a recovery of 34 percent of nickel, 68 percent of cobalt and 58 percent of magnesium, according to analysis in ICP-OES. An interesting point of the study is associated with the formation of extraction liquors without the presence of iron, whether it comes from laterites or from the roasting reagent. The route is promising as an initial stage for processing, especially regarding to the concentration of more than half of the Co content in a stream, particularly in the case of an ore rich in Fe and Si.

[pt] Embora as lâmpadas fluorescentes (LF) estejam sendo substituídas por LED (diodo emissor de luz), a maioria das LF é descartada de forma inadequada e as taxas de reciclagem ainda são, em geral, baixas (4 por cento na China, 5 por cento no Brasil, 7 por cento no Canadá, menor que 10 por cento no Japão). Por causa da sua composição, as LF podem causar um impacto ambiental significativo. Assim, no presente estudo empregamos diferentes técnicas analíticas com o objetivo de caracterizar o material fosfórico bruto de LF, quantificar os elementos mobilizados por soluções de chorume e chuva ácida sintéticas, e avaliar os impactos ambientais relacionados ao descarte das lâmpadas através de análise de ciclo de vida (LCA) para o cenário da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A análise do material bruto por fluorescência e difração de raios X (FRX e DRX) aponta uma composição de fases sólidas complexa, com predominância de Ca, P e Al, presença de elementos terras raras, As e outros. Através da extração ácida auxiliada por micro-ondas, concentrações em massa de 0,1 até 16,5 por cento foram encontradas para Al, Ba, Ce, Eu, La, Mn, P, Sr e Y no material bruto, e mais de 700 mg kg-1 de Hg. As lixiviações com as soluções sintéticas foram realizadas com e sem agitação, partindo de 0,6 g de amostra, 1 mL das soluções, e 3 h de exposição. O ensaio produziu a mobilização de diversos elementos com concentrações atingindo 23,5 mais ou menos 0,4 mg kg-1 (Hg) na chuva ácida, e 34,0 mais ou menos 1,0 mg kg-1 (Sr) no chorume. Devido à periculosidade de alguns elementos, as quantidades extraídas, apesar de baixas, são preocupantes, e lixiviações consecutivas, comuns num cenário real de descarte, podem agravar a situação. A análise de ciclo de vida apontou que as lâmpadas geram maiores impactos ambientais nas categorias de ecotoxicidade terrestre, toxicidade humana não-carcinogênica, potencial de aquecimento global e esgotamento de recursos fósseis. A análise indicou que o aumento das taxas de reciclagem pode reduzir em 70 a 90 por cento a maioria dos impactos ao meio ambiente. / [en] Although fluorescent lamps (FL) are being replaced by LED (light emitting diode), most FL are disposed of improperly and recycling rates are still generally low (4 percent in China, 5 percent in Brazil, 7 percent in Canada, less than 10 percent in Japan). Because of their composition, FL can have a significant environmental impact. Thus, in the present study, we used different analytical techniques with the objective of characterizing the raw phosphor material of FL, quantifying the elements mobilized by synthetic landfill leachate and acid rain solutions, and evaluating the environmental impacts related to the disposal of lamps through life cycle analysis (LCA) for the city of Rio de Janeiro scenario. The analysis of the raw material by fluorescence and X-ray diffraction (FRX and DRX) points to a complex composition of solid phases, with a predominance of Ca, P and Al, presence of rare earth elements, As and others. Through microwave-assisted near-total acid extraction, concentrations varying from 1 to 165 g kg-1 were found for Al, Ba, Ce, Eu, La, Mn, P, Sr, and Y in the raw material, and more than 700 mg kg-1 of Hg. Leaching with synthetic solutions was performed with and without agitation, with 0.6 g of sample, 1 mL of solutions, and 3 h of exposure. The test produced the mobilization of several elements with concentrations reaching 23.5 more or less 0.4 mg kg-1 (Hg) in acid rain, and 34.0 more or less 1.0 mg kg-1 (Sr) in landfill leachate. Due to the danger of some elements, the amounts extracted, although low, are worrying, and consecutive leaching, common in a real disposal scenario, can aggravate the situation. The life cycle analysis indicated that the lamps generate greater environmental impacts in the categories of terrestrial ecotoxicity, non-carcinogenic human toxicity, global warming potential and depletion of fossil resources. The analysis indicated that increasing recycling rates can reduce most impacts to the environment by 70 to 90 percent.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an excellent material for bottling water, beverages, edible oils and other liquids because it is light, tough and transparent. PET bottles are also extensively reused for storage of drinking water, beverages and other liquids and for solar disinfection of microbiologically unsafe drinking water in the tropics. In spite of the usefulness of PET bottles earlier works have reported leaching of antimony and acetaldehyde from the bottle matrix into the liquid contents. Both antimony trioxide and acetaldehyde belongs to Group 2B (possible carcinogens) in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogen classification. Additionally acetaldehyde associated with alcoholic beverages (derived from alcoholic beverage and formed endogenously) has recently been upgraded to IARC Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). The research aims to assess the pattern and extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from British and Nigerian polyethylene terephthalate bottles into bottle contents under typical use and reuse conditions. The research compares the assessed extents of migration with the current regulations to determine whether the maximum acceptable levels of antimony and acetaldehyde are being exceeded and whether current regulations might need to be reassessed. To achieve these goals the pattern and extent of PET bottle use and reuse in Britain and Nigeria were appraised through survey. The survey revealed that new bottles with contents are typically stored prior to use for periods ranging between one and 7 days, with Nigerians storing for longer periods than British respondents. However storage of up to one year was reported. The extent of bottle reuse was high and similar for the two countries. Nevertheless Nigerian respondents reuse bottles for longer periods than British respondents. The survey findings together with relevant literature were used to design laboratory experiments that assessed the extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from PET bottles into water/beverages. A total of 82 brands of bottled water and soft drinks in plastic and glass bottles and in cartons were collected. A few samples from Nigeria in plastic pouches were collected. Materials used in bottling including glass and plastic bottle materials, metal and plastic bottle cap materials and plastic cap lining materials were collected. All samples were collected in supermarkets and shops in Britain and Nigeria except drinking water from taps which was collected in Britain only. Some bottles were aged for the purpose of studying the impact of bottle aging on chemical migration. Other bottles were stored with their contents to study the impact of long term storage of bottle contents on chemical migration. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise PET bottle material and other materials associated with water and soft drink bottling. Antimony and other trace metals in water and soft drinks were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony content of PET and other plastics was determined by microwave digestion and ICP-MS. Acetaldehyde content of water and soft drinks and PET were determined using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Accuracy and precision for determination of antimony and other trace elements in bottle materials and bottle contents were good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Accuracy and precision for determination of acetaldehyde in bottle materials and bottle contents were also good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Impact of long term storage, elevated temperatures, bottle thickness, carbonation, bottle aging and bottle size on migration of antimony and acetaldehyde were also assessed. All plastic bottle materials analysed were found to be PET. Bottle cap materials were either polyethylene or polypropylene. All plastic cap lining materials from Britain and some from Nigeria were found to be ethylene vinyl acetate/polypropylene copolymer. Plastic cap lining materials from some Nigerian soft drinks were identified as polyvinyl chloride. Glass bottle materials analysed were found to be soda-lime glass. Metal bottle caps were identified as tinplate, tin-free-steel coated with chromium or aluminium coated with chromium. The antimony concentration in 32 PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria were similar and ranged between 177 and 310 mg/kg with an average of 250±30 mg/kg. The concentration agrees well with the industry reported concentration of between 150 and 350 mg/kg. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde in 25 fresh PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria ranged between 0.95 and 12.52 µg/g. The average concentration in British and Nigerian soft drinks PET materials are 4.76 and 2.17µg/g respectively. Concentration of residual acetaldehyde was higher in soft drinks and still water PET materials than in sparkling water materials. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde decreases as the bottle wall material becomes older. Also the thinner the bottle walls the lower the concentration of residual acetaldehyde. Antimony concentration in 47 freshly purchased British bottled water and soft drinks ranged between 0.03 and 6.61µg/L with only one sample going above the EU acceptable limit. Concentrations of other trace elements measured were low except titanium which was detected at part per million levels in soft drinks. Lead content of a Nigerian soft drink in glass bottle stored for 2 months was above the EU acceptable limit for lead. At realistic temperatures of 40 and 60°C antimony concentration in the water remained below the EU acceptable limit even after 48 hours of exposure but the concentration exceeded the limit for most exposures at 80°C. Concentration of antimony in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks was above the EU limit after 11 months of storage at room temperature. Aged bottles leach lower amount of antimony than new bottles. Similarly larger bottles leach lower amount of antimony than smaller bottles. The average acetaldehyde concentrations found in British fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks, sparkling water and still water were 5113, 1458, 22 and 8 µg/L respectively. Acetaldehyde was not detected in water bottled in glass. The concentration of acetaldehyde in five fruit juice samples in PET bottles and carton was beyond the EU specific migration limit (SML) of 6mg/kg. Also the tolerable daily intake of acetaldehyde could be exceeded as a result of intake of some soft drinks and fruit juices. Acetaldehyde content in soft drinks increase with storage but the increase cannot be accounted for by the residual acetaldehyde in PET. Acetaldehyde was found to be outgassing from some bottles. It was also found to be capable of migrating from soft drinks into bottle wall. Without replenishment the concentration of acetaldehyde in solution decreases with time. The use of PVC cap lining in Nigeria as found in this study is a cause for concern as PVC is associated with health risk issues. The study recommends actions to ensure that antimony in fruit juices and other bottled products remain within the regulatory standard from bottling to consumption for the purpose of safeguarding the health of consumers. Glass used in bottling should be well scrutinized to ensure that it does not contain high levels of lead or other chemical substances that can cause harm to consumers through migration into contents. PET bottles can safely be used for solar water disinfection without the risk of antimony intake at concentrations above safe limits as water temperature achievable as the result of the technique doesn¿t go beyond 60°C. Also aged bottles are safer to use than new bottles because their chemical leaching was found to be lower than that of new bottles. This study recommends the reassessment of the absence of international guidelines for acetaldehyde in water and foods. The study also recommends that the amount of acetaldehyde that can be added to soft drinks as flavouring agent should be below the specific migration limit (SML) for migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottle into bottle contents. This is essential since the SML was designed to ensure that exposure to acetaldehyde, as a result of intake of bottled water and soft drinks in PET bottles, is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for acetaldehyde. As antimony was reported to go beyond the safe limits in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks after 11 months of storage this study discourages the use of bottle contents stored for a very long time. / Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom

Red muds are non-recyclable wastes formed after bauxite processing, occupy significant areas and are environmentally hazardous. At the same time, red mud contains a large number of valuable components - rare earth metals, iron and titanium. The thesis analyzes the existing technologies for processing red mud and the effectiveness of existing methods for extracting valuable components from red mud. The aim of the study was to study the leaching of red mud in sulfuric acid in order to extract iron into a solution and concentrate titanium in an insoluble residue. As a result of the work, optimal leaching conditions were established, ensuring removal of iron from red mud by 80% and concentrating up to 70% of titanium in an insoluble residue. / Красные шламы представляют собой неутилизируемые отходы, образующиеся после переработки бокситов, занимают значительные площади и являются экологически опасными. В тоже время в красном шламе содержится большое количество ценных компонентов - редкоземельные металлы, железо и титан. В диссертации проанализированы существующие технологии переработки красного шлама и эффективность существующих методов извлечения ценных компонентов из красных шламов. Целью работы являлось исследование выщелачивания красного шлама в серной кислоте с целью извлечения железа в раствор и концентрирования титана в нерастворимом остатке. В результате проведенной работы были установлены оптимальные условия выщелачивания, обеспечивающие извлечение из красного шлама железа на 80% и коцентрирование до 70 % титана в нерастворимом остатке.

Объектом исследования является композитный сорбент, модифицированный оксигидратом железа. Цель работы - синтез композитного неорганического сорбента и изучение его свойств. В работе проводился синтез нового неорганического сорбента с помощью полного факторного эксперимента. Был изучен механизм сорбции ионов фтора и хлора. Изучена устойчивость сорбента к агрессивным средам. Экспериментально определена емкость различных образцов сорбента. / In this paper, research arsenic-containing slimes of neutralization of waste electrolytes was carried out to selectively extract valuable metals (copper, nickel). The method of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was applied. The chemical and phase analysis of multicomponent manmade waster was carried out, the leaching chelating reagent Trilon B was offered and its choice is reasonable. A review of modern methods of processing and laboratory studies were carried out. The processes of leaching of slimes by aqueous solution of Trilon B, purification of the obtained trilonate solution from metal-impurities and solvent regeneration were studied and optimized. Also, in the thesis the optimal scheme of processing of hydroxide sludges was chosen and the ecological and economic justification of the chosen technology of processing was represented.

No description available.

Sediments rich in sulfide were deposited in the Littorina sea in an environment that was shallow, anoxic,and reductive. The sediments were brought above sea level by isostatic uplift and can now be foundalong the coast of the Baltic sea. These sulfide rich sediments oxidize when they are exposed to air whenthe water table is lowered due to uplift, anthropogenic activities, or hydrological droughts. Oxidation ofsulfate soils will lower the pH and mobilize metals in the soil that will leach into adjacent rivers and willimpact the water chemistry and damage ecosystems. A few studies have noted that leaching increasesin sulfate soils after drought which has resulted in fish death. The impact of droughts on leaching from sulfate soils were investigated in nine rivers (Flarkbäcken,Hertsångerälven, Kvismare canal, Kyro river, Närpes River, Persöfjärden, Storbäcken, Tjuståsaån, andToby river) by looking at time series of sulfate concentrations and drought periods. The impact on riversafter a drought was studied by plotting the deviation from median specific discharge in summer andautumn against the deviation from median concentration of SO42-, a suite of metals and pH the followingseason with high discharge e.g. spring. The metals that were examined in the river were Aluminum (Al),Cadmium, (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Cupper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Nickle (Ni), Zinc (Zn).TheKendall’s τ was then used to determine if the relationship between discharge and leached compoundconcentration was significant and which direction it had. In the sulfate timeseries the hydrological droughts generally coincided with low SO42- and werefollowed by SO42- peaks. The sulfate concentrations increased significantly after droughts, and theincrease in SO42- lasted for 1-3 years for most rivers. In two Finnish rivers the SO42- remained higher alonger time of 5 years in Kyro river and Närpes river after multiyear droughts. In Kvismare canal, Kyroriver, Närpes river and Tjuståsaån the SO42- concentration was higher in the mid-1900s which could bedue to changes in ditching activity, the acid sulfate soils transitioning to post active sulfate soils afterthe ditching activity stopped in the regions, or SO42- air deposition historically being greater. SO42-, Co, Ni, and Zn had negative significant correlations in a majority of the rivers, while pH, Fe,and total organic carbon had significant positive correlations a majority of rivers. A negative correlationindicates high concentrations of the leached compound after a drought while positive correlationsindicate low concentrations of the leached compound after a drought. Al, Cd, Cu, and Mn did not havea significant correlation in a majority of the rivers which could be due to their dependence on pH whichwill not always change in the rivers in spring due to acidic water leaching from acid sulfate soils sincethe acidic water will be diluted by meltwater. / Efter senaste istiden var vattnet i havet syrefritt och reducerande vid havsbotten, vilket ledde till attsulfidmineral avsattes. Dessa sulfidrika sediment har hamnat ovanför havsytan på grund avlandhöjningen och finns i kustnära områden runt östersjön. Sulfidsedimenten oxiderar om de kommer ikontakt med syre vilket kan ske på grund av landhöjning, mänskliga aktiviteter, eller torka som sänkergrundvattennivåerna. När sulfatjordarna oxiderar sänks pH i jorden och metaller frigörs vilka sedanlakas ur jorden och påverkar närliggande vattendrag och ekosystem. Lakning av metaller har i någrastudier setts öka efter extrem torka vilket i vissa fall har lett till fiskdöd. I nio vattendrag (Flarkbäcken, Hertsångerälven, Kvismare kanal, Kyro älv, Närpes å, Persöfjärden,Storbäcken Tjuståsaån och Toby å) undersöktes hur torka påverkar urlakning från sura sulfatjordar. Deämnen som undersöktes var Aluminium (Al), Kadmium (Cd), Kobolt (Co), koppar (Cu), Järn (Fe),Mangan (Mn), Nickel, (Ni), Totalt Organiskt Kol (TOC), och Zink (Zn). Sambandet mellanvattenföringens avvikelse från medianen under de sommar samt höst och avvikelsen avkoncentrationerna av urlakade ämnen från medianen följande årstid med högt flöde plottades för attundersöka hur sambandet såg ut. De statistiska testerna Kendalls τ användes för att utvärdera om enkorrelation existerade och i vilken riktning den gick. Sulfatkoncentrationerna var generellt sett väldigt låga under torrperioder men ökad snabbt efter atttorkan avtagit. Den förhöjda sulfatkoncentrationen varade generellt sett i 1-3 år för de flesta vattendrag.Det fanns däremot två undantagsfall då sulfatkoncentrationerna var förhöjda i Kyro älv och Närpes åunder 5 år efter en torrperiod som varat i flera år. I Kvismare kanal och Tjuståsaån varsulfatkoncentrationerna, högre under mitten av 1900-talet. De högre koncentrationerna av sulfat kanbero på att det var mer dikning, eller större mängd luftföroreningar under denna period. Sambanden för sulfat, Co, Ni och Zn visade att efter torra perioder var koncentrationerna högre i enmajoritet av vattendrag än normalt. pH, Fe och TOC visade på ett motsatt samband. Efter torrperiodersjönk därmed koncentrationen Fe och TOC i en majoritet av vattendragen. Al, Cd Cu, och Mn hadesignifikanta samband i mindre än 50 % av vattendragen vilket kan vara till följd av att de är beroendeav pH som själv inte hade en tydlig korrelation i alla vattendrag. pH sjunker i många fall inte särskiltmycket till följd av en torka då vattnet som lakas ut från sulfatjorden späds ut av smältvatten undervåren.

LIBs have become an ideal choice in the EVs batteries and stationary storage applications due to their invaluable advantages. The demand for LIBs is projected to increase due to the growth in the sale of EVs. But an average lifespan of LIBs is expected to be around 8 years, thus resulting in the generation of a huge pile of spent batteries after their end of life. The disposal of spent LIBs has several environmental impacts and also results in the loss of valuable metals as a waste. So, efficient, and sustainable recycling methods should also grow at the same pace as of the EVs industries. Li is one of the vital elements for the modern energy revolution and there is a growing demand for its usage in the battery applications. High demand for Li along with supply risks due to its uneven distribution in different geographical locations will increase the Li price. Also, Li was added to the list of EUs critical materials. Currently, only 1% of Li from the end of life products is being recovered. The hydrometallurgy processes based on acid leaching followed by recovery steps are found to be efficient in the recovery of a considerable amount of Li yet there are many drawbacks. Therefore, a combined method such as a thermal treatment followed by water leaching is found to be a promising route to first selectively separate Li from the other valuable metals. The purpose of this research is to investigate the selective leaching of Li from thermally pretreated waste LIBs (by pyrolysis and incineration processes between 400 – 700 ºC for 30, 60, 90min) with water as a leaching agent at high temperature and low L/S ratio. Al salts were also leached along with Li with an efficiency not higher than 3.5%. The finding showed that the time of thermal pretreatment did not have a significant change in Li leaching efficiency. The effect of the S/L ratio showed that the leaching efficiency of Li was higher with an increase in liquid content, keeping the mass of solid constant. At a higher leaching temperature, the leaching efficiency of Li was higher due to an increase in the solubility of Li salts. The highest Li leaching efficiency of nearly 60% was observed from the sample pyrolyzed at 700 ºC for 60 min with the leaching condition S/L ratio = 1:20 g/mL, 80 ºC, 300 rpm, 3 hrs. Furthermore, the tests such as addition of 10% excess carbon during thermal treatment or use of carbonated water during leaching were carried out to enhance the leaching efficiency of Li. However, the test results did not have a significant increase in the leaching efficiency of Li. / LIB har blivit ett idealiskt val i EV-batterier och stationära lagringsapplikationer på grund av deras ovärderliga fördelar. Efterfrågan på LIB bedöms öka på grund av tillväxten i försäljningen av elbilar. Men en genomsnittlig livslängd på LIB förväntas vara cirka 8 år, vilket resulterar i att en enorm hög med förbrukade batterier genereras efter deras livslängd. Bortskaffande av förbrukade LIB har flera miljöpåverkan och resulterar också i förlust av värdefulla metaller som avfall. Så effektiva och hållbara återvinningsmetoder borde också växa i samma takt som inom elbranschen. Li är ett av de viktigaste elementen för den moderna energirevolutionen och det finns en växande efterfrågan på dess användning i batteritillämpningarna. Hög efterfrågan på Li tillsammans med utbudsrisker på grund av dess ojämna fördelning på olika geografiska platser kommer att öka Li-priset. Li läggs också till i listan över EU: s kritiska material. För närvarande återvinns endast 1% av Li från uttjänta produkter. Hydrometallurgiprocesserna baserade på syraläckning följt av återvinningssteg har visat sig vara effektiva vid utvinningen av en betydande mängd Li men det finns många nackdelar. Därför har en kombinerad metod, såsom en termisk behandling följt av vattenlakning, visat sig vara en lovande väg att först selektivt separera Li från de andra värdefulla metallerna. Syftet med denna forskning är att undersöka den selektiva urlakningen av Li från termiskt förbehandlade avfall LIB (genom pyrolys och förbränningsprocesser mellan 400 - 700 ºC under 30, 60, 90 minuter) med vatten som läckmedel vid hög temperatur och låg L / S förhållande. Al-salter lakades också ut tillsammans med Li med en verkningsgrad som inte var högre än 3,5%. Resultatet visade att tiden för termisk förbehandling inte hade någon signifikant förändring av Li-utlakningseffektiviteten. Effekten av S / L-förhållandet visade att urlakningseffektiviteten för Li var högre med en ökning av vätskeinnehållet, vilket höll massan av fast ämne konstant. Vid en högre urlakningstemperatur var urlakningseffektiviteten för Li högre på grund av en ökning av lösligheten av Li-salter. Den högsta Li-lakningseffektiviteten på nästan 60% observerades från provet pyrolyserat vid 700 ° C under 60 minuter med läckningsförhållandet S / L-förhållande = 1:20 g / ml, 80 ° C, 300 rpm, 3 timmar. Vidare utfördes testerna såsom tillsats av 10% överskott av kol under termisk behandling eller användning av kolsyrat vatten under lakning för att förbättra lakningseffektiviteten för Li. Emellertid hade testresultaten ingen signifikant ökning av utlakningseffektiviteten för Li.

Die Freilandhaltung von Schweinen bietet eine interessante Möglichkeit, artgerechte Schweinehaltung wirtschaftlich konkurrenzfähig zu betreiben. Problematisch erscheint bei dieser Haltungsform ihre Umweltverträglichkeit, speziell die vermutlich zu hohen N-Eintragsmengen mit der Gefahr der Stickstoffauswaschung. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den N-Eintrag zu untersuchen und Möglichkeiten zu finden, ihn zu beeinflussen. Dazu wurde der Nmin-Gehalt des Bodens unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in drei ausgewählten Betrieben und der Versuchsstation der Humboldt-Universität untersucht. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten über einen Zeitraum von zweieinhalb Jahren jeweils vierteljährlich Ende Februar, Ende Mai, Ende August und Ende November. Die Proben wurden nach DIN-Vorschrift in drei Schichten (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm und 60-90 cm Bodentiefe) entnommen und in der LUFA Halle auf ihren Nmin-Gehalt untersucht. Außerdem wurde untersucht, welche Einflußmöglichkeiten für den Betreuer durch geeignete Maßnahmen bestehen, und inwiefern das Verhalten der Tiere selbst ausgenutzt werden kann, um überhöhte N-Einträge zu vermeiden. Nach Auswertung der vorliegenden Untersuchungsergebnisse erscheint es keinesfalls notwendig, die Besatzdichten auf unter 6 Sauen je Hektar zu beschränken. Dies würde auch die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Haltungsform in Frage stellen. Eine durchdachte Gehegegestaltung und kürzere Belegungszeiten mit schnellem Folgefruchtanbau sind entschieden wirksamer als nur sehr niedrige Besatzdichten. Ein Teil der aufgezeigten verfahrenstechnischen Möglichkeiten zur Vermeidung von Stickstoffverlusten wurde bereits während der Untersuchungen erfolgreich in der Praxis erprobt. / Outdoor pig production offers an interesting possibility to operate taking just pig attitude economially competitively. A problem of this posture form seems to be her environment compatibility, special the presumably too high N entry set with the danger of nitrate leaching. It was aim of the work in hand to examine the N entry and to find possibilities to influence him. To this the Nmin content was examined under different conditions in three select farms and in the experiment station of the Humboldt-University. These examinations were carried out via a period of time of 2.5 years respectively quarterly end february, end may, end august and end november. The soil samples became taken after DIN-regulation in three layers (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm ground depth) and in the LUFA Halle on hers Nmin salary examines. In addition, you examined to avoid which possibilities excessive N entries pass by the attendant or by useage of the animal behavior. After evaluation of the examinations it seems under no circumstances necessary to demand stocking rates of lower than 6 sows per hectare. This would put the economicalness of the posture form in question. An enclousure lay-out thought through, the occupancy time and fast following fruit cultivation are decided more effectively than only very low edging densities more briefly. A part of the shown method technical possibilities for the avoidance of nitrogen losses was already tested successfully during the examinations in the practice.