L'approche cyclostratigraphique, qui repose sur l'analyse des cyclicités sédimentaires et l'étude de leurs relations avec les évolutions des paramètres orbitaux de la Terre, a été employée ici dans le but de construire une échelle de temps astronomique pour le Maastrichtien. Plusieurs sites ont été étudiés : les forages ODP des legs 122 (marge Nord ouest australienne), 207 (Atlantique équatorial), et 208 (Atlantique sud), le leg DSDP 74X et les coupes à terre situées à Gubbio (Italie) et Bidart (Pays Basque). Les analyses ont portées sur les variations de la susceptibilité magnétique, de la réflectance et des niveaux de gris. L'étude cyclostratigraphique a permis de détecter un contrôle orbital de la sédimentation sur l'ensemble des séries étudiées, avec l'enregistrement de cyclicités correspondants aux variations de l'excentricité à 100 et 405 ka, de l'obliquité et de la précession. Un calage temporel de l'ensemble des séries provenant des forages DSDP et ODP a ensuite été effectué à l'aide de la solution astronomique La0x, sur la base de l'identification des cycles d'excentricité à 405 ka. Ce cadre ainsi créé constitue une échelle de temps relative couvrant 8 Millions d'années, depuis le Campanien supérieur jusqu'à la limite K-Pg. La durée de chaque magnétochrone, du C32r2r au C29r, a ainsi pu être estimée avec une précision de l'ordre de 0.03 Ma. La calibration astronomique des séries calées en temps a été effectuée à l'aide de la nouvelle solution astronomique La10.Deux séries d'âges sont proposées pour les événements géologiques reconnus dans les séries sédimentaires. L'âge de la limite K-Pg a été estimé à ~65.59 Ma ou ~66 Ma.

Detta arbete utgör en sammanhållen bild av den elektroniska legitimationens (e-legitimationens) framväxt i Sverige, vilket är en viktig förutsättning för utvecklingen av säkra offentliga elektroniska tjänster inom den elektroniska förvaltningen. Eftersom statsförvaltningens styrning historiskt uppfattats som relativt otydlig har området med tiden kommit att präglas av olika enskilda aktörers egna insatser, intressen och föreställningar. Studiens bidrag är att beskriva och analysera framväxten av den svenska e-legitimationen med hjälp av de tre analysperspektiven deltagande, föreställningar samt legitimitet. Jag har i studien intresserat mig för vad som skett historiskt och hur detta kan kopplas till det som sker i nutid kring e-legitimationer. Särskild vikt har lagts vid aspekter av icketeknisk natur varvid studien kan ses som en motvikt till den tydligt teknikfokuserade utredning kring den framtida e-legitimationen som genomfördes under hösten 2010. Resultatet av arbetet visar bland annat på att praktisk erfarenhet är en nyckelaspekt för deltagandet och formandet av föreställningar kring e-legitimationen. Statens bristande intresse för området har även tydligt påverkat utrymmet för eget meningsskapande samt e-legitimationens erhållna legitimitet. När staten under 2010/2011 fått ökat intresse för området och identifierat ett tydligt samordningsbehov står det därmed klart att dessa ansatser inte kommer att vara av helt oproblematisk natur.

Technological advances in physical activity measurement have increased the development and utilization of accelerometers and pedometers for assessing physical activity in controlled and free-living conditions. Individual differences in leg length, stride length and stride frequency may affect the reliability and validity of accelerometers in estimating energy expenditure. To address this theory, this thesis investigated the influence of leg length, stride length and stride frequency on accelerometer counts and energy expenditure using four accelerometers (AMP, Actical, MTI, and RT3) and one pedometer (Yamax). Eighty-six participants, age 8 to 40 (17.6 ± 8.0) years performed three ten-minute bouts of treadmill activity at self-selected speeds (4 to 12 km/h). Energy expenditure (kcal/min) was measured through expired gas analysis and used as the criterion standard to compare physical activity data from activity monitors. A 3 (models) x 2 (duplicates of each model) x 3 (speeds) x 7 (minutes) repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess intra-device, inter-device, and inter-model reliability. Coefficients of variation were calculated to compare within-device variation and between-device variation in accelerometer counts. Differences between measured and predicted energy expenditure were assessed across five height categories to determine the influence of leg length on the validity of accelerometer/pedometer data. Regression equations for each model were developed using mean activity counts/steps generated for each speed, adjusting for various predictor variables (i.e., age, weight, leg length). These were compared to model-specific equations to determine whether the addition of certain variables might explain more variance in energy expenditure. Leg length and stride frequency directly influenced variability in accelerometer data and thus predicted energy expenditure. At high speeds and stride frequencies counts began to level off in the Actical, however this did not occur in the other devices. Intra-device and inter-device variation in accelerometer counts was less than 10% and was lowest at very high speeds for the Actical, MTI, and RT3 (p<0.05). When compared to measured values, energy expenditure was consistently underestimated by the AMP, Actical, and Yamax models and consistently overestimated by the RT3 across speed. The MTI underestimated and overestimated energy expenditure depending on speed. Energy expenditure was both underestimated and overestimated to the greatest extent during the treadmill run for the tallest participants (p<0.05). Accelerometer counts or pedometer steps, when entered into regression equations with age, weight and leg length, explained from 85 to 94 % of the variance in measured energy expenditure, supporting the inclusion of these variables within manufacturer-based equations. These results suggest that individual differences in leg length and stride frequency affect the reliability and validity of accelerometer data and therefore must be controlled for when using accelerometry to predict energy expenditure.

Syftet med föreliggande beskrivande litteraturstudie var att beskriva och sammanställa bidragande faktorer som påverkar patientens följsamhet till de egenvårdsråd som ges av sjuksköterskan gällande bensårsbehandlingen. Syftet var även att sammanställa vilken kvalitet inkluderade artiklar hade samt vilken relevans urvalet hade för inkluderade artiklars resultat. Artikelsökningen ägde rum i databaserna PubMed och Chinal, sökorden som användes var ”leg ulcer”, ”compliance” och ”nursing”. Resultatet baserades på tio artiklar där fyra artiklar hade hög kvalitet, fem artiklar hade medel kvalitet och en artikel hade låg kvalitet. Fyra kvantitativa artiklar samt en kvalitativ artikel använde bekvämlighetsurval, fem kvalitativa artiklarna använde strategiskt urval. Bidragande faktorer som påverkade patientens följsamhet till egenvårdsråd som gavs av sjuksköterskan gällande bensårsbehandlingen var smärta och obehag, patientens och sjuksköterskans bristande kunskaper, inkonsekventa råd, tillit till behandlingen och sjuksköterskan, förlust av identitet och självständighet samt övriga faktorer så som depression, demens och self-efficacy. Bidragande faktorer till bristande följsamhet gällande bensårsbehandling var komplexa. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskan har förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar följsamheten för att kunna individanpassa råden och förhoppningsvis öka följsamheten. / The purpose of this descriptive literature review was to describe and summarize the contributing factors that influence patient's compliance to the self-care advice given by nurses regarding leg ulcer treatment. The aim was also to compile the quality of included articles and what relevance the sample had on the included articles results. The search for scientific articles were selected from the databases PubMed and Cinahl with the keyword ”leg ulcer”, ”compliance” and ”nursing”. The result was based on ten articles, of which four articles had high-quality, five articles had medium quality and one article had low quality. Four quantitative articles and one qualitative article ​​used a convenience sample, five qualitative articles used a purposive sample.LyssnaLäs fonetiskt The contributing factors that influenced patient's compliance to the self-care advice given by nurses regarding leg ulcer treatment proved to be pain and discomfort, the patient’s and the nurse’s lack of knowledge, inconsistent advice, trust in the treatment and the nurse, loss of identity and independence as well as other factors such as depression, dementia and self-efficacy. Factors contributing to poor compliance with leg ulcer treatment were complex. It is therefore important that the nurse has an understanding of the factors that influence compliance to personalize the advice and hopefully increase compliance.

RHex is an autonomous hexapedal robot capable of locomotion on rough terrain. Up to now, most modelling and simulation efforts on RHex were based on the linear leg assumption. These models disregarded what might be seen as the most characteristic feature of the latest iterations of this robot: the half circular legs. This thesis focuses on developing a more realistic model for this specially shaped compliant leg and studying its effects on the kinematics and dynamics of the resulting platform. One important consequence of the half circular compliant leg is the resulting rolling motion. Due to rolling, the rest length of the leg changes and the leg-ground contact point moves. Another consequence is the varying stiffness of the legs due to the changing rest length. These effect the resulting behaviour of any platform using these legs. In the first part of the thesis we are studying the effects of the half circular leg morphology on the kinematics of RHex using a simple planar model. The rest of the studies within the scope of this thesis focuses on the effect of the half circular compliant legs on the dynamics of a single legged hopping platform with a point mass. The formulation derived in this work is successfully integrated in a readily working but rather simple model of a single legged hopping system. We replace the equations of the straight leg in this model by the equations of the half circular compliant leg. Realistic results are obtained in the simulations and these results are compared to those obtained by the simpler constant stiffness straight leg model. This more realistic leg model brings us the opportunity to further study the effects of this leg morphology, in particular the positive effects of the resulting rolling motion on platform stability.

In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour in a complex reactor-typical geometry and to supply suitable data for CFD code validation, a model of the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor was built at FZD. The hot leg model is operated in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility, which is used to perform high-pressure experiments under pressure equilibrium with the inside atmosphere of the chamber. This technique makes it possible to visualise the two-phase flow through large windows, also at reactor-typical pressure levels. In order to optimise the optical observation possibilities, the test section was designed with a rectangular cross-section. Experiments were performed with air and water at 1.5 and 3.0 bar at room temperature as well as with steam and water at 15, 30 and 50 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature (i.e. up to 264°C). The total of 194 runs are divided into 4 types of experiments covering stationary co-current flow, counter-current flow, flow without water circulation and transient counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) experiments. This report provides a detailed documentation of the experiments including information on the experimental setup, experimental procedure, test matrix and on the calibration of the measuring devices. The available data is described and data sheets were arranged for each experiment in order to give an overview of the most important parameters. For the cocurrent flow experiments, water level histograms were arranged and used to characterise the flow in the hot leg. In fact, the form of the probability distribution was found to be sensitive to the boundary conditions and, therefore, is useful for the CFD comparison. Furthermore, the flooding characteristics of the hot leg model plotted in terms of the classical Wallis parameter or Kutateladze number were found to fail to properly correlate the data of the air/water and steam/water series. Therefore, a modified Wallis parameter is proposed, which takes the effect of viscosity into account.

Patienter med svårläkta bensår förekommer ofta i slutenvården och primärvården där sjuksköterskor och distriktssköterskor ansvarar för omvårdnaden. Svårläkta bensår orsakar stort lidande för patienten och innebär en stor kostnad. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och jämföra sjuksköterskors och distriktssköterskors kunskaper om rutiner, riktlinjer och omvårdnad av svårläkta bensår i slutenvården och primärvården. En enkät med frågor gällande kunskap om svårläkta bensår delades ut till 80 sjuksköterskor och distriktssköterskor och 55 enkäter besvarades. Resultatet visade att det fanns vissa brister i kunskapen om svårläkta bensår. Kompressionsbehandling användes profylaktiskt på enheterna för att undvika sårrecidiv, men färre än hälften visste vilken effekt kompressionsbehandlingen syftade till. Pumpstövel var något som sällan användes. Ankeltrycksmätning utfördes inte ofta preventivt eller för att utesluta arteriell insufficiens. Riktlinjer gällande dokumentation av sårbedömning och sårbehandling uppgavs av deltagarna fanns, men riktlinjer gällande själva bedömningen och behandlingen av svårläkta bensår var enligt resultatet inte lika vanligt förekommande. Många skattade att de inte hade tillräckliga kunskaper för att bedöma och behandla arteriella sår, venösa sår och blandsår. De testade kunskaperna visade att inom områdena omläggningsfrekvens, sårmiljö, venösa bensår, protein och zink var kunskaperna goda.  Jämförelsen mellan primärvården och slutenvården visade en signifikant skillnad där de som var verksamma i primärvården hade bättre kunskaper gällande sårmiljö, arteriella bensår, venösa bensår och ankeltrycksmätning. Slutsatsen som drogs av jämförelsen som gjordes mellan primärvården och slutenvården visade på en signifikant skillnad i testade och skattade kunskaper till fördel för sjuksköterskorna och distriktssköterskorna i primärvården som hade bättre kunskaper gällande sårmiljö, arteriella bensår, venösa bensår och ankeltrycksmätning.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have become commonplace among female athletes in today’s society. With more than 70% of injuries resulting from noncontact mechanisms such as jump landing, the relationship between fatigue and altered movements patterns has become an important topic of research. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of residual fatigue on lower extremity kinematics and vertical leg stiffness at landing as experienced by female athletes. Method: The participants in this study were 12 NCAA female intercollegiate soccer players. Participants completed five single-leg drop jumps on their dominant leg every day for 4 days. The first day was completed without intervention to obtain pre-fatigue data and drop jumps on days two through four were completed after a fatigue protocol. Results: A repeated measures MANOVA did not reveal significant differences in post-fatigue peak knee flexion angle, vertical ground reaction forces, or vertical leg stiffness. Despite lack of statistical significance, vertical leg stiffness was increased during post-fatigue testing when compared to pre-fatigue values. Implications: The increased vertical leg stiffness may indicate altered landing techniques in post-fatigue states. If fatigue results in compromised movement patterns, it may explain the increased number of ACL injuries during the end of soccer matches. Suggestions for Future Research: Future research with a larger sample size should include post-fatigue dominant and nondominant leg comparison due to previous conflicting findings regarding which limb is most often injured. Future researchers should also quantify the magnitude of fatigue induced by the fatiguing protocol to document the strength of the independent variable. / text

Background: Chronic wounds are a significant health problem in various populations. Psychosocial stress is a lifestyle factor that has been shown to directly influence wound healing. Current findings support roles for assessment and reduction of psychosocial stress in the comprehensive management of chronic wounds, however, a gap remains between current research and current clinical practice. Purpose: To develop a novel method by which to educate nurses about the effects of psychosocial stress on wound healing while incorporating state-of-the-art technology that is sensitive to the needs of individuals with various learning styles. Objectives: To review current literature documenting the relationship between chronic psychosocial distress and delayed wound healing to identify essential content to include in educational modules for nurses. To develop three educational modules for nurses in inpatient and outpatient settings that address the relationship between chronic psychosocial distress and delayed wound healing, and the effects of stress-reduction interventions in formats that meet the needs of different learning styles. To conduct a focus group discussion with nurse-participants regarding educational module content and delivery methods in order to evaluate and improve these educational modules. Methods: A series of literature reviews were performed between June, 2010 and October, 2013, using articles identified through searches using the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Essential content regarding psychosocial stress and its impact on wound healing was identified, and was used in the development of educational modules, designed to meet the basic needs of individuals with different learning styles. A purposive sample of nurses was recruited through the use of flyers, reviewed the educational modules online, and met for a focus group to discuss their experiences with these modules. Outcomes: A novel method was developed by which to deliver educational material to nurses about psychosocial stress and delayed wound healing. Participants were motivated to learn, had self-awareness of their preferred learning styles, and responded positively to this method of education delivery; they were able to articulate the basic concepts presented in the modules. These findings may be generalizable to a larger audience and may inform the development of future education-delivery approaches in this area.

Syfte med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva och sammanställa patientens upplevelse av att få information från sjuksköterskor angående egenvård vid venösa bensår . Artiklarna söktes på databaserna Medline och Cinahl. Sökorden som användes var leg ulcer, information, experience, self-care. Resultatet inkluderade elva artiklar där åtta hade kvalitativ ansats, två hade kvantitativ ansats och en hade både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Patienternas upplevelser av att få information varierade. En del var positiva till informationen på grund av sitt förtroende för sjuksköterskan. Relationen spelade stor roll i deras bedömning av informationen. En del patienter upplevde förvirring av att få information på grund av motstridig information från olika sjuksköterskor. Upplevelsen påverkades inte av hälso- och sjukvårdens system och patienterna beskrev lika hög tillfredställelse av informationen vid vård i hemmet som på avdelning. När det gällde kunskapssökning ville patienter ha mer kunskap och de tyckte den nuvarande informationen var otydlig och oklar. Det tydde på att patienternas upplevelser av information från sjuksköterskor angående egenvård påverkade deras inställning till egenvård. Det är därför viktigt att sjuksköterskorna ska veta hur de kan förmedla informationen till patienterna och informationens betydelse i samband med egenvård. / The Aim of this study was to describe and summarize the patient's experience in receiving information from nurses about self-care for venous leg ulcers.Articles were searched on Medline and Cinahl with the keywords leg ulcer, information, experience and self-care. The results included eleven articles, eight with a qualitative approach, two with a quantitative approach, and one with both qualitative and quantitative approach. Patients' experiences in receiving information varied. Some were positive about the information because of the confidence to the nurse. Relationships played a large role in their assessment of the information. Some patients experienced confusion of obtaining information because of conflicting information from different nurses. The experience was not affected by the health care system and the patients described as high satisfaction of the informationin home as the ward. With regard to search of knowledge the patients wanted to have more knowledge and they thought the current information was vague and unclear.It is suggested that patients' perceptions of information and in receiving information from nurses about self-care affected their  self-care behavior.  Therefore it is important that nurses know how to pass on information to patients and the importance of information in self-care.