We study the free centre-by-metabelian Lie ring, that is, the free Lie ring with the property that the second derived ideal is contained in the centre. We exhibit explicit generating sets for the homogeneous components and the fine homogeneous components of the second derived ideal. Each of these components is a direct sum of a free abelian group and a (possibly trivial) elementary abelian $2$-group. Our generating sets are such that some of their elements generate the torsion subgroup while the remaining ones freely generate a free abelian group. A key ingredient of our approach is the determination of the dimensions of the corresponding homogeneous components of the free centre-by-metabelian Lie algebra over fields of characteristic other than $2$. For this we exploit a $6$-term exact sequence of modules over a polynomial ring that is originally defined over the integers, but turns into a sequence whose terms are projective modules after tensoring with a suitable field. Our results correct a partly erroneous theorem in the literature. Moreover, we study the product of three homogeneous components of a free Lie algebra. Let $L$ be a free Lie algebra of finite rank over a field and let $L_n$ denote the degree $n$ homogeneous component of $L$. Formulae for the dimension of the subspaces $[L_n,L_m]$ for all $n$ and $m$ were obtained by Ralph St\"{o}hr and Michael Vaughan-Lee. Formulae for the dimension of the subspaces of the form $[L_n,L_m,L_k]$ under certain conditions on $n,m$ and $k$ were obtained by Nil Mansuro\u{g}lu and Ralph St\"{o}hr. Surprisingly, in contrast to the case of a product of two homogeneous components, the dimension of such products may depend on the characteristic of the field. For example, the dimension of $[L_2,L_2,L_1]$ over fields of characteristic $2$ is different from the dimension over fields of characteristic other than $2$.

Orientador: Plamen Emilov Koshlukov / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:50:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_JoseAntonioOliveirade_D.pdf: 1578135 bytes, checksum: a3352669dd5077f0f5949766026e7bb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos identidades polinomiais graduadas para certas álgebras. Inicialmente, estudamos identidades satisfeitas pelo produto tensorial Z2-graduado. Este estudo foi motivado pelo trabalho de Regev e Seeman com produtos tensoriais Z2-graduados. Eles provaram vários casos nos qual tal produto tensorial é PI equivalente a certas álgebras T-primas. Também conjeturaram que isto sempre ocorre. Trabalhamos com os demais casos e conseguimos provar que tal conjetura e verdadeira. Alêm disso provamos que para certas álgebras, quando consideramos corpos de característica positiva, o produto tensorial graduado ainda se comporta como o não graduado. Consideramos também o produto tensorial-graduado e suas identidades. Provamos que o Teorema A B de Regev continua válido no caso do produto tensorial-graduado quando as álgebras são graduadas por grupos abelianos nitos, e é um bicaracter antissimétrico. Também estudamos a PI equivalência do produto tensorial-graduado de álgebras T-primas. Em seguida estudamos identidades graduadas, descrevemos um conjunto de geradores para as identidades Z-graduadas da álgebra de Lie W1. A álgebra W1 é a álgebra das derivações do anel de polinômios K[t], e é conhecida como a álgebra de Witt. Provamos que se a característica do corpo for 0, então as identidades Z-graduadas de W1 são geradas por um conjunto de identidades de grau 2 e 3. Mais ainda, provamos que não é possível obter um conjunto nito de geradores para as identidades Z-graduadas de W1. / Abstract: In this PhD thesis we study graded polynomial identities for certain types of algebras. First, we study polynomial identities satised by the Z2-graded tensor products. This research was motivated by the paper of Regev and Seeman about the Z2-graded tensor products. They proved that in a series of cases such tensor products are PI equivalent to T-prime algebras. Then they conjectured that this is always the case. We deal here with the remaining cases and thus conrm Regev and Seeman's conjecture. Furthermore, we prove that for some algebras we can remove the restriction on the characteristic of the base eld, and we show that the behaviour of the corresponding graded tensor products is quite similar to that for the usual ungraded tensor products. We consider too the graded tensor products and their identities where is a skew symmetric bicharacter. We show that Regev's A B theorem holds for graded tensor products whenever the gradings are by nite abelian groups. Furthermore we study the PI equivalence of -graded tensor products of T-prime algebras. Afterwards we study the graded identities of the Lie algebra W1. We describe a set of generators of the Z-graded identities of W1. The algebra W1 is the algebra of derivation of the polynomial ring K[t], and it is known as the Witt algebra. We prove that if K is a eld of characteristic 0, then the Z-graded identities of W1 are consequences of a collection of polynomials of degree 2 and 3. Furthermore we prove that the Z-graded identities for W1 do not admit a nite basis. / Doutorado / Algebra / Doutor em Matemática

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Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse en premier aux problèmes sous-riemanniens sur un groupe de Lie nilpotent d'ordre 2. Dans un premier temps, on réalise la classification complète des algèbres de Lie sous-riemanniennes (SR-algèbres de Lie) nilpotentes d'ordre 2 de dimension n compris entre 3 et 7, et celles de dimension arbitraire n telle que l'algèbre dérivée est de dimension une. De plus, nous avons distingué les SR-algèbres de Lie de contact et de quasi-contact et nous avons calculé, en dimension 5, le groupe des SR-symétries infinitésimales. Une fois cette classification réalisée, on étudie les géodésiques sous-riemanniennes associées aux SR-algèbres de Lie nilpotentes d'ordre 2 obtenues dans notre classification. Nous avons étudié l'intégrabilité des équations géodésiques adjointes et donné les contrôles optimaux ainsi que les trajectoires optimales dans chacun des cas. Dans une seconde partie de la thèse, on étudie les géodésiques sous-riemanniennes pour un groupe de Lie sous-riemannien (G;D;B) où G = SO(4) ou G = SO(2; 2) et D est de codimension 2 (donnant des espaces SR-homogènes de contact). Nous avons donné un modèle canonique de ces espaces et ensuite montré que les systèmes adjoints de Lie-Poisson associés au modèle étaient toujours intégrables au sens de Liouville. De plus, nous montrons que le système de Lie-Poisson est soit un système linéaire qui est super-intégrable en fonctions trigonométriques du temps ou constantes ; soit un système non linéaire intégrable au sens de Liouville et dont les solutions sont exprimables à l'aide de la fonction elliptique de Weierstrass. / In this thesis, we are interested first in the sub-Riemannian problems on 2-step nilpotent Lie groups. We start by obtaining a complete classification of 2-step nilpotent sub-Riemannian Lie algebras (SR-Lie algebras) of dimension n between 3 and 7, and those of arbitrary dimension n such that the derivated algebra is of dimension one. In addition, we characterize the contact and quasi contact SR-Lie algebras and we calculate, in dimension 5, the group of SR-infinitesimal symmetries. Having presented that classification, we study the sub-Riemannian geodesics associated with the 2 step nilpotent SR-Lie algebras obtained in our classification. We study the integrability of the adjoint geodesic equations and we give the optimal controls and optimal trajectories in each case. In the second part of the thesis, we study the sub-Riemannian geodesics for a sub-RiemannianLie group (G;D;B) where G = SO(4) or G = SO(2; 2) and D is of codimension 2 (giving contactSR-homogeneous spaces). We give canonical models of these spaces and then show that the Lie-Poisson adjoint systems associated with the models are always integrable in the Liouville sense. More over, we show that the Lie-Poisson system is either a linear system which is super-integrable with the help of trigonometric functions of time (or constant ones) or a non-linear system which is integrable in the Liouville sense and whose solutions can be expressed using the Weierstrass elliptic function.

Résumé anglais: <p><p>This thesis consists of an introductory text followed by two separate parts which may be read independently of each other. In Part I we analyze certain hyperbolic structures arising when studying gravity in the vicinity of spacelike singularities (the BKL-limit). In this limit, spatial points decouple and the dynamics exhibits ultralocal behaviour which may be mapped to an auxiliary problem given in terms of a (possibly chaotic) hyperbolic billiard. In all supergravities arising as low-energy limits of string theory or M-theory, the billiard dynamics takes place within the fundamental Weyl chambers of certain hyperbolic Kac-Moody algebras, suggesting that these algebras generate hidden infinite-dimensional symmetries of gravity. We investigate the modification of the billiard dynamics when the original gravitational theory is formulated on a compact spatial manifold of arbitrary topology, revealing fascinating mathematical structures known as galleries. We further use the conjectured hyperbolic symmetry E10 to generate and classify certain cosmological (S-brane) solutions in eleven-dimensional supergravity. Finally, we show in detail that eleven-dimensional supergravity and massive type IIA supergravity are dynamically unified within the framework of a geodesic sigma model for a particle moving on the infinite-dimensional coset space E10/K(E10). <p><p>Part II of the thesis is devoted to a study of how (U-)dualities in string theory provide powerful constraints on perturbative and non-perturbative quantum corrections. These dualities are typically given by certain arithmetic groups G(Z) which are conjectured to be preserved in the effective action. The exact couplings are given by moduli-dependent functions which are manifestly invariant under G(Z), known as automorphic forms. We discuss in detail various methods of constructing automorphic forms, with particular emphasis on a special class of functions known as (non-holomorphic) Eisenstein series. We provide detailed examples for the physically relevant cases of SL(2,Z) and SL(3,Z), for which we construct their respective Eisenstein series and compute their (non-abelian) Fourier expansions. We also discuss the possibility that certain generalized Eisenstein series, which are covariant under the maximal compact subgroup K(G), could play a role in determining the exact effective action for toroidally compactified higher derivative corrections. Finally, we propose that in the case of rigid Calabi-Yau compactifications in type IIA string theory, the exact universal hypermultiplet moduli space exhibits a quantum duality group given by the emph{Picard modular group} SU(2,1;Z[i]). To verify this proposal we construct an SU(2,1;Z[i])-invariant Eisenstein series, and we present preliminary results for its Fourier expansion which reveals the expected contributions from D2-brane and NS5-brane instantons. <p><p>/<p><p>Résumé francais: <p><p>Cette thèse est composée d'une introduction suivie de deux parties qui peuvent être lues indépendemment. Dans la première partie, nous analysons des structures hyperboliques apparaissant dans l'étude de la gravité au voisinage d'une singularité de type espace (la limite BKL). Dans cette limite, les points spatiaux se découplent et la dynamique suit un comportement ultralocal qui peut être reformulé en termes d'un billiard hyperbolique (qui peut être chaotique). Dans toutes les supergravités qui sont des limites de basse énergie de théories de cordes ou de la théorie M, la dynamique du billiard prend place à l'intérieur des chambres de Weyl fondamentales de certaines algèbres de Kac-Moody hyperboliques, ce qui suggère que ces algèbres correspondent à des symétries cachées de dimension infinie de la gravité. Nous examinons comment la dynamique du billard est modifiée quand la théorie de gravité originale est formulée sur une variété spatiale compacte de topologie arbitraire, révélant ainsi de fascinantes structures mathématiques appelées galleries. De plus, dans le cadre de la supergravité à onze dimensions, nous utilisons la symétrie hyperbolique conjecturée E10 pour engendrer et classifier certaines solutions cosmologiques (S-branes). Finalement, nous montrons en détail que la supergravité à onze dimensions et la supergravité de type IIA massive sont dynamiquement unifiées dans le contexte d'un modèle sigma géodesique pour une particule se déplaçant sur l'espace quotient de dimension infinie E10/K(E10).<p><p><p>La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à étudier comment les dualités U en théorie des cordes fournissent des contraintes puissantes sur les corrections quantiques perturbatives et non perturbatives. Ces dualités sont typiquement données par des groupes arithmétiques G(Z) dont il est conjecturé qu'ils préservent l'action effective. Les couplages exacts sont donnés par des fonctions des moduli qui sont manifestement invariantes sous G(Z), et qu'on appelle des formes automorphiques. Nous discutons en détail différentes méthodes de construction de ces formes automorphiques, en insistant particulièrement sur une classe spéciale de fonctions appelées séries d'Eisenstein (non holomorphiques). Nous présentons comme exemples les cas de SL(2,Z) et SL(3,Z), qui sont physiquement pertinents. Nous construisons les séries d'Eisenstein correspondantes et leurs expansions de Fourier (non abéliennes). Nous discutons également la possibilité que certaines séries d'Eisenstein généralisées, qui sont covariantes sous le sous-groupe compact maximal, pourraient jouer un rôle dans la détermination des actions effectives exactes pour les théories incluant des corrections de dérivées supérieures compactifiées sur des tores.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Using a Lie symmetry group generator and a generalized form of Manale's formula for solving second order ordinary di erential equations, we determine new symmetries for the one and two dimensional heat equations, leading to new solutions. As an application, we test a formula resulting from this approach on thin plate heat conduction. / Applied Mathematics / M.Sc. (Applied Mathematics)

This thesis is a review of research done over the course of the past 4 years, divided into two unrelated parts. The rst is set in the context of Bagger-Lambert-Gustavsson models, based on 3-Lie algebras. In particular I will describe theories with metric 3-algebras of inde nite signature: these present elds with negative kinetic terms. The problem can be solved by gaugeing away the non-physical degrees of freedom, to obtain other well understood theories. I will show how this procedure can be easily applied for 3-algebra metrics of any inde nite signature. Part II of this thesis focuses on solutions of topologically massive gravity (TMG): particular attention is devoted to warped AdS3 black holes, which are discussed in great detail. I will present a novel analysis of the near horizon geometries of these solutions. I further propose an approach for searching for new solutions to 3-dimensional gravity based on conformal symmetry. This approach is able to yield most of the known axisymmetric stationary TMG backgrounds.

Suppose L is a complete separable metric topological group (ring, field, etc.). L is topologically unique if the Polish topology on L is uniquely determined by its underlying algebraic structure. More specifically, L is topologically unique if an algebraic isomorphism of L with any other complete separable metric topological group (ring, field, etc.) induces a topological isomorphism. A local field is a locally compact topological field with non-discrete topology. The only local fields (up to isomorphism) are the real, complex, and p-adic numbers, finite extensions of the p-adic numbers, and fields of formal power series over finite fields. We establish the topological uniqueness of the special linear Lie algebras over local fields other than the complex numbers (for which this result is not true) in the context of complete separable metric Lie rings. Along the way the topological uniqueness of all local fields other than the field of complex numbers is established, which is derived as a corollary to more general principles which can be applied to a larger class of topological fields. Lastly, also in the context of complete separable metric Lie rings, the topological uniqueness of the special linear Lie algebra over the real division algebra of quaternions, the special orthogonal Lie algebras, and the special unitary Lie algebras is proved.

nvestigando a estrutura dos sistemas elementares com simetria de Poincaré em 1 + 1 dimensões, devemos considerar o problema da eliminação das anomalias clássicas, que têm origem no segundo grupo de cohomologia não-trivial deste grupo dinâmico, gerando um termo de Wess-Zumino na ação da partícula relativística. Efetuamos a classificação geral de todos os sistemas elementares em 1 + 1 dimensões, em termos de co-órbitas, mostrando que existe um simplectomorfismo entre o espaço de fase reduzido da partícula e uma determinada co-órbita na álgebra de Lie dual à de Poincaré estendida. / While researching the structure of elementar systems with Poincaré symmetry in 1+1 dimensions, we must be concerned about the problem of elimination of the classical anomalies, which arise from the non-trivial second cohomology group of this dynamical group, generating a Wess-Zumino term in the relativistic particle action. We classify all elementary systems in 1+1 dimensions in terms of co-orbits, showing that there is a symplectomorphism between the reduced phase space of the particle and a certain co-orbit in the Lie algebra dual to the extended Poincaré one.

In dieser Arbeit wird das Fraïssé-Hrushowskis Amalgamationsverfahren in Zusammenhang mit nilpotenten graduierten Lie Algebren über einem endlichen Körper untersucht. Die Prädimensionen die in der Konstruktion auftauchen sind mit dem gruppentheoretischen Begriff der Defizienz zu vergleichen, welche auf homologische Methoden zurückgeführt werden kann. Darüber hinaus wird die Magnus-Lazardsche Korrespondenz zwischen den oben genannten Lie Algebren und nilpotenten Gruppen von Primzahl-Exponenten beschrieben. Dabei werden solche Gruppen durch die Baker-Haussdorfsche Formel in den entsprechenden Algebren definierbar interpretiert. Es wird eine omega-stabile Lie Algebra von Nilpotenzklasse 2 und Morleyrang omega + omega erhalten, indem man eine unkollabierte Version der von Baudisch konstruierten "new uncountably categorical group" betrachtet. Diese wird genau analysiert. Unter anderem wird die Unabhängigkeitsrelation des Nicht-Gabelns durch die Konfiguration des freien Amalgams charakterisiert. Mittels eines induktiven Ansatzes werden die Grundlagen entwickelt, um neue Prädimensionen für Lie Algebren der Nilpotenzklassen größer als zwei zu schaffen. Dies erweist sich als wesentlich schwieriger als im Fall 2. Wir konzentrieren uns daher auf die Nilpotenzklasse 3, als Induktionsbasis des oben genannten Prozesses. In diesem Fall wird die Invariante der Defizienz auf endlich erzeugte Lie Algebren adaptiert. Erstes Hauptergebnis der Arbeit ist der Nachweis dass diese Definition zu einem vernüftigen Begriff selbst-genügender Erweiterungen von Lie Algebren führt und sehr nah einer gewünschten Prädimension im Hrushovskischen Sinn ist. Wir zeigen – als zweites Hauptergebnis – ein erstes Amalgamationslemma bezüglich selbst-genügender Einbettungen. / In this work, the so called Fraïssé-Hrushowski amalgamation is applied to nilpotent graded Lie algebras over the p-elements field with p a prime. We are mainly concerned with the uncollapsed version of the original process. The predimension used in the construction is compared with the group theoretical notion of deficiency, arising from group Homology. We also describe in detail the Magnus-Lazard correspondence, to switch between the aforementioned Lie algebras and nilpotent groups of prime exponent. In this context, the Baker-Hausdorff formula allows such groups to be definably interpreted in the corresponding algebras. Starting from the structures which led to Baudisch’ new uncountably categorical group, we obtain an omega-stable Lie algebra of nilpotency class 2, as the countable rich Fraïssé limit of a suitable class of finite Lie algebras. We study the theory of this structure in detail: we show its Morley rank is omega+omega and a complete description of non-forking independence is given, in terms of free amalgams. In a second part, we develop a new framework for the construction of deficiency-predimensions among graded Lie algebras of nilpotency class higher than 2. This turns out to be considerably harder than the previous case. The nil-3 case in particular has been extensively treated, as the starting point of an inductive procedure. In this nilpotency class, our main results concern a suitable deficiency function, which behaves for many aspects like a Hrushovski predimension. A related notion of self-sufficient extension is given. We also prove a first amalgamation lemma with respect to self-sufficient embeddings.