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No description available.

Although much research has examined the impact of life stress and the subsequent development of health symptoms, most of this research has been done with White middle class adults. Similar to the adult research, life stress research with children and adolescents has focused on White middle class individuals. The present study expands the knowledge about the stress process in ethnic/racial adolescents while controlling for the effects of SES. A sample population consisting of 103 Black students, 129 Hispanic students, and 105 White students was compared with respect to stressful events experienced, coping strategies, and social support. Students from a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds were included within each ethnic/racial group studied. After experimentally and statistically controlling for the effects of socioeconomic status, significant differences were observed. Black and Hispanic students reported receiving higher levels of Enacted Social Support (actual support) than White students. Contrary to what has been previous suggested, Black and Hispanic students reported having experienced fewer stressful life events than White students. Other ethnic/racial group differences that emerged included differences in ways in which specific patterns of moderator variables served to enhance the relationship between life stress and psychological symptomatology.

Social support has been shown to lessen the negative effects of life stress on psychological and physical health. The stress buffering model and the main effects model of social support were compared using two samples of women over the age of 50 who were either married or recently widowed. These two groups represent low and high uncontrollable major life stress respectively. Other life stress events were also taken into account. Measures assessed current level of life stress, perceived social support, satisfaction with social support, and psychological symptomatology. Results using overall psychological health as the dependent variable support the main effects model.

Introdução: A depressão é uma condição frequente, de curso crônico e recorrente, usualmente associada à incapacitação funcional e comprometimento significativo no desempenho das atividades diárias. Assim, o desempenho ocupacional do paciente depressivo pode ser prejudicado, ocorrendo desorganização da rotina diária, dificuldades para desempenhar papéis ocupacionais, sociais e tarefas que possuem como objetivo a automanutenção, a produtividade e o lazer. Estudos estimam que 30 a 50% dos pacientes depressivos não apresentam resposta terapêutica adequada aos tratamentos antidepressivos disponíveis atualmente, sendo estes considerados pacientes depressivos resistentes ao tratamento. Além disso, investigações científicas indicam que pacientes com estresse precoce (EP) possuem risco aumentado de desenvolver episódio depressivo recorrente e resistente, sintomas mais graves, mais tentativas de suicídio e maior probabilidade de apresentar comorbidades psiquiátricas associadas, o que dificultaria a resposta terapêutica. Objetivos: O primeiro estudo objetivou examinar a influência do EP na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos, bem como, identificar qual a melhor abordagem terapêutica para esses pacientes a partir dos achados da literatura. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre os subtipos de EP de pacientes psiquiátricos adultos tratados em um programa de semiinternação psiquiátrica em Hospital Dia (HD), além de investigar as chances de ocorrência de depressão de acordo com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas desta amostra. O terceiro estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto do EP na gravidade dos sintomas psiquiátricos e no desempenho ocupacional de pacientes depressivos adultos. O quarto estudo teve como propósito avaliar a influência de fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, do EP e do desempenho ocupacional na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos adultos tratados em um programa de semi-internação psiquiátrica em HD. E o quinto estudo objetivou descrever uma intervenção grupal de terapia ocupacional para pacientes depressivos adultos com EP inseridos em um programa de semi-internação psiquiátrica em HD. Métodos: O primeiro estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, utilizando as palavras chaves: early life stress, childhood maltreatment, child abuse childhood trauma, childhood neglect, depression, major depression, depressive, treatment response, treatment outcome, prediction nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE, PsycINFO e Scopus, publicados em inglês, sem limitação de tempo. O segundo estudo foi desenvolvido com a avaliação de n=81 pacientes psiquiátricos divididos em duas amostras: com EP (n=58) e sem EP (n=23) no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Nesta avaliação foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI-PLUS) para avaliação do diagnóstico psiquiátrico; Questionário Sobre Traumas na Infância (CTQ) para avaliação do EP; Inventário de Depressão de Beck II (BDI-II), Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), Escala de Ideação Suicida de Beck (BSI), Escala de Desesperança de Beck (BHS), Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS-11), para avaliação dos sintomas psiquiátricos, além de uma ficha sóciodemográfica e clínica para coleta de dados do paciente. O terceiro estudo foi desenvolvido com n=91 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual divididos em duas amostras: com EP (n=62) e sem EP (n=25) em regime de semiinternação psiquiátrica na mesma instituição. Os participantes também responderam os questionários citados anteriormente, além da Escala de Avaliação de Depressão GRID de Hamilton (GRID-HAM-D21) para avaliação da gravidade da sintomatologia depressiva e a Medida Canadense do Desempenho Ocupacional (COPM) para avaliação da auto-percepção do cliente sobre o desempenho ocupacional. O quarto estudo foi desenvolvido com n=73 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a resposta terapêutica na Escala de Avaliação para Depressão de Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS): respondedores (n=40) e não respondedores ao tratamento (n=33), em regime de semiinternação psiquiátrica na mesma instituição. Além dos questionários já citados anteriormente, os participantes também responderam a MADRS para avaliação da resposta terapêutica. Vale mencionar que o protocolo de avaliação psicométrica foi aplicado na admissão hospitalar e 60 dias após. O quinto estudo foi desenvolvido com 10 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual submetidos a um protocolo de 8 sessões de grupo de Terapia Ocupacional, utilizando-se de atividades expressivas e reflexivas para ressignificação das histórias de EP. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática foram incluídos 21 estudos sobre a temática estudada, sendo que a maioria dos estudos aponta que os diferentes subtipos de EP podem desencadear psicopatologias mais graves e mais incapacitantes no adulto, como a depressão. Além disso, o EP influencia no curso clínico e na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos crônicos. Não há consenso na literatura sobre a abordagem terapêutica que apresenta maior eficácia para o paciente depressivo com EP, embora abordagens combinadas demonstrem eficácia superior. No segundo estudo foi evidenciado que a ocorrência de depressão na idade adulta está relacionada à situações de abuso emocional e sexual e negligência física na infância. Pacientes com abuso emocional na infância possuem uma prevalência 4.38 maior de depressão em comparação com aqueles sem história de EP. Os resultados do terceiro estudo indicaram que na amostra avaliada, 70.4% dos pacientes depressivos sofreram algum tipo grave de EP, comparados a 29.6% sem EP. Além disso, os pacientes depressivos com EP apresentaram maior impulsividade do que os sem EP. Foram observadas ainda correlações significativas entre a gravidade do EP e os sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e ideação suicida no grupo com EP. Os pacientes com EP apresentaram pior desempenho ocupacional quando comparados com os sem EP, apresentando prejuízos principalmente no trabalho. Os resultados do quarto estudo indicam que 45.3% dos pacientes depressivos não responderam ao tratamento, comparados a 54.7% respondedores ao tratamento. Verificamos ainda que o EP desempenhou um papel importante na resposta terapêutica dos pacientes depressivos, sendo que 60 dias após o tratamento pacientes depressivos com EP apresentaram sintomas graves de ideação suicida quando comparados aos sem EP 60 dias após a admissão. Os resultados do estudo cinco indicaram que o grupo dentro dos princípios da Terapia Ocupacional é uma estratégia importante para ressignificação das histórias traumáticas na infância e adolescência de pacientes em episódio depressivo atual. As atividades terapêuticas forneceram subsídios para o paciente exteriorizar e reelaborar as vivências do EP. Conclusões: A integração destes dados destaca a importância da influência do EP no desencadeamento de transtornos psiquiátricos, de modo especial na depressão, no seu curso clínico e resposta terapêutica, além da necessidade de novas formas de intervenções terapêuticas, como às desenvolvidas pela Terapia Ocupacional para a ressignificação das vivências de EP. Ressalta-se a necessidade de novos estudos para o aprimoramento da compreensão dos efeitos nocivos do EP nas psicopatologias depressivas no adulto. / Introduction: Depression is a common condition, chronic and recurrent course, usually associated with functional impairment and significant depletion in performing daily activities. Thus, the occupational performance of the depressive patient may be impaired, occurring disruption of daily routine, difficulty of playing occupational roles, and social tasks, which aims are self-maintenance, productivity and leisure. Studies estimate that 30 to 50% of the depressed patients don\'t have adequate therapeutic response to antidepressant treatments currently available, which are considered depressed patients resistant to treatment. Moreover, scientific research indicates that patients with early life stress (ELS) present increased risk of developing recurrent and resistant depressive episodes, more severe symptoms, more suicide attempts and are more likely to have associated psychiatric comorbidities, which would hinder the therapeutic response. Aims: The first study aimed to examine the influence of ELS in therapeutic response of depressed patients, as well as identify the best therapeutic approach for these patients from the literature findings. The second study aimed to analyze the relationship between ELS subtypes in adult psychiatric patients from psychiatric semihospitalization program in Day Hospital (DH), and to investigate the chances of occurrence of depression according to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of this sample. The third study aimed to evaluate the impact of the ELS on the severity of psychiatric symptoms and occupational performance in depressed adults. The fourth study aimed to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors, ELS and occupational performance in the treatment of adult patient\'s depressive response treated in a psychiatric semi-hospitalization program in DH. The fifth study aimed to describe an intervention group of occupational therapy for depressive adult patients with ELS treated in a psychiatric semi-hospitalization program in DH. Methods: The first study was developed through a systematic review of literature using the key words: early life stress, childhood maltreatment, child abuse childhood trauma, childhood neglect, depression, major depression, depressive, treatment response, treatment outcome, prediction, in the following databases: PubMed, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE, PsycINFO e Scopus, published in English, without time limitation. The second study was developed with the assessment of n= 81 psychiatric patients divided into two samples: with ELS (n= 58) and without ELS (n= 23), at the Clinics Hospital of Medical School of Ribeirão Preto. In this evaluation, the following instruments were applied: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus) for evaluation of psychiatric diagnosis; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) for evaluation of ELS; Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), for evaluation of psychiatric symptoms, as well as a social record for collecting demografic and clinic patients\' data. The third study was conducted with n=91 patients with current depressive episode divided in two samples: with ELS (n=62) and without ELS (n=25), in psychiatric semi-hospitalization regime at the same institution. Participants also answered the questionnaires mentioned previously, as well as GRID Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAM-D21) to assess the severity of depressive symptoms and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure to evaluate the selfperception of the customer about his/her occupational performance. The fourth study was conducted with n= 73 patients with current depressive episode divided into two groups according to the therapeutic response for Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): responders (n=40) and non-responders to treatment (n=33) in psychiatric semihospitalization regime at the same institution. In addition to the questionnaires previously mentioned, participants also answered MADRS for evaluation of therapeutic response. It is worth mentioning that the psychometric assessment protocol was applied at admission and 60 days later. The fifth study was conducted with n=10 patients with current depressive episode submitted to a protocol of 8 Occupational Therapy group sessions, using expressive and reflective activities to reframe the stories of ELS. Results: Systematic review included 21 trials on the subject matter, and most studies indicate that different subtypes of ELS can trigger more severe and disabling psychopathologies in adults, such as depression. Furthermore, ELS influences the clinical course and in therapeutic response in chronic depressive patients. There is no consensus in the literature on therapeutic approach that is more effective for depressed patients with ELS, although combined approaches demonstrate superior effectiveness. In the second study, it was shown that the occurrence of depression in adulthood is related to situations of emotional abuse, sexual and physical neglect in childhood. Patients with history of emotional abuse in childhood have 4.38 times higher prevalence of depression when compared to those without ELS. The third study results indicated that from the sample studied, 70.4% of depressive patients experienced a severe type of ELS, compared to 29.6% without ELS. Furthermore, depressive patients with ELS presented greater impulsivity than those without ELS. Significant correlations were observed between the severity of ELS and depressive symptoms, anxiety and suicidal ideation in the group with ELS. Patients with ELS showed worse occupational performance when compared to those without ELS, especially at work. The results of fourth study indicate that 45.3% of depressed patients don\'t respond to treatment, compared to 54.7% that responds to treatment also we found that ELS performed an important role in therapeutic response of depressive patients, as after 60 days depressed patients with ELS showed severe symptoms of suicidal ideation compared to without ELS 60 days after admission. The results of the fifth study indicated that the group of occupational therapeutic approach is an important strategy to reframe the stories of traumatic childhood and adolescence in patients with current depressive episode. Therapeutic activities provided resources to patient for externalizing and reworking experiences of ELS.Conclusions: The integration of these data highlights the importance of the influence of ELS in the onset of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, in its clinical course and therapeutic answer, and the need for new forms of therapeutic interventions, such as those developed by the Occupational Therapy for reframing experiences of ELS. It is noteworthy the need for further studies to improve understanding of the harmful effects of ELS in depressive disorders in adults.

Introdução: A depressão é uma condição frequente, de curso crônico e recorrente, usualmente associada à incapacitação funcional e comprometimento significativo no desempenho das atividades diárias. Assim, o desempenho ocupacional do paciente depressivo pode ser prejudicado, ocorrendo desorganização da rotina diária, dificuldades para desempenhar papéis ocupacionais, sociais e tarefas que possuem como objetivo a automanutenção, a produtividade e o lazer. Estudos estimam que 30 a 50% dos pacientes depressivos não apresentam resposta terapêutica adequada aos tratamentos antidepressivos disponíveis atualmente, sendo estes considerados pacientes depressivos resistentes ao tratamento. Além disso, investigações científicas indicam que pacientes com estresse precoce (EP) possuem risco aumentado de desenvolver episódio depressivo recorrente e resistente, sintomas mais graves, mais tentativas de suicídio e maior probabilidade de apresentar comorbidades psiquiátricas associadas, o que dificultaria a resposta terapêutica. Objetivos: O primeiro estudo objetivou examinar a influência do EP na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos, bem como, identificar qual a melhor abordagem terapêutica para esses pacientes a partir dos achados da literatura. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre os subtipos de EP de pacientes psiquiátricos adultos tratados em um programa de semiinternação psiquiátrica em Hospital Dia (HD), além de investigar as chances de ocorrência de depressão de acordo com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas desta amostra. O terceiro estudo objetivou avaliar o impacto do EP na gravidade dos sintomas psiquiátricos e no desempenho ocupacional de pacientes depressivos adultos. O quarto estudo teve como propósito avaliar a influência de fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, do EP e do desempenho ocupacional na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos adultos tratados em um programa de semi-internação psiquiátrica em HD. E o quinto estudo objetivou descrever uma intervenção grupal de terapia ocupacional para pacientes depressivos adultos com EP inseridos em um programa de semi-internação psiquiátrica em HD. Métodos: O primeiro estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, utilizando as palavras chaves: early life stress, childhood maltreatment, child abuse childhood trauma, childhood neglect, depression, major depression, depressive, treatment response, treatment outcome, prediction nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE, PsycINFO e Scopus, publicados em inglês, sem limitação de tempo. O segundo estudo foi desenvolvido com a avaliação de n=81 pacientes psiquiátricos divididos em duas amostras: com EP (n=58) e sem EP (n=23) no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto. Nesta avaliação foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI-PLUS) para avaliação do diagnóstico psiquiátrico; Questionário Sobre Traumas na Infância (CTQ) para avaliação do EP; Inventário de Depressão de Beck II (BDI-II), Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI), Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD), Escala de Ideação Suicida de Beck (BSI), Escala de Desesperança de Beck (BHS), Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt (BIS-11), para avaliação dos sintomas psiquiátricos, além de uma ficha sóciodemográfica e clínica para coleta de dados do paciente. O terceiro estudo foi desenvolvido com n=91 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual divididos em duas amostras: com EP (n=62) e sem EP (n=25) em regime de semiinternação psiquiátrica na mesma instituição. Os participantes também responderam os questionários citados anteriormente, além da Escala de Avaliação de Depressão GRID de Hamilton (GRID-HAM-D21) para avaliação da gravidade da sintomatologia depressiva e a Medida Canadense do Desempenho Ocupacional (COPM) para avaliação da auto-percepção do cliente sobre o desempenho ocupacional. O quarto estudo foi desenvolvido com n=73 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a resposta terapêutica na Escala de Avaliação para Depressão de Montgomery-Asberg (MADRS): respondedores (n=40) e não respondedores ao tratamento (n=33), em regime de semiinternação psiquiátrica na mesma instituição. Além dos questionários já citados anteriormente, os participantes também responderam a MADRS para avaliação da resposta terapêutica. Vale mencionar que o protocolo de avaliação psicométrica foi aplicado na admissão hospitalar e 60 dias após. O quinto estudo foi desenvolvido com 10 pacientes em episódio depressivo atual submetidos a um protocolo de 8 sessões de grupo de Terapia Ocupacional, utilizando-se de atividades expressivas e reflexivas para ressignificação das histórias de EP. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática foram incluídos 21 estudos sobre a temática estudada, sendo que a maioria dos estudos aponta que os diferentes subtipos de EP podem desencadear psicopatologias mais graves e mais incapacitantes no adulto, como a depressão. Além disso, o EP influencia no curso clínico e na resposta terapêutica de pacientes depressivos crônicos. Não há consenso na literatura sobre a abordagem terapêutica que apresenta maior eficácia para o paciente depressivo com EP, embora abordagens combinadas demonstrem eficácia superior. No segundo estudo foi evidenciado que a ocorrência de depressão na idade adulta está relacionada à situações de abuso emocional e sexual e negligência física na infância. Pacientes com abuso emocional na infância possuem uma prevalência 4.38 maior de depressão em comparação com aqueles sem história de EP. Os resultados do terceiro estudo indicaram que na amostra avaliada, 70.4% dos pacientes depressivos sofreram algum tipo grave de EP, comparados a 29.6% sem EP. Além disso, os pacientes depressivos com EP apresentaram maior impulsividade do que os sem EP. Foram observadas ainda correlações significativas entre a gravidade do EP e os sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e ideação suicida no grupo com EP. Os pacientes com EP apresentaram pior desempenho ocupacional quando comparados com os sem EP, apresentando prejuízos principalmente no trabalho. Os resultados do quarto estudo indicam que 45.3% dos pacientes depressivos não responderam ao tratamento, comparados a 54.7% respondedores ao tratamento. Verificamos ainda que o EP desempenhou um papel importante na resposta terapêutica dos pacientes depressivos, sendo que 60 dias após o tratamento pacientes depressivos com EP apresentaram sintomas graves de ideação suicida quando comparados aos sem EP 60 dias após a admissão. Os resultados do estudo cinco indicaram que o grupo dentro dos princípios da Terapia Ocupacional é uma estratégia importante para ressignificação das histórias traumáticas na infância e adolescência de pacientes em episódio depressivo atual. As atividades terapêuticas forneceram subsídios para o paciente exteriorizar e reelaborar as vivências do EP. Conclusões: A integração destes dados destaca a importância da influência do EP no desencadeamento de transtornos psiquiátricos, de modo especial na depressão, no seu curso clínico e resposta terapêutica, além da necessidade de novas formas de intervenções terapêuticas, como às desenvolvidas pela Terapia Ocupacional para a ressignificação das vivências de EP. Ressalta-se a necessidade de novos estudos para o aprimoramento da compreensão dos efeitos nocivos do EP nas psicopatologias depressivas no adulto. / Introduction: Depression is a common condition, chronic and recurrent course, usually associated with functional impairment and significant depletion in performing daily activities. Thus, the occupational performance of the depressive patient may be impaired, occurring disruption of daily routine, difficulty of playing occupational roles, and social tasks, which aims are self-maintenance, productivity and leisure. Studies estimate that 30 to 50% of the depressed patients don\'t have adequate therapeutic response to antidepressant treatments currently available, which are considered depressed patients resistant to treatment. Moreover, scientific research indicates that patients with early life stress (ELS) present increased risk of developing recurrent and resistant depressive episodes, more severe symptoms, more suicide attempts and are more likely to have associated psychiatric comorbidities, which would hinder the therapeutic response. Aims: The first study aimed to examine the influence of ELS in therapeutic response of depressed patients, as well as identify the best therapeutic approach for these patients from the literature findings. The second study aimed to analyze the relationship between ELS subtypes in adult psychiatric patients from psychiatric semihospitalization program in Day Hospital (DH), and to investigate the chances of occurrence of depression according to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of this sample. The third study aimed to evaluate the impact of the ELS on the severity of psychiatric symptoms and occupational performance in depressed adults. The fourth study aimed to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors, ELS and occupational performance in the treatment of adult patient\'s depressive response treated in a psychiatric semi-hospitalization program in DH. The fifth study aimed to describe an intervention group of occupational therapy for depressive adult patients with ELS treated in a psychiatric semi-hospitalization program in DH. Methods: The first study was developed through a systematic review of literature using the key words: early life stress, childhood maltreatment, child abuse childhood trauma, childhood neglect, depression, major depression, depressive, treatment response, treatment outcome, prediction, in the following databases: PubMed, WEB OF KNOWLEDGE, PsycINFO e Scopus, published in English, without time limitation. The second study was developed with the assessment of n= 81 psychiatric patients divided into two samples: with ELS (n= 58) and without ELS (n= 23), at the Clinics Hospital of Medical School of Ribeirão Preto. In this evaluation, the following instruments were applied: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus) for evaluation of psychiatric diagnosis; Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) for evaluation of ELS; Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSI), Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), for evaluation of psychiatric symptoms, as well as a social record for collecting demografic and clinic patients\' data. The third study was conducted with n=91 patients with current depressive episode divided in two samples: with ELS (n=62) and without ELS (n=25), in psychiatric semi-hospitalization regime at the same institution. Participants also answered the questionnaires mentioned previously, as well as GRID Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (GRID-HAM-D21) to assess the severity of depressive symptoms and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure to evaluate the selfperception of the customer about his/her occupational performance. The fourth study was conducted with n= 73 patients with current depressive episode divided into two groups according to the therapeutic response for Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): responders (n=40) and non-responders to treatment (n=33) in psychiatric semihospitalization regime at the same institution. In addition to the questionnaires previously mentioned, participants also answered MADRS for evaluation of therapeutic response. It is worth mentioning that the psychometric assessment protocol was applied at admission and 60 days later. The fifth study was conducted with n=10 patients with current depressive episode submitted to a protocol of 8 Occupational Therapy group sessions, using expressive and reflective activities to reframe the stories of ELS. Results: Systematic review included 21 trials on the subject matter, and most studies indicate that different subtypes of ELS can trigger more severe and disabling psychopathologies in adults, such as depression. Furthermore, ELS influences the clinical course and in therapeutic response in chronic depressive patients. There is no consensus in the literature on therapeutic approach that is more effective for depressed patients with ELS, although combined approaches demonstrate superior effectiveness. In the second study, it was shown that the occurrence of depression in adulthood is related to situations of emotional abuse, sexual and physical neglect in childhood. Patients with history of emotional abuse in childhood have 4.38 times higher prevalence of depression when compared to those without ELS. The third study results indicated that from the sample studied, 70.4% of depressive patients experienced a severe type of ELS, compared to 29.6% without ELS. Furthermore, depressive patients with ELS presented greater impulsivity than those without ELS. Significant correlations were observed between the severity of ELS and depressive symptoms, anxiety and suicidal ideation in the group with ELS. Patients with ELS showed worse occupational performance when compared to those without ELS, especially at work. The results of fourth study indicate that 45.3% of depressed patients don\'t respond to treatment, compared to 54.7% that responds to treatment also we found that ELS performed an important role in therapeutic response of depressive patients, as after 60 days depressed patients with ELS showed severe symptoms of suicidal ideation compared to without ELS 60 days after admission. The results of the fifth study indicated that the group of occupational therapeutic approach is an important strategy to reframe the stories of traumatic childhood and adolescence in patients with current depressive episode. Therapeutic activities provided resources to patient for externalizing and reworking experiences of ELS.Conclusions: The integration of these data highlights the importance of the influence of ELS in the onset of psychiatric disorders, especially depression, in its clinical course and therapeutic answer, and the need for new forms of therapeutic interventions, such as those developed by the Occupational Therapy for reframing experiences of ELS. It is noteworthy the need for further studies to improve understanding of the harmful effects of ELS in depressive disorders in adults.

Objective: To compare psychological work and life stress indicators among female hospital employees in both shift work (SW) and non-shift work (NSW) positions, and determine associations with demographic and vocational factors, and indicators of cardiovascular risk (CVR). Methods: Female employees from one Southeastern Ontario acute care hospital (n=212) provided fasting blood samples, demographic and work related data, and completed a physical assessment and questionnaires. Work stress was measured with the Job Content Questionnaire and Effort-Reward Balance Index (ERI). Life stress was assessed with the Derogatis Stress Profile. Metabolic Syndrome (MS) was determined based on Interim Societies Joint Guidelines. Results: SW in comparison to NSW employees reported higher mean scores in: global ERI (.70 (SD .4) vs. .58 (SD.29) p<.05), psychological job demands (21.2 (SD 4.8) vs. 19.2 (5.7) p<.01), physical job demands (13.8 (SD 2.6) vs. 10.2 (SD 3.8), skill discretion (36.5 (SD 4.4) vs. 34.7 (SD 5.4) p<.01), lower decision authority (31.6 (SD 5.8) vs. 33.5 (SD 6.5) p<.05), and lower total life stress scores (39.2 (SD 7.3) vs. 42.1 (SD 9.4) p<.05). There were no significant differences between SW and NSW group for MS or CVR factors. MS was present among 17% of all employees, 18.5% of SW, and 15.5% of NSW. In logistic regression analysis MS occurrence was associated with chronic SW exposure of 6 or more years (AOR 5.41 (95% CI, 1.84 – 15.87), decisional authority (AOR 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00 – 1.18), skill discretion (AOR 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01 – 1.26), and depression (AOR 1.26 (95% CI 1.08 – 1.46). Conclusions: Women working in SW positions experience more psychological and physical work stress, and effort-reward imbalance. The interplay between effort and reward aspects of the work environment may significantly contribute to psychological work stress and persist with increasing age among female hospital employees regardless of SW status. Among female hospital employees SW status and psychological stress measures do not appear to have an immediate effect upon CVR, as measured by the MS, but may contribute to its development with prolonged exposure. / Thesis (Master, Nursing) -- Queen's University, 2014-04-27 21:22:11.951

Early-life experience has profound effects on the individual’s neurobiology and behaviour later in life. The rodent animal experimental model maternal separation (MS) was used to study this more in detail. The MS model involves short and prolonged postnatal separations simulating an emotionally safe and stressful environment, respectively. The aims of the thesis were to examine the impact of individual MS on ethanol consumption and on brain dopamine and serotonin systems in adult male rats. Furthermore, the influence of separation conditions on the short- and long-term consequences of MS on several neurotransmitter systems was examined. Rat pups were assigned to either litter-wise MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15l or MS360l) or individual MS for 15 or 360 minutes (MS15i or MS360i). Control rats were subjected to conventional animal facility rearing (AFR). Ethanol intake was assessed in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. Neuropeptides were analyzed with radioimmunoassay, monoamines and metabolites with electrochemical detection and gene expression with qPCR. Using the MSi paradigm, minor effects on voluntary ethanol consumption were observed. However, the monoaminergic responses elicited by ethanol were dependent on the early-life environment. Furthermore, short- and long-term consequences of MS on serotonin, opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems were studied. Multiple neurobiological measurements in one and the same rat offered a unique possibility to examine the effects of duration (MS15 versus MS360) and condition (l versus i) of MS. Time-, region-, sex- and transmitter-specific effects were observed. More pronounced differences were seen in serotonin measures and oxytocin in young rats. In adults these differences in basal levels were normalized. Opioid peptides differed in stress-related brain areas in young rats and in limbic areas in adults. Rats subjected to the MS15l environment that relates to natural conditions generally exhibited a different neurobiological profile than other groups. AFR rats, i.e. conventional control rats, were more similar to the putative most stressful condition MS360. Taken together, the networks examined in the present thesis are important for the establishment of normal social behaviour and derangements in these systems may result in neurobiological changes leading to the susceptibility for psychopathological conditions later in life.

Bakgrund: Allt fler människor upplever sig stressade i dagens samhälle. Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha många positiva hälsofördelar, inte minst på upplevelsen av stress. Trots det så prioriteras det oftast inte av individer som upplever stress. Att vara fysiskt inaktiv är en riskfaktor som i kombination med stress kan leda till allvarliga sjukdomar och psykisk ohälsa. Fysisk aktivitet leder inte enbart till bättre fysisk hälsa utan även till ökat välmående och överlag högre livskvalité.  Syfte: Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om 100 minuter gruppträning i veckan under 5 veckor hade någon effekt på upplevelsen av vardaglig stress, välmående och kondition hos fysiskt inaktiva individer med måttlig till hög grad av stress. Deltagare: 30 individer (24 kvinnor, 5 män och 1 icke-binär) mellan åldrarna 20-40 år deltog i studien. Två grupper slumpades, interventionsgrupp (n=15) och kontrollgrupp (n=15). Deltagarna höll inte på med någon fysisk aktivitet och skattade sig som måttligt (totalsumma &gt;14) till högt stressade (totalsumma &gt;27) på PSS-10.  Metod: Deltagarna fick fylla i en enkät kopplat till upplevd, vardaglig stress (PSS-10), en enkät om välmående (VS) och genomförde ett submaximalt cykelergometertest (EB-test). Samtliga enkäter och cykelergometertest gjordes igen efter en 5 veckors intervention. Där interventionsgruppen hade deltagit i 100 minuter gruppbaserad cirkelträning per vecka och kontrollgruppen uppmanades fortsätta leva som vanligt. Resultat: Signifikanta skillnader hittades hos interventionsgruppen mellan pre- och posttester för skattning på PSS-10 (p=0,0001) och VS (p&lt;0,0001). Inga skillnader hittades mellan interventionsgrupp och kontrollgrupp gällande någon parameter. Konklusion: 100 minuter gruppträning per vecka, under specifika omständigheter, verkar påverka upplevd stress och välmående hos tidigare inaktiva, stressade individer. Vilken enskild faktor som har lett till reduktion av stress och ökat välmående kan ej pekas ut. / Background: In today’s society it has increasingly become common to experience a high degree of negative stress. Despite the fact that physical activity has many health benefits, for example when it comes to reduce perceived stress, individuals feeling stressed does not prioritize physical activity. Being physically inactive in combination with a high degree of negative stress can lead to a variety of psychological diagnoses and physical problems. Physical activity does not only give rise to a better health, but also a higher sense of wellbeing and life quality.  Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate if 100 minutes of group training per week during 5 weeks had an effect on perceived life stress, well-being and physical fitness in physically inactive individuals with moderate to high perceived stress. Participants: 30 participants (24 women, 5 men and 1 intergender) between the ages of 2040 years participated in the study. The participants were randomized into two groups, an intervention group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). They did not engage in any physical activity and estimated themselves as moderately (total sum&gt;14) to highly stressed (total sum&gt;27) on PSS-10. Method: The participants filled in got to answer a questionnaire related to perceived life stress (PSS-10), a questionnaire about well-being (VS) and performed a submaximal bicycle ergometer test (EB-test). After a 5 week intervention period the questionnaires were distributed again and the bicycle ergometer test was performed. The intervention group participated in 100 minutes of group based circuit training per week while the control group was requested to continue to live as before. Results: Significant differences were found in the intervention group pre- and post test results for PSS-10 (p=0,0001) and VS (p&lt;0,0001). No differences between the intervention group and the control group were found on regarding any parameters. Conclusion: 100 minutes of group training per week, under specific circumstances, seems to have an effect on perceived stress and well-being on previously inactive individuals with moderate to high stress. A single cause that lead to a reduction in stress and higher well-being can not be determined.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-09-28T18:57:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDROSILVAJUNIOR.pdf: 1588007 bytes, checksum: ce258a01be3a52c90f22650bdf9a8972 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T18:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDROSILVAJUNIOR.pdf: 1588007 bytes, checksum: ce258a01be3a52c90f22650bdf9a8972 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-02 / Brazilian political and economic structure promotes a society marked by social inequalities, generating indignation and various conflicts. Stress, anxiety, depression, malaise professional, poor infrastructure, inadequate diet, physical inactivity, (i) urban mobility, fragility of social bonds, pollution, among others, are contemporary factors that affect the quality of life of human beings. This scenario deserves particular attention when we refer to the school environment. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and to identify the degree of perceived stress in Municipal Schools of directors of Early Childhood Education (EMEIs) in São Paulo. The study included 86 school principals, representing 16.04% of total EMEIs directors of Municipal Education Network (RME). Instruments: socio demographic questionnaire, Quality of Life-abbreviated Assessment Instrument - WHOQOL-BREF and the Perceived Stress Scale - PSS. The results revealed that, on average, 70.9% have excessive routine work, characterized by: arrive early and / or leave later normal business hours; receive and / or make calls, messages, emails or similar, related to the direction, outside of working hours and take home service and / or worry about issues relating to direction after close of business. The majority (60.05%) believes that working conditions while school principal influence negatively on personal health. Both the general index of quality of life as compared to WHOQOL-bref domains showed average significantly below the Brazilian normative data 12.7 ± 3.1 (p <0.001). Regarding the level of perceived stress, initially we analyzed the frequencies relating to perceived stress levels. The results showed that the perceived stress level is between 48.8% of "time" for 41.9% of "almost always". This result shows statistically significant (χ2 p <0.05). According this study, we observed the lack of studies on QOL and stress with school principals, QOL performed significantly below expectations, and the perception of stress in nearly half of the sample studied. / A estrutura política e econômica brasileira promove uma sociedade marcada por desigualdades sociais, gerando indignações e diversos conflitos. Estresse, ansiedade, depressão, mal estar profissional, infraestrutura precária, alimentação inadequada, sedentarismo, (i)mobilidade urbana, fragilidade dos vínculos sociais, poluição, dentre outros, são fatores contemporâneos que afetam a qualidade de vida dos seres humanos. Este cenário merece atenção peculiar quando nos remetemos ao ambiente escolar. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de vida bem como identificar o grau de estresse percebido em diretores de Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil (EMEIs) na Cidade de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 86 Diretores de Escolas, correspondendo a 16,04% do total de diretores de EMEIs da Rede Municipal de Educação (RME). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário sociodemográfico, Instrumento de Avaliação de Qualidade de Vida-abreviado - WHOQOL-bref e a Escala de Estresse Percebido – PSS. Os resultados revelaram que, em média, 70,9% possuem uma excessiva rotina de trabalho, caracterizadas por: chegar mais cedo e/ou sair mais tarde do expediente normal; receber e/ou fazer ligações, mensagens, e-mails ou similares, relacionados à direção, fora do expediente de trabalho e levar serviços para casa e/ou se preocupar com questões relativas à direção, após encerrar o expediente. A maioria (60,05%) acredita que as condições de trabalho, enquanto Diretor de Escola influenciam negativamente na saúde pessoal. Tanto o índice geral da Qualidade de Vida quanto em relação aos domínios do WHOQOL-bref mostraram médias significativamente abaixo dos dados normativos brasileiros 12,7±3,1 (p<0,001). Quanto ao nível de estresse percebido, inicialmente analisamos as frequências referentes aos respectivos níveis. Os resultados mostraram que o nível de estresse percebido se situa entre 48,8% de “às vezes” para 41,9% de “quase sempre”. Este resultado se apresenta estatisticamente significativo (χ2 p<0,05). Com base neste estudo pudemos observar a escassez de estudos sobre QV e estresse com Diretores de Escolas e que a QV se apresentou significativamente baixa, bem como a percepção de estresse em quase metade da amostra estudada.