Cette étude se propose d’aborder, par l’ethnographie, les pratiques plurilingues des Hehe, une population vivant dans la région d’Iringa située sur les hautes terres du sud de la Tanzanie. Ce pays d’une grande diversité linguistique a forgé son unité nationale sur la promotion et l’idéologisation d’une langue particulière, le kiswahili. L’idéologie linguistique dominante qui découle de cette histoire singulière, déconsidère les langues locales et occulte la réalité des pratiques plurilingues du quotidien. D’où le projet d’interroger les choix linguistiques et le recours à l’alternance codique (principalement entre le kihehe et le kiswahili, plus rarement l’anglais) dans deux villages de la région d’Iringa : à L’École, primaire et secondaire, à l’Église, catholique et protestante, dans une radio locale, au centre d’un village, chez des particuliers, au sein d’un groupe de jeunes et dans des bars d’alcool artisanal. L’analyse de ces interactions permet d’appréhender les dynamiques concurrentielles en termes de prestige et de sphères d’usage, entre le kihehe, le kiswahili et l’anglais ; de même, elle révèle par touches successives différents aspects des représentations linguistiques de nos interlocuteurs, leur attachement affectif aux langues, ainsi que la possibilité d’un positionnement identificatoire « entre les langues » mobilisé à la fois par la maîtrise du kiswahili et du kihehe. En ce sens, la présente thèse propose une contribution d’anthropologie linguistique à la question du plurilinguisme, visant à en renouveler l’approche. / This study proposes to access the plurilingual practices of the Hehe, a population that lives in the Iringa region located on the Southern Highlands of Tanzania through ethnographic research. This country possesses a great linguistic diversity and has built its national unity from promoting and ideologising one specific language: Kiswahili. The dominant linguistic ideology that stems from this singular history undermines the local languages and conceals the reality of day-to-day plurilingual practices. Hence the project to question linguistic choices and code-switching (mainly between Kihehe and Kiswahili, less frequently English) in two villages of the Iringa region and more specifically in School, primary and secondary, Church, catholic and protestant, a local radio station, at a village center, at private homes, among a group of young people, and in homemade alcool bars. The analysis of these interactions allows for an understanding of the competitive dynamics in terms of prestige and field of uses between Kihehe, Kiswahili and English; likewise, it reveals through successive steps different aspects of the linguistic representations of our interlocutors, their emotional attachment to languages, as well as the possibility of an identifiying position “between languages” activated by the mastery of both Kiswahili and Kihehe. Within this context, the present thesis proposes a linguistic anthropology contribution towards the question of plurilingualism with a view to renewing how it can be approached.

This dissertation examines three phases in post-Cold War relations between Turkey and the ex-Soviet Turkic republics of Central Asia and the Caucasus, not from the macro-level perspective of political and economic protocols and accords agreed by state actors, which has been ably outlined by other scholars, but rather from the micro-level perspective of efforts pursued on a less formal plane to promote linguistic rapprochement among the disparate Turkic peoples. The actors in this unfolding drama were an shifting collective of interested individuals, composed predominantly of linguists and language professionals, who were readily classifiable neither as official representatives of their respective nations, nor solely as invested individuals acting in their own interests, but rather operated at the meso level and comprised, I would argue, a “community of practice” dedicated to uniting the Turkic peoples linguistically, socioculturally, and perhaps even geopolitically under the rubric of an emergent supranational “Turkic world.” In exploring the shifting sands of supranational relations in the post-Soviet Turkic world through the lens of linguistic rapprochement, I focus, in particular, on two ostensibly discrete language ideological debates--the first centered around a series of early Turkic linguistic congresses held during the initial phase of post-Soviet Turkic relations that focused on the creation of a common Turkic alphabet (ortak alfabe) and Turkic lingua franca (ortak dil), and the second emerging during the third phase of relations among the Turkic peoples that focused on defending the Turkish alphabet from pernicious “outside” influence, where “outside” was largely identified as “the West” yet intersected in interesting, ways with the “outside Turks” (dış Türkler) of Central Asia and the Caucasus. In addition, I reconstruct the transitional “bridge” between the first and third phases of Turkic relations by also examining the dimensions of ongoing discussion and debate over issues of language, orthography, and identity both in Turkey and in the emergent Turkic world that, although more diffuse and less formal by nature than the two debates described above nonetheless, I argue, constitute two additional language ideological debates which together define the second stage of relations among the Turkic peoples in the post-Cold War era. / text

Submitted by Oliveira Gabrig (igoliveira@id.uff.br) on 2017-06-13T16:11:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T17:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versão final Roberta..pdf: 801148 bytes, checksum: b654480952052fe217b51d8097c8a356 (MD5) / Com essa pesquisa tem-se a intenção de enriquecer o debate sobre o tema das normas linguísticas, mais especificamente acerca das normas linguísticas coexistentes no português do Brasil, mostrando a visão de importantes autores da sociolinguística no que concerne à divisão e nomenclatura dessas normas, além de esclarecer os aspectos socio-históricos envolvidos na constituição da norma padrão brasileira. Também busca evidenciar que há um aparato ideológico, denominado aqui de ideologia da norma-padrão, que mantém o status elevado de uma norma, a prescritiva, sobre as demais, normas cultas e normas populares. Para isso, observamos como esta ideologia se manifesta na sociedade através da análise de comentários feitos por seguidores da página “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” pertencente à rede social Facebook. Com esta análise foi possível identificar as representações que diferentes falantes têm não só da língua portuguesa, como também dos usos que outros falantes fazem dessa língua / With this research the intention is to enrich the debate on the theme of linguistic norms, especifically about the linguistic norms that coexist in brasilian portuguese, showing the vision of importants sociolinguistic authors, concerning the division and nomenclature of these norms, in addition clarifies the socio-historical aspects involved in the constitution of the brasilian standard norm. Also seeks to evidence that exists an ideological apparatus, named here as the ideology of standard norm, that maintains the hight status of one norm, the prescriptive, above the others, cultured norms and popular norms. For this it observes how this ideology manifests itself in a society through analysis of comments made by followers of the page “Palavra Certa – Dicas da Língua Portuguesa” belongs to Facebook social network. With this analysis it was possible to identify the representations that the speakers have not only of the portuguese language, but also of the use that different speakers make in this language

En Région Bretagne, les Britanniques forment la plus importante population étrangère comptant au recensement 2010 près de 14 000 personnes. Depuis la fin des années 1980, cette population qui s’installe prioritairement dans les milieux ruraux de la Bretagne intérieure est une illustration exemplaire des nouvelles « mobilités privilégiées », ou lifestyle migration, en provenance des pays du « Nord ». Ces vagues migratoires peuvent ainsi amener à une reconfiguration du tissu économique et socioculturel de ces zones faisant face à un déficit migratoire. La recherche proposée ici s’attache à étudier l’accueil et la socialisation de ces migrant!e!s par l’analyse des pratiques interactionnelles et discursives, et à interroger les problématiques sociolangagières auxquelles les migrant!e!s anglophones et les autochtones sontconfronté!e!s. Se basant sur un travail de terrain combinant observations, entretiens semi-directifs et forums de discussions, ces analyses critiques s’articulent à la prise en compte des conditions sociologiques, politiques et économiques de cette migration. Les catégories d’assignations identitaires, les idéologies langagières et les stratégies interactionnelles mobilisées par les migrants britanniques et les autochtones semblent alors faire apparaître des logiques paradoxales du capitalisme contemporain : d’un côté la hiérarchisation des mobilités et les stratégies de mise en marché du territoire montrent les privilèges des populations britanniques; de l’autre la responsabilisation des migrant!e!s face à leurs choix de migrer et la flexibilisation des parcours de vie peut mener à leur précarisation économique et à un certain isolement social. / In Brittany (France), the British account for the largest foreign population, with an estimated 14 000 individuals according to the 2010 census. Since the end of the 1980s, this population relocates primarily in rural areas of central Brittany and illustrates the new “privileged mobilities”, or “lifestyle migration”, coming from the « North ». In these areas facing an important migration deficit, the British migration may have an impact on the local economic and sociocultural environment. This research aims at studying the reception and the socialization of these migrants through the analysis of interactional and discursive practices, and at questioning the sociolinguistics issues these Anglophones migrants and the autochthonpopulation are confronted with. Based on a fieldwork combining observations, semi-directed interviews and a collection of discussion forum threads, these critical analyses are articulated to the sociological, political and economic background of the migration. The identities and social categories, the linguistic ideologies and the interactional strategies that the migrants and the autochthons mobilise thus seem to expose some paradoxical logics of contemporary capitalism: on the one hand the hierarchisation of mobilities and the marketing of the territory reveal the privileges of the British population; on the other hand the responsabilisation of the migrants with respect to their migratory process and the flexibilisation of the course of life can lead to socioeconomic insecurity and social isolation

No description available.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T20:36:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação de Mestrado - Júlia Costa Mendes.pdf: 1954512 bytes, checksum: 4d95f39c1c01479a2f05005b4d22b734 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T20:37:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação de Mestrado - Júlia Costa Mendes.pdf: 1954512 bytes, checksum: 4d95f39c1c01479a2f05005b4d22b734 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T20:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação de Mestrado - Júlia Costa Mendes.pdf: 1954512 bytes, checksum: 4d95f39c1c01479a2f05005b4d22b734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Tendo em vista o mundo atual em que ser monolíngue é a exceção, investigar questões que possam auxiliar o melhor desenvolvimento do ensino e aprendizagem de línguas nas escolas e universidades parece ser algo bastante relevante. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa tem como principal objetivo investigar as ideologias linguísticas sobre o conceito de bilinguismo, assim como sobre outras questões que o permeiam. Para verificar a existência de tais ideologias, foram analisadas entrevistas feitas com indivíduos divididos em quatro grupos diferentes: bilíngues estudantes de Letras, professores universitários bilíngues, bilíngues universitários de outras áreas e monolíngues. A metodologia desta pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de questionários contendo perguntas relacionadas à opinião dos entrevistados sobre questões referentes ao bilinguismo. Com os dados levantados e analisados, pode-se verificar a existência de diversas ideologias acerca do assunto que comprometem o ensino e aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras tanto nas universidades quanto nas escolas de idiomas. / Bearing in mind that in today’s world being monolingual is the exception, investigating issues that may help a better development of language teaching and learning in schools and universities seems to be quite relevant. Therefore, the present research has as main objective investigate the linguistic ideologies on the concept of bilingualism, as well as on other questions that pervade it. To verify the existence of such ideologies, we analysed interviews with individuals divided into four different groups: bilingual Letters’ students, bilingual university professors, university bilinguals from other areas and monolinguals. The methodology chosen for this research consists in the application of questionnaires containing questions related to the opinion of the interviewees about topics related to bilingualism. With the data collected and analysed, it is possible to verify the existence of diverse ideologies about the subject that compromises the teaching and learning of foreign languages in the universities as well as in the language schools.

Comment se fait-il que des adolescents malgaches en territoire malgache discutent entre eux dans une langue autre que le malgache en situation informelle ? En s’appuyant sur les notions d’idéologie et d’idéologie linguistique, cette recherche vise à comprendre la domination linguistique dans un contexte de co-présence de deux langues dans un environnement scolaire. Une observation participante au sein d’une école française d’Antananarivo a permis d’interagir directement avec les élèves, les enseignants et les divers responsables de l’école.Que ce soit dans les pratiques effectives ou dans les discours épilinguistiques, le français tient toujours une place centrale, et ce même à l’extérieur de l'enceinte de l’établissement. Cette situation repose sur plusieurs facteurs : le rôle des parents, le désir de migration économique et le système scolaire lui-même. Il en résulte que les adolescents essayent d’affirmer une parfaite maîtrise du français pour pouvoir poursuivre leurs études en France. Cependant, a contrario mais dans le même but, les adolescents se présentent comme maîtrisant mal le malgache, pourtant langue nationale.Le français constitue une opportunité économique, la langue de l’emploi, de l’avenir. Certains accusent le néocolonialisme français, d’autres accusent le laxisme malgache. Les adolescents se trouvent pris dans un entre-deux culturel : ils s’affirment pas tout-à-fait français et plus vraiment malgaches. Si certains s’adaptent tant bien que mal à la situation qui leur est imposée, d’autres essayent de mener une sorte de conscientisation culpabilisante. D’autres encore essayent de trouver leur bonheur dans la situation de co-présence linguistique. C’est de ce dernier positionnement que vient la proposition de recherche interdisciplinaire pour un passage d’une situation de domination linguistique à une situation égalitaire de complémentarité. / Why do Malagasy teenagers in Malagasy territory talk to each other in a language other than malagasy in an informal situation ? Using theoretical tools based on linguistic ideology, this research aims to understand the linguistic dominance in a context linguistic coexistence in a school environment. A participatory observation in a french school in Antananarivo allowed to interact directly with students, teachers and various school officials.Whether in actual practice or in epilinguistic speeches, french language still holds the most important place, even when leaving the precincts of the school. This situation results from several influences : parents will, the desire for economic migration and the school objectives. As a result, adolescents try to display a perfect command of french to show their merit to continue their studies in France. However, there is a certain setback in which adolescents, for the same purpose, present themselves as poorly fluent in malagasy, yet a national language.French is considered as an economic opportunity, the language of employment, the language of the future. Some accuse French neocolonialism, others accuse Malagasy laxity. The teenagers are in a cultural interlude : not quite French and more truly Malagasy. While some adapt to the situation imposed on them somehow, others try to carry out a kind of conscientiousness guilt. Still others try to find their happiness in the situation of linguistic coexistence. From this last position comes the interdisciplinary research proposal for a transition from a situation of linguistic domination to an egalitarian situation of complementarity.

À Astana, la capitale du Kazakhstan, le russe et le kazakh s’entremêlent quotidiennement dans les conversations. Ce mémoire porte sur les idéologies linguistiques qui soutiennent le codeswitching entre les différents registres du kazakh et du russe. J’ai réalisé trois mois de terrain ethnographique durant lesquels j’ai conduit de l’observation du paysage et des pratiques linguistiques que j’ai contrastées avec des entrevues de type récit de vie. Cette approche m’a permis de souligner que le russe est privilégié dans les contextes publics : c’est la langue de l’école, du travail, des commerces et des médias. Le russe ouvre de nombreuses portes et peut être considéré comme un index de réussite sociale. Le registre « domestique » du kazakh est caractérisé par ses emprunts et ses calques au russe. Il est principalement utilisé dans les contextes liés à la famille et aux traditions. Ce registre est un emblème de l’identité kazakhe. Pour cette raison, un parent peut exiger de quelqu’un qu’il performe ce registre, ce qui est une source d’anxiété. Cependant, le kazakh domestique n’est pas désirable dans toutes les situations. Des siècles de discours racistes ont stigmatisé la nationalité kazakhe et ce stigma est transmis au registre domestique. Le kazakh « institutionnel » est une variété qui a été développée par des acteurs qui gravitent autour du gouvernement spécifiquement pour échapper au stigma. Il s’agit d’une forme linguistique puriste qui vise à performer l’État-nation du Kazakhstan. Son utilisation, qui occasionne un maximum d’anxiété, est limitée aux rituels de l’État, tels que les discours présidentiels et les publications gouvernementales. Pour que cette théâtralité soit possible, le kazakh institutionnel est une exigence pour tous les employés du secteur public. Inversement, cela crée un incitatif à apprendre ce registre, particulièrement pour les Kazakhs qui ont un niveau d’éducation postsecondaire en russe. Je soutiens que la guerre russo-ukrainienne déstabilise l’équilibre entre les registres. Le conflit affecte l’Asie Centrale politiquement, économiquement et socialement, notamment par l’arrivée de centaines de milliers de migrants russes. Dans ces circonstances tendues, j’ai observé une augmentation de l’audibilité du kazakh. Surtout, je défends que la population est en train de redéfinir le sens de parler kazakh en public pour en faire un acte de résistance. Dans ce contexte en transformation, les langues sont utilisées métonymiquement pour discuter de questions identitaires et politiques. / In Astana, Kazakhstan’s capital, Russian and Kazakh are intertwined daily. This MA thesis is concerned with linguistic ideologies supporting code preferences between registers of Kazakh and Russian. I conducted three months of ethnographic fieldwork involving the observation of linguistic landscape and practices that I contrasted with life stories interviews. This approach allowed me to highlight that Russian is privileged in public contexts, such as schools, place of work, shops, and medias. For this reason, Russian opens many doors and can be considered an index of social success. The “domestic” register of Kazakh is characterized by borrowing and calques from Russian. It’s most employed in contexts relating to family and deemed as traditional. This linguistic variety is emblematic of Kazakh identity. Consequently, parents, especially elders, can demand someone to switch to this register, which is a source of anxiety. However, domestic Kazakh isn’t desirable in all situations. Centuries of racist discourse led to the stigmatization of Kazakh nationality, a stigma which is transmitted to the domestic register. “Institutional” Kazakh is a linguistic variety developed by actors close to the government specifically to escape the stigma link to the domestic register. It’s a purist register that aims to perform the Nation-state of Kazakhstan. Its use, which leads to a maximum of anxiety, is limited to state’s rituals, such as presidential speeches or governmental publications. For this performative theatricality to be maintained, institutional Kazakh as to be a requirement for all public sector’s employees. In turn, this requirement creates an incentive to learn this register, especially for Kazakhs who already hold a postsecondary education in Russian. I argue the Russo-Ukrainian war is destabilizing this equilibrium between registers. The conflict affects Central Asia politically, economically and socially, notably through the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Russian migrants. In this tense circumstances, I observed an increased audibility of the Kazakh language. Most importantly, I assert the population is redefining speaking Kazakh in public—in a wider array of forms—as an act of resistance. In this uneasy and moving context, languages seem to be used metonymically to discuss identity and political claims.