Les pathologies inflammatoires vasculaires (PV) et articulaires (PA) représentent aujourd'hui la cause principale de la mortalité et d’invalidité dans les pays industrialisés. Comme les causes exactes favorisant leur apparition restent inconnues, le présent travail a proposé de nouvelles méthodes physiques susceptibles de détecter les premiers stades inflammatoires en utilisant des marqueurs spécifiques et d'étudier les changements mécaniques et structuraux subis par les tissus vasculaires et le liquide synovial (LS). Les PV peuvent être détectées en utilisant les examens IRM. Afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des agents de contraste IRM ceux-ci peuvent être greffés avec des anticorps. En utilisant la Spectroscopie de Force (SF), un mode de la Microscopie à Force Atomique, l’affinité établie entre un nouvel anticorps, le Fucoidan, et le marqueur spécifique P-Selectine a été analysé. L’étude sur PV a été finalisée en utilisant les mêmes techniques SF en mesure d’indentation afin de connaitre les changements de propriétés mécaniques entre les tissus vasculaires sains et pathologiques. Les modifications dans la dynamique du LS déclenchées par l'une des molécules incapables de réagir selon leur fonctionnalité peuvent conduire aux PA. Aussi la technique SF a été utilisée pour étudier le comportement de chaque composant moléculaire du LS. Il a été prouvé l’affinité de ces composants pour les bicouches lipidiques (BL), fréquemment rencontrées dans le corps humain. L’étude a été complétée par l’analyse des changements intervenant dans la dynamique des BL en présence/absence des composants principaux de LS. Les investigations ont été réalisées par un test de Récupération de Fluorescence Après Photoblanchiment. Enfin un test tribologique a été conduit pour étudier la variation du coefficient de frottement entre les BL et les composants du LS / As vascular (VP) and articular (AP) inflammatory pathologies represent nowadays the principal cause of mortality and disability in industrialized countries, the exact causes favoring their occurrence remain still unknown. The present work aimed at proposing new physical methods to detect the early inflammatory stages through recognition of specific markers and to study the structural and mechanical changes undergone by pathological vascular tissues and synovial fluid (SF). Vascular pathologies can be detected through contrasted MRI pictures. In order to improve the capacity of contrast agents to target specific markers they can be antibody-grafted. Atomic Force Microscopy’s mode Force Spectroscopy (AFM-FS) was used to evaluate the affinity between the Fucoidan as a new antibody, and the P-Selectin vascular inflammatory marker, for capacity to target that marker. Further study of VP used the FS techniques for nanoindentation to study changes in mechanical properties between healthy and pathological vascular tissues. Modifications in SF’s dynamics triggered by one of the molecular component not fulfilling its role may lead to AP. To investigate this issue, each of the main SF’s molecular components had their affinity tested versus the ever-present lipid bilayers using AFM-FS techniques. Furthermore changes in lipid bilayers’ dynamics in the presence/absence of the main SF components were analyzed by Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching technique. Finally a tribological test was performed to study the variation of the friction coefficient between the lipid bilayers and SF’s main components

Alpha-hemolysin is a pore-forming toxin secreted by pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Its spontaneous oligomerization and assembly into a trans-bilayer beta-barrel pore is a model for the assembly of many other pore-forming toxins. It is studied here in vitro as a means to probe general membrane protein oligomerization and lipid bilayer insertion. This thesis details the results of experiments to develop and implement a novel in vitro lipid bilayer system, Droplet-on-Hydrogel Bilayers (DHBs) for the single-molecule imaging of alpha-hemolysin assembly. Chapter 2 describes the development of DHBs and their electrical characterization. Experiments show the detection of membrane channels in SDS-PAGE gels post-electrophoresis and DHBs use as a platform for nanopore stochastic sensing. Chapter 3 describes the engineering and characterization of fluorescently-labelled monomeric alpha-hemolysin for use in protein assembly imaging experiments described in Chapter 6. Chapter 4 describes the characterization of DHB lipid fluidity and suitability for single-molecule studies of membrane protein diffusion. In addition, a novel single-particle tracking algorithm is described. Chapter 5 describes experiments demonstrating simultaneous electrical and fluorescence measurements of alpha-hemolysin pores embedded within DHBs. The first multiple-pore stochastic sensing in a single-lipid bilayer is also described. Chapter 6 describes experiments studying the assembly of alpha-hemolysin monomers in DHBs. Results show that alpha-hemolysin assembles rapidly into its oligomeric state, with no detection of long-lived intermediate states.

Deux membres des Visinin-Like Proteins (VILIPs), VILIP-1 et VILIP-3, ont été étudiés à l'aide de deux modèles membranaires biomimétiques, les monocouches de Langmuir couplées à la microscopie à l'angle de Brewster (BAM) et les bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB) visualisées par microscopie à force atomique (AFM). A l'aide de ces deux modèles, nous avons pu montrer que les VILIPs, protéines N-myristoylées et possédant quatre mains-EF, ont une cinétique d'interaction membranaire qui augmente en présence de calcium, probablement dû à la présence d'un mécanisme type « switch calcium-myristoyle ». En revanche, l'utilisation de protéines mutées, non myristoylées, a révélé que la présence du groupement myristoyle n'est pas le seul facteur nécessaire pour que ces protéines interagissent avec la membrane. La présence d'une région N-terminale riche en résidus lysine permettrait à cette famille de protéines d'interagir via des interactions électrostatiques avec des membranes possédant des lipides anioniques et plus particulièrement du phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). La présence d'un faible pourcentage de ce phosphoinositide dans la membrane est responsable de l'accélération de la vitesse d'interaction membranaire des VILIPs, ce qui est cohérent avec leur location subcellulaire in cellulo. Enfin, un nouveau modèle membranaire de bicouches lipidiques suspendues sur des pilotis peptidiques (pep-tBLM) greffés sur une surface d'or a été ensuite développé. La méthode présentée dans ce manuscrit permet de créer des tBLM, de la composition lipidique souhaitée, en utilisant un peptide pilotis spécifiquement conçu durant cette thèse. La création de ce modèle a été suivie en temps réel par imagerie de résonance plasmonique de surface (SPRi) et caractérisé par AFM et par microscopie de fluorescence / Two members of the Visinin-Like Proteins (VILIPs) family, VILIP-1 and VILIP-3, have been studied using two biomimetic membrane models, the Langmuir monolayers coupled to the Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) and the supported lipid bilayers (SLB) visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using these two models, we have shown that VILIPs, N-myristoylated proteins with four EF-hands, have a membrane interaction kinetic that increases in the presence of calcium, probably due to the presence of a "calcium-myristoyl switch" mechanism. Tn contrast, the use of unmyristoylated proteins revealed that the presence of the myristoyl group is not the only factor necessary for the interaction of these proteins with the membrane. The presence of a N- terminal lysine-rich region allows this family of proteins to interact through electrostatic interactions with membranes containing anionic lipids and particularly the phosphatidylionisitol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). The presence of a small percent of phosphoinositide in the membrane is responsible for the acceleration of the binding rate of VILIPs, which is consistent with their subcellular location in cellulo. Finally, a new membrane model of peptide tethered lipid bilayers (pep-tBLM) grafted onto a gold surface was developed. The method described in this manuscript allows the formation of tBLM, containing the desired lipid composition, by using a home-designed peptide as tether. The formation is followed in real time by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and has been characterized by AFM and fluorescence microscopy

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No description available.

The group 2 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, also known as the dehydrins, are intrinsically disordered proteins that are expressed in plants experiencing extreme environmental conditions such as drought or low temperature. In this work, we study the potential roles that dehydrins may have in stabilizing membranes and actin microfilaments during cold stress. We have cloned and expressed in E. coli two dehydrins from Thellungiella salsuginea, denoted TsDHN-1 (acidic) and TsDHN-2 (basic). These proteins were expressed as SUMO-fusion proteins for in vitro phosphorylation by casein kinase II (CKII), and for structural analysis by CD and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We show using transmission-FTIR spectroscopy that ordered secondary structure is induced and stabilized in these proteins by association with large unilamellar vesicles emulating the lipid compositions of plant plasma and organellar membranes. The increase in secondary structure by membrane association is further facilitated by the presence of Zn2+. Lipid composition and temperature have synergistic effects on the secondary structure. Our single molecule force spectroscopy studies also suggest tertiary folding of both TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2 induced by association with lipids. From Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer compression studies, and from topographic studies using atomic force microscopy at variable temperature, we conclude that TsDHN-1 stabilizes the membrane at lower temperatures. Finally, we show that the conformations of TsDHN-1 and TsDHN-2 are affected by pH, interactions with cations and membranes, and phosphorylation. Actin assembly by these dehydrins was assessed by sedimentation assays, and viewed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Phosphorylation enabled both dehydrins to polymerize actin filaments, a phenomenon that may occur in the cytosols of plant cells undergoing environmental stress. These results support the hypothesis that dehydrins stabilize plant organellar membranes and/or the cytoskeleton in conditions of stress, and further that phosphorylation may be an important feature of this stabilization. / NSERC

No description available.

In the first part of the thesis, the molecular structure and electronic properties of phospholipids at the single molecule level and also for a monolayer structure are investigated via ab initio calculations under different degrees of hydration. The focus of the study is on phosphatidylcholines, in particular dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), which are the most abundant phospholipids in biological membranes. Upon hydration, the phospholipid shape into a sickle-like structure. The hydration dramatically alters the surface potential, dipole and quadrupole moments of the lipids, and probably guides the interactions of the lipids with other molecules and the communication between cells. The vibrational spectrum of DPPC and DPPC-water complexes are completely assigned and it is shown that water hydrating the lipid head groups enables efficient energy transfer across membrane leaflets on sub-picosecond time scales. Moreover, the vibrational modes and lifetimes of pure and hydrated DPPC lipids, at human body temperature, are estimated by performing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The vibrational modes of the water molecules close to the head group of DPPC are active in the frequency range between 0.5 - 55 THz, with a peak at 2.80 THz in the energy spectrum. The computed lifetimes for the high-frequency modes agree well with recent data measured at room temperature, where high-order phonon scattering is not negligible. The structure and auto-ionization of water at the water-phospholipid interface are investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics and ab initio Monte Carlo simulations using local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation energy functional. Depending on the lipid head group, strongly enhanced ionization is observed, leading to dissociation of several water molecules into H+ and OH- per lipid. The results can shed light on the phenomena of the high proton conductivity along membranes that has been reported experimentally. In the second part of the thesis, Monte Carlo simulations of the lipid bilayer, on the basis of a coarse grained model, are performed to gain insight into the mechanical properties of planar lipid bilayers. By using a rescaling method, the Poisson's ratio is calculated for different phases. Additional information on the bending rigidity, determined from height fluctuations on the basis of the Helfrich Hamiltonian, allows for calculation of the Young's modulus for each phase. In addition, the free energy barrier for lipid flip-flop process in the fluid and gel phases are estimated. The main rate-limiting step to complete a flip-flop process is related to a free energy barrier that has to be crossed in order to reach the center of the bilayer. The free energy cost for performing a lipid flip-flop in the gel phase is found to be five times greater than in the fluid phase, demonstrating the rarity of such events in the gel phase. Moreover, an energy barrier is estimated for formation of transient water pores that often precedes lipid translocation events and accounts for the rate-limiting step of these pore-associated lipid translocation processes.