Concept of arbitration has been prevalent, historically, in the Middle East since the early days of Islam. The arbitral process has been problematic in the UAE however, it has not been until recently that the UAE has recognized the importance of arbitration as a powerful dispute resolution alternative and revised its legislation to accommodate the proceedings of domestic and international arbitration. In the past, foreign investors have been reluctant to select the UAE seat for their arbitration proceedings. There has been a perception that, as a general rule, the practice of international commercial arbitration in the Middle East is still in its infancy. The UAE is now demonstrating to the international community that it has the necessary infrastructure and laws in place to successfully count itself as one of the key arbitration players, alongside London, Paris and Hong Kong. This has been the result of the UAE updating their laws, reforming dispute resolution practice and procedures and through the establishment of key regional arbitration centres. The UAE's accession to the New York Convention was also seen as a significant step in demonstrating the UAE's commitment to foreign investors and the international community. Under Federal Decree No. 43 of 2006, the UAE managed to accede to the New York Convention. The UAE's accession is considered as a mile stone towards provision for a more straightforward arbitral process and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in other Convention states. As a recent development, the UAE has evidenced the joint venture between the Dubai International Financial Centre ('the DIFC') and the London Court of International Arbitration ('the LCIA'), in February 2009, to create the DIFC-LCIA Arbitration Centre ('the DIFC~LCIA'). The DIFC-LCIA operates alongside the longer-established Dubai International Arbitration Centre ('the DlAC'). Both offer their own procedural rules and regulations for the amicable settlement of disputes through arbitration. The Courts role is vital in an arbitral proceeding in any jurisdiction. Although arbitration is believed as a court-free, independent forum for dispute resolution; the court plays fundamental role to ensure that the arbitral proceeding is taking place in a moderate and independent decorum. The UAE Court's role towards the International commercial arbitration has been very problematic and the courts historically used to intervene in the arbitral proceeding over tiny issues. The new UAE arbitration laws has changed the situation and curtailed the courts powers to interfere the arbitral proceeding. At present, the arbitration in the UAE is more independent and straightforward. The proposed UAE arbitration law has much more similarities with the Model Law UNCITRAL and meets the International standards. A lot of work still has to be done in order to make the arbitration more independent, straightforward and friendly in the UAB. The Court's role is vital and is required to be more supportive then it is at present in the arbitral process.

No description available.

現代科技發展突飛猛進，為保障科技的研發成果與促進產業發展，專利法制扮演舉足輕重的角色。專利舉發係由第三人就已存在之專利權請求撤銷之制度，在專利侵權訴訟中常常是被告有效的防禦手段。 專利舉發是由舉發人向專利專責機關提起，被舉發人(專利權人)可就舉發提出答辯，專利專責機關就舉發之審定為一行政處分，不服者自可循序訴願及行政訴訟。 專利侵權民事訴訟被告所提出之舉發，其行政爭訟未到最後確定前，專利權均處在不穩定狀態，侵權訴訟常常暫停審理。為了加速訴訟之進行，以實現專利權之利益，我國已於97年7月1日成立智慧財產法院，「智慧財產法院組織法」及「智慧財產案件審理法」均已實施，審理法第16條中開設了在民事訴訟中被告可就專利權無效進行抗辯之規定，未來有關專利舉發將產生更複雜之問題。 本研究參考日本相關理論與實務，以專利舉發為核心探討三大領域之實務課題：(1)包含訴願在內的專利舉發之行政程序，(2)民事訴訟審理專利無效抗辯之程序，(3)舉發審定之行政訴訟程序。 舉發之行政程序探討的子題有：第三人發動之專利舉發與依職權審查之關係、舉發之審查採當事人進行或職權審查、舉發審定之行政處分的性質、舉發與訴願簡併之可行性等。 有關民事訴訟審理專利無效抗辯之程序的子題有：專利無效宣告為司法機關或行政機關之權限分配論、民事訴訟程序審理專利無效之問題、專利專責機關在侵權訴訟的訴訟參加等。 舉發審定之行政訴訟程序，值得探討的有撤銷訴訟之本質論、撤銷訴訟的原告適格、課予義務訴訟之檢討、行政訴訟程序中新證據之提出問題等。 本文研究結果發現：(1)關於舉發之行政程序，專利舉發人可能為公眾或與利害關係人，公眾舉發時專利專責機關應以職權審理為宜，利害關係人舉發時應以當事人進行為宜；另外，參考先進國家經驗，舉發與訴願宜合併為一審，並建立準司法之審理模式。(2)關於民事法院之專利權無效審理，民事法院是否可審理專利權無效問題，應是一種立法形成自由，法律無明文規定下，以否定說為當，以免剝奪法律給予當事人之程序利益；如今審理法第16條已有明文規定，且舉發制度並未廢止，造成雙軌制，雖在審理法設計有訴訟參加，以解決雙軌造成判斷岐異問題，但恐難達到目的，宜參考美、日等國所運用之制度。(3)關於舉發之行政訴訟，實務上舉發之行政訴訟運用課予義務訴訟時，日本行政事件訴訟法所規定之訴訟要件及勝訴要件，值得參考運用；另外，雖審理法第33條規定在行政訴訟階段法院可就新證據自為判斷，實務上仍應謹慎運用以避免造成一審的空洞化而浪費司法訴訟資源。

Political scientists have conducted much work examining a court's decision on the merits of a case. We have concluded that ideology has a strong influence on the outcome on the merits of a decision. Furthermore, courts seek to render a decision that is closest to their own policy preferences. However, federal circuit courts within the judicial hierarchy are constrained by other actors according to the strategic model. There is an abundance of evidence showing that superior actors constrain courts' ideological preferences when such courts render decisions on the merits. However, there is a dearth of scholarship regarding judicial decision making on threshold issues. I argue that federal circuit courts set their judicial agendas by transforming their mandatory appellate jurisdiction into one that is discretionary. They achieve this goal by controlling the type of litigants who gain access to the courts by deciding cases on threshold grounds. I also argue that federal circuit courts are responsive to changes in Congress's ideology because Congress has power to control threshold issues through various mechanisms. I seek to establish that the grounds upon which as case is dismissed -- jurisdictional, justiciable, and procedural -- defines the parameters that constrain federal circuit courts.

Le territoire portuaire est inévitablement un lieu de conflits, notamment dans son processus de prise en compte de l'environnement. L'objet de notre travail de recherche est de voir comment l'environnement s'inscrit dans le développement portuaire à partir de l'analyse des recours contentieux, c'est-à-dire des conflits environnementaux qui engagent des acteurs publics et privés face aux tribunaux. Nous avons ainsi mis en place un outil méthodologique permettant de traiter les arrêts : une grille d'analyse géo-juridique des conflits environnementaux portuaires résolus par le juge qui permet de saisir la variété d'éléments caractérisant chaque conflit, et ainsi d'en faire une analyse quantitative et qualitative. L'originalité de cette thèse réside donc dans son approche de l'aménagement de l'espace par le droit. Travailler sur les contentieux donne en effet des éléments précieux pour comprendre les rapports qui s'établissent entre les différents acteurs dans la fabrique des territoires portuaires lorsque ceux-ci sont confrontés au développement et aux enjeux environnementaux. C'est à cet effet que nous proposons une typologie de la prise en compte de l'environnement dans le développement portuaire. Celle-ci pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre de nouveaux conflits environnementaux en les rapportant aux profils portuaires identifiés, voire de réfléchir aux moyens d'améliorer la prise en compte de l'environnement dans le territoire portuaire / Ports are inevitably the site of litigation born out of environmental issues. Our research aims to understand how the environment is taken into account in port development. For that purpose, we analysed litigation where public and private players went to court over environmental issues. To do so, we created a method based on a geo-law grid that we used to read and analyse judgements on environmental issues linked to ports, and to grasp the variety of characteristics of these judgements on which we can base a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our thesis is unique in using a legal approach to study port development. Using the prism of litigation provides valuable information to understand the relationships between private and public players involved in the development of ports as they face environmental issues. As a contribution to this purpose, we provide profiles of how the environment has been taken into account in port development. These port profiles can help us better understand new environmental disputes, and help us find better ways to take the environment into account in port development

O objetivo do trabalho é identificar os limites da atuação jurisdicional nas sentenças determinativas, aqui compreendidas as em que cabe ao juiz indicar o objeto, a extensão ou o modo de exercício de posição jurídica de vantagem (direito subjetivo individual ou coletivo, poder etc) em consonância com as circunstâncias do caso. O trabalho se divide em 3 partes. Na primeira, apresenta-se a trajetória histórica dessa categoria de sentenças, desde o início do século XX até os dias atuais, dando ênfase às contribuições dos autores alemães, italianos e brasileiros para o tema. Na segunda, a partir das principais ideias levantadas na primeira, o autor expõe suas próprias concepções acerca da categoria. São apontados o conceito de sentenças determinativas, fornecidos casos em que ocorrem, indicada a técnica empregada pelo legislador para viabilizar-lhes a produção. São ainda estabelecidas as relações entre as sentenças determinativas e temas correlatos, como as sentenças de equidade, a discricionariedade judicial, e com as sentenças constitutivas, condenatórias e declaratórias. Na terceira parte são analisados os limites da atuação jurisdicional nas sentenças determinativas, dando-se ênfase ao estudo das medidas que podem impostas pelo juiz para realização das posições jurídicas de vantagem (direito subjetivo individual ou coletivo, poder etc) reconhecidas no processo, cujo objeto ou modo de exercício não é previamente determinado em lei. Partindo-se da premissa de que o processo deve dar, quanto for possível praticamente, a quem tenha um direito, tudo aquilo e exatamente aquilo que ele tenha direito de conseguir (CHIOVENDA), conclui-se que ao juiz deve ordenar as medidas concretamente adequadas a realização dessas posições jurídicas de vantagem, sendo-lhe vedado, porém, impor as expressamente vedadas pela ordem jurídica e aquelas que a contrariem, numa perspectiva sistemática (vedação a medidas contrárias à dignidade humana e à separação de poderes, por exemplo). Por fim, para controle de eventuais abusos judiciais, enfatiza-se a necessidade de que da motivação da sentença conste claramente as razões determinantes da decisão por ele adotada. / The objective of the thesis is to identify the limits of the judicial role in the determinative sentences, here understood as sentences in which the judge indicates the object, extent or manner of exercise of a legal position of advantage (right, legal power etc. ), in accordance with the circumstances of the case. The work is divided into 3 parts. The first presents the historical trajectory of this category of sentences, since the early twentieth century to the present day, emphasizing the contributions of the Germans, Italians and Brazilians authors to the subject. In the second part, from the main ideas raised in the first one, the author exposes his own conceptions of the category. It is pointed out the concept of determinative sentences, provided cases that then occur and explained the legal technique used to enable them. It is also established the relations between determinative sentences and related topics, such as sentences of equity, judicial discretion, constitutive, condemnatory and declaratory sentences. The third part reviews the limits of the judicial power in the determinative sentences, stressing the kinds of orders that may be imposed by the judge to perform the legal positions of advantage (right, legal power etc) recognized through the action, whose objective or manner of exercise is not predetermined by the law. Assuming that \"the process should provide the winner, as nearly as possible, everything he is entitled to get\" (CHIOVENDA), it can be concluded that the judge shall order the measures specifically suited to carry out these legal positions of advantage, and that he is forbidden to impose measures expressly prohibited by the law and those that contradict it in a systemic sense (prohibition of measures contrary to human dignity and the separation of powers, for example). At last, in order to control judicial abuses, it is emphasized that the sentence should state clearly the real reasons for the decision adopted by the judge.

Pretende-se abordar o tema da litigiosidade de massa e da agregação processual no sistema jurídico brasileiro, de forma comparada ao sistema jurídico estadunidense. Trata-se de apurar: qual é o nível ótimo de agregação processual, sem prejuízo à autonomia do indivíduo em contar a sua própria história? O que agregar e como agregar? Esse é o objetivo da presente investigação: aferir qual a extensão, necessária e adequada, da agregação processual nas controvérsias de massa e, ainda, seus respectivos limites no direito processual civil. A tese foi dividida em três seções fundamentais: (i) a primeira seção aborda a história da litigiosidade de massa e as técnicas (de larga escala) de agregação processual; (ii) a segunda seção enfrenta a temática da agregação processual à luz das controvérsias plurissubjetivas, diante dos diversos graus de interdependência substancial (grau de variância que se tolera entre os membros do grupo para admitir a agregação processual). O objetivo é que seja possível reconhecer as características dos interesses ou direitos que transcendem a esfera individual e; (iii) a terceira seção aborda o tema da representatividade adequada e das garantias constitucionais processuais, estabelecendo as premissas para a vinculação dos membros ausentes do grupo à questão comum decidida no procedimento agregado. E, por fim, examinam-se as técnicas de preclusão no sistema jurídico brasileiro e no sistema jurídico estadunidense, condicionando-as ao resultado da argumentação realizada no procedimento agregado e ao ônus ou carga da argumentação. / In this work, we research the issue concerning mass disputes and aggregate litigation in the Brazilian legal system, compared to the U.S. legal system. The problem is to determine: what is the optimal level of aggregation, without prejudice to the individual autonomy? What is going to be aggregate? And how? That\'s the goal of this research: assessing the extent appropriate in aggregation of mass disputes and also their limits in civil proceedings. The thesis has been divided into three main sections: (i) the first section covers the history of mass disputes and the techniques (large-scale) of aggregate litigation, (ii) the second section faces the issue of aggregation in the light of various degrees of substantial interdependence: how much variance among class members\' circumstances should courts tolerate. The aim is to be able to recognize the characteristics of rights that transcend the individual level, and (iii) the third section addresses the issue of adequate representation and procedural constitutional guarantees, establishing the premises for binding absent members of the group. And finally, it approaches the preclusion doctrine in the aggregate litigation, conditioning it to the result of the argument made in the aggregate procedure and the burden of persuasion (showing a good reason).

L'idée de cette thèse sur le droit international des investissements concernant les entreprises d'État trouve son origine dans l'impressionnant développement économique de ces dix dernières années. D'une part, ce dernier donne une pertinence considérable à ce thème compte tenu de son actualité. D'autre part, il existe un intérêt considérable pour les problèmes juridiques laissés en suspens par ces entités. Cette thèse commence par un chapitre préliminaire dans lequel la forme juridique de ces institutions est analysée, à la fois avec une évaluation empirique et du point de vue du droit national et international applicable à ces sujets. L'analyse empirique approfondie qui n'a pas encore été réalisée dans les recueils de contributions examinés s'est révélée fondamentale, car certaines des questions juridiques concernant les entreprises d'État ne pourraient vraiment pas être abordées sans une telle approche. Le corps plus juridique de la thèse, consacré uniquement à l'analyse juridique, est composé de trois parties et présente deux principaux pôles d'intérêt : le premier est lié à la compréhension des implications juridiques de ces entités et le second, plus large, vise à comprendre le traitement qui a été réservé à ces organes dans les différends examinés. Ce traitement peut nous renseigner au niveau systémique sur le droit international des investissements, qui a également nécessité une comparaison ciblée avec l'arbitrage commercial et avec le droit commercial international. / The idea of a thesis on state enterprises in international investment law finds its roots in their impressive economic development during the last decade, which, on one hand, gives considerable relevance to this theme given its inherent actuality and, on the other hand, there is a considerable interest in the juridical problems that these entities leave open. The thesis consists of a preliminary chapter, were the legal form of these institutions has been analyzed, from both an empirical assessment and the standpoint of national and international law applicable to these subjects. The empirical, in-depth analysis, not yet reached in the collections of examined contributions, turned up as fundamental, because some of the legal issues concerning state enterprises cannot really be tackled without such an approach. The more juridical body of the thesis, devoted only to legal analysis is composed of three parts and has two main poles of interest: the first linked to the understanding of the legal implications of these entities and a second, and, wider one, aimed at understanding what the treatment of these bodies, occurred in the dispute cases examined, can tell us at a systemic level about international investment law, which has required also a targeted comparison with commercial arbitration and international trade law.

Le transport multimodal n'est pas nouveau. Lieux de production et de consommation étant souvent éloignés, qui plus est dans une économie toujours davantage internationalisée, l'acheminement de la marchandise soulève inévitablement le recours à ce type de transport-ci. Le transport maritime, tout comme le transport ferroviaire et aérien, requiert nécessairement un pré-acheminement et/ou un post-acheminement. Seul le transport routier pourrait échapper à ces contraintes. Pourtant, «le transport multimodal» est un concept juridique de création moderne. On parlait auparavant de «transport combin», «transport mixte» ou encore «transport multimodal transimaritime» suite à l'initiative de Monsieur le Professeur Pierre BONASSIES et désormais il est fait référence au «transport international», «transport multimodal». L'originalité du transport multimodal a pour conséquence de soulever un certain nombre de problèmes juridiques touchant la responsabilité, l'assurance, la compétence juridictionnelle. Cette thèse tente de répondre aux difficultés juridiques relatives à ce mode de transport. Il s'agit notamment de deux questions fondamentales : la première question est de déterminer la responsabilité de l'entrepreneur du transport multimodal et sa limitation de responsabilité. La deuxième question est de savoir quelle est la loi applicable en cas de conflit de lois et l'influence des Règles de Rotterdam. Cela notamment au regard de « la commission de transport » qui, si le concept est reconnu largement dans tous les pays, ne dispose néanmoins pas du même statut juridique. Le droit français distingue la notion de «commissionnaire» de celle de «transitaire». Le «Non-Vessel-Operation­ Common Carrier» (NVOCC) est un peu l'adaptation internationale de la notion française de commissionnaire de transport. Après les États-Unis et les Philippines, la Chine a récemment adopté la notion de NVOCC dans les «Modalités d'application du Règlement de la République populaire de Chine aux transports maritimes internationaux». Ce problème renvoie aux questions d'identification de transporteur et de sa limitation de responsabilité. / No English summary available

Le droit de la construction et de la rénovation de l'habitat est aujourd'hui une discipline qui donne lieu à un contentieux administratif fourni et lourd d'enjeux techniques comme politiques. Il s'agira de mener une étude comparée des droits français et thaïlandais pour tenter de déterminer si des principes directeurs permettent d'ordonner la discipline. Bien que les spécificités en matière d'urbanisme soient prises en compte par le juge administratif français et thaïlandais, les insuffisances et les inadaptations persistantes des règles du contentieux administratif et l'hésitation du juge à interpréter de manière adaptée cette matière sont constatées. / The law of construction and renovation of housing is a discipline which gives rise to an administrative litigation. It will be a question of leading a study compared under French and Thai law to try to determine if guiding principles allow to order the discipline. Although specificities regarding town planning are taken into account by French and Thai administrative judge, inadequacies and persistent maladjustments of the rule on administrative court procedure and hesitation of the judge to interpret in an adapted way are noticed.