Avec l'instauration, en 2002 en France, de l'Allocation Personnalisée à l'Autonomie (APA), et en 2008 en Corée, du dispositif Long Term Care (LTC), la prise en charge de la dépendance de la population âgée s'affirme comme un enjeu majeur de la politique sociale contemporaine de ces deux pays confrontés au phénomène du vieillissement démographique. En dépit de contextes démographiques, historiques, culturels, politiques, économiques et sociaux contrastés, ces deux pays ont en commun de mettre en place, pour faire face aux besoins des personnes âgées, des dispositifs dont les logiques d'action paraissent proches ou sensiblement similaires. En adoptant une optique comparative entre la France et la Corée, cette thèse cherche à mettre en regard le travail des professionnels socio-gérontologiques chargés de la mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs en faveur de la population âgée dite dépendante à domicile. Pour cela les procédures mises en place dans le cadre de l'APA en France et du LTC en Corée et la manière dont l'accompagnement socio-médical des personnes âgées dépendantes à domicile s'y organise ont été étudiées. Tant en France qu'en Corée, les professionnels qui interviennent pour assurer le maintien à domicile des personnes âgées dépendantes sont multiples ; les uns travaillent en "première ligne" (aides à domicile, auxiliaires de vie, aides soignants, infirmiers) et les autres, chargés de la coordination et de l'encadrement des précédents, en "seconde ligne". Elle traite également de la nécessaire - et difficile - coordination entre ces professionnels et des logiques, parfois divergentes et conflictuelles, qui sous-tendent leurs actions dans des réalités organisationnelles complexes. L'observation a été effectuée sur un territoire circonscrit dans chacun des deux pays : Lille-Hellemmes pour la France et Cheongju-Cheongwon pour la Corée. / With the establishment of the Individual Public Allowance for Autonomy (APA) in France in 2002 and the Long Term Care (LTC) insurance in Korea in 2008, the management and the support for the dependence of the elderly population became a major issue of contemporary social policy in these two nations faced with the phenomenon of aging. Despite demographic, historical, cultural, political, economical and social contrasting contexts, they have installed devices in common with modes that appear close or substantially similar to cope with the increasing needs of the elderly. By adopting a comparative approach between France and Korea, this thesis sought to analyze the work of social gerontological professionals in charge of these devices for the elderly dependent who stay at home. For this, the application procedure of the APA in France and the LTC in Korea and the organization of the socio-medical asistance for the dependent elderly at home were studied. In both France and Korea, the professionals who are involved with the home care services are multiple. Some are working in the "front line" (home helpers, care assistance, home nurses) and others are occupied with the coordination, the supervision/organization of the foregoing (front line workers) in the "second line". This research focuses on the impact of devices which are placed on the work of professionals, especially those who are concerned with various tasks in the second line and their necessary - and difficul t- coordination. How the different policies and the strategic relationship between these various participating professionals sometimes diverge and how the conflicts intrinsic to their actions and practice within complex organizational realities are settled were investigated and explored. The observation was carried out in one area within each country : Hellemmes-Lille in France and Cheongju-Cheongwon in Korea.

The quality of care in our nation’s long term care facilities or nursing homes has been a steadfast matter of public policy for the past few decades. In response to research and reports of poor care, the Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) was born in 1987. Since that time, additional legislation has been passed to address the same issue. Continued research in early 2000 has shown that although there have been strides toward increasing the quality of care in these facilities, serious care issues continue to exist. As part of NHRA, every long term care facility in this country that accepts payment from the federal government must complete a survey every nine to fifteen months. There are two types of long term care surveys: the traditional and quality indicator survey (QIS). Recent research has documented that both survey processes are flawed. To date, the federal government has no way to monitor whether QIS is meeting its objectives. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to evaluate the use of a tool to assess surveyor efficiency and effectiveness on each survey task in the long term care survey. A tool was developed to evaluate surveyor efficiency and effectiveness and a pre-pilot was completed in early March of 2014, to test the tool. The outcome of that testing was that data collection was complex; many of the survey tasks were conducted simultaneously making it impossible for one researcher to conduct the evaluation. At the same time, the participating healthcare organization decided that another project took precedence. Although the project never was completed, the evaluation of surveyor efficiency and effectiveness is recommended in further research, as thousands of residents in long term care facilities depend on the survey process to ensure high quality of care.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Volunteer caregivers provide essential services to people in the terminal stages of AIDS and their families. Volunteers are exposed to stress and burnout. This study investigated the relationships between stress, coping strategies, levels of burnout and resilience in this population. Volunteers from Societas ‘O Sosiale (SOS) Children Villages and community based organisation (CBO) partnerships, were selected using non-probability purposive convenience sampling. A total of 110 participants were given the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ), Brief-Cope, Maslach’s Burnout Inventory (MBI), a Resilience scale and the Living Standard Measure to complete. Statistical analyses were performed on the data. This includes descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlations and multivariate analysis of variance. The study found that volunteer caregivers experience high stress levels and burnout related to stressors outside work, remuneration, personnel policies and high resilience. High burnout is associated with all forms of coping. Further it is shown that training in problem-solving skills, counselling, government and public lobbying for support, registration with relevant professional bodies, furnished offices, reasonable recruitment requirements and compensation are needed to help the care givers avert the effect of stressors and control stress by stopping it from turning to burnout. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology - Research Consultation)

Résumé : L’administration de la médication en centre d’hébergement (CH) constitue une activité qui amène l’infirmière à résoudre des problèmes complexes dans un contexte d’incertitude. Elle exige un raisonnement clinique rigoureux pour lequel il n’existe pas d’instrument de mesure valide et fidèle. Le but de cette étude était d’élaborer un test de concordance de script (TCS) pour mesurer le raisonnement clinique infirmier relatif à l’usage optimal des médicaments en CH et pour documenter sa validité et sa fidélité. Après l’optimisation, le TCS comprenait 55 items répartis dans 20 vignettes cliniques. Il a été mis à l’essai auprès d’étudiantes en sciences infirmières (n=76) et d’infirmières expertes (n=10). Le test a été rempli une seconde fois (test-retest) par 35 étudiantes. La moyenne des scores obtenue par les étudiantes novices est de 55,6 ± 7,7 tandis que celle obtenue par les infirmières expertes est de 63,7 ± 8,0. Les tests statistiques appliqués ont démontré une différence significative dans la moyenne des deux groupes (p < 0,02). La valeur du coefficient alpha de Cronbach de l’ensemble du TCS est de 0,65. Un coefficient de corrélation intraclasse (CCI) a été calculé pour évaluer la stabilité temporelle de l’instrument de mesure. Son résultat est de 0,618 (p = 0,000). Le TCS conçu dans le cadre de cette étude a besoin d’être modifié afin d’obtenir un meilleur indice de fidélité. Les autres résultats statistiques démontrent que le TCS est capable de distinguer les niveaux d’expertise. Cette étude vient s’ajouter aux autres études ayant évalué le raisonnement clinique et confirme l’importance de suivre les directives fondées sur les données probantes pour développer un TCS. / Abstract : The administration of prescribed medication in long-term care facilities is a task that requires the nurse to solve complex problems in a context of uncertainty. It demands a rigorous clinical reasoning for which there is no valid and reliable measurement tool. The purpose of this study was to develop a script concordance test (SCT) to measure nursing clinical reasoning regarding the optimal use of medication in long-term care facilities and to document its validity and reliability. After optimization, the SCT was made up of 55 items divided in 20 clinical vignettes. It has been tested on nursing students (n = 76) and expert nurses (n = 10). The test was completed a second time (test re-test) by 35 students. The mean score obtained by the novice students is 55.6 ± 7.7 while the one obtained by the expert nurses is 63.7 ± 8.0. The applied statistical tests showed a significant difference in the average of the two groups (p < 0.02). The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the entire SCT is 0.65. An inter-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the temporal stability of the measuring tool. The result is 0.618 (p = 0.000). The SCT developed as part of this study needs to be modified in order for it to be more reliable. The other statistical results demonstrate that the SCT is able to differentiate between levels of expertise. This study adds to previous studies that evaluated clinical reasoning and confirms the importance of following guidelines that rely on evidence-based data to develop a SCT.

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Work

人口老化是全世界共同面對的問題，台灣對於國民的老年生活，該如何保障？除了目前正研議中的年金保險，高齡人口的醫療保健問題，更顯重要。近年來，台灣開始討論有關高齡者的長期照護問題，不過該以何種體制，尚未有所定論。觀諸先進國家之經驗，對於長期照護制度有多種建制方式。本論文以鄰近之日本為對象，研究以社會保險作為社會安全制度核心的日本，如何繼德國之後，將長期照護保險法作為其第五大社會保險制度。 本論文分為六章，約九萬字。第一章緒論，就問題緣起與研究範疇說明。第二章敘述日本實施長期照護保險法之經社背景及當時之社會安全法制背景。第三章針對日本建制長期照護保險法之過程中，論述其學術界之討論與行政上之規劃及其而後之立法過程及相關的過渡措施。第四章說明日本現行之長期照護保險制度，內容包括長期照護保險之適用對象、保險給付、保險財務、長期照護保險之組織、支付制度及長期照護保險爭議之處理。第五章為日本實施長期照護保險制度後之檢討與評估。第六章則先論述台灣目前之經社背景及長期照護體系，且說明其缺失。最後，以日本實施長期照護保險法之經驗，論述其對台灣之啟示。 在台灣，社會安全為憲法所明文規定之國家政策，並為政府歷次政策宣示所強調。從德國及日本陸續於原有之四大社會保險之外，另行實施長期照護保險，而擴增為五大社會保險，更顯示社會保險制度所獲之廣泛信賴與支持。據此發展，亦可見以社會保險為核心之社會安全制度，非但有退縮現象，甚且百尺竿頭更進一步。在2002年全國社會福利會議中，已提出以建立長期照護保險制度為目標，並於10年內完成之分組報告。台灣未來如何抉擇制度之走向，尚待觀察。

21世紀是經濟繁榮及醫療科技進步的時代，世界各國面對人口結構快速老化、生命延長、慢性疾病遽增，及流感與疾病的可快速傳播，使世界衛生組織的功能逐漸受到重視。台灣各級醫院的病床幾乎都是急性病床，植物人在健保醫療照護體系中，被歸屬於慢性病非重大傷病，並無特殊的減免醫療支出與補助，僅提供慢性病床及有限的居家護理給付。我國自實施全民健保以來，減輕了許多急重症病患家庭的醫療支出，但健保收入在政治因素的介入下，永遠跟不上醫療支出；且健保局預估今（2009）年收支短絀約320多億(健保局，2008)。不免讓我們憂心未來醫療資源的可能枯竭，加上植物人在病情穩定後即需出院，無法長期留在醫院受專業及妥適的照顧，使得植物人照顧家庭在精神及經濟層面更是雪上加霜陷入困頓。為此，內政、社福、衛生等行政部門，實需積極整合介力協助；如此或可與先進國家的長照體系接軌，使植物人照護得到兼具專業、人性與尊嚴的照應。 本研究採用質性研究中的深入訪談法，以台北縣市植物人照顧家庭的12位家屬為訪談對象，以深入探討都會地區照顧家屬難兼具照顧及就業。照顧者是無酬勞的工作，易在身心俱疲下陷於下一個被犧牲者的情境，植物人家庭對植物人照料與甦醒期待及照顧過程裡對自我生命成長價值觀。訪談所得資料，經歸納、分析所得研究結果: 都會地區家庭結構的轉變，使得家庭照護人力不足，何況目前尚無新醫療可預測植物人何時甦醒，況且頭部病變照顧已久植物人再甦醒的機會很渺茫。大台北地區雙薪家庭聘請外籍看護工的型態，確實讓蠟燭兩頭燒的雙薪家庭，減輕了部份照顧人力不足及精神壓力負擔，但此終究非長久之計。但是，如何讓受照顧的植物人，享有品質的醫療與照護，從而體現生命之尊嚴與國家、社會照護、互助的價值，這正是長照體系建立刻不容緩。或許在可預見的將來，因著教育及社會觀念的轉化，我們可以欣然接受安樂死或推行生前醫療契約，坦然接受自己或家人在面對需要長期療護，特別是可能造成植物人情況的事前自在選擇。所以，如何建構可長可久且結合醫療、勞工、社福用以嘉惠老人及植物人之機構，是政府在拼經濟、擴大內需建設及增加就業，不可不亟力擘劃貫徹的重大議題。但這需要政府與民間一起攜手打造，使台灣寶島實現老吾老以及人之老的平和尊嚴人生之樂土。 本研究依據研究結果，提一些建議：一、對家庭之建議：均衡飲食、養成運動習慣、強化家庭生命共同體。二、對醫療團隊：建立醫院網頁、建構植物人疾病成因及預防之道、社工諮商團隊協助家庭以落實社區長期照護系統。三、對學校建議：課程加入生死學課程、強化衛教觀念及基本照顧方式、培養怡情興趣、學習紓解壓力。四、對政府的建議：政府各部會平台資訊聯結化、行政作業單一窗口化、政策宣導口語化、政策推行離島實施而後推廣至全國，應快速實施長期照護系統。 關鍵字：全民健保、植物人、長期照護、安樂死、生前醫療契約 / The 21st century is a time of economic prosperity and technological advancement. However, the world is facing challenges from the problems of the rapidly aging population, increasing longevity, the surging of chronic disease, in addition to epidemics and flues spreading faster then before. Most hospital beds in Taiwan are considered to be “acute hospital beds”, where vegetative patients are considered by the National Health Insurance to be suffering from a chronic disease and not as major illness/injury. There is no extra medical subsidy for these vegetative patients, and only limited payments for home care. Unfortunately, due to the inefficient funding for health insurance, we are concerned that medical resources might become exhausted in the future. Also, a vegetated patient is required to leave the hospital whenever his or her condition becomes stable. They are unable to remain in the hospital for long-term and professional care, which causes the families with vegetated patients to suffer emotionally and economically. Thus, studying ways for vegetated patients to obtain more professional, human, and dignified care is an important issue worthy of research. This study uses an in-depth interview method from quantitative research. 12 families with vegetative patients in Taipei County are the subjects of the interview. In-depth discussions are conducted on the difficulties for families who take care of a vegetative patient, and who have employment in the urban area. The information obtained was categorized and analyzed. 1. Nursing manpower insufficiency Due to the shifting of family structure in the urban area, there are not enough people in the family to take care of the vegetated patient. It is not possible to predict when a medical breakthrough will enable the patient to regain consciousness. Moreover, there is only a slight chance a vegetated patient suffering from head trauma for a long period of time can be revived again. 2. Dependence on foreign nurse aides By hiring foreign nurse aids, the dual-earner families in the Taipei metro area are able to get relief from the burden of caring for a vegetative patient. However, it is not a long-term solution. 3. The need for long-term care. Therefore, it is very important to construct a long-term care system for the vegetated patient to be able to receive quality medical care. Furthermore, Taiwan will benefit from showing respect for life, the importance of social care, and the value of helping each other. 4. Trying new concepts. Perhaps in the foreseeable future, we will accept things such as euthanasia or pre-paid medical contracts due to the changes in education and social attitudes. We might accept that one of our family members might be facing long-term care in the future, so any one of us is able to make arrangements before an unforeseen accident or illness results in becoming a vegetated patient. 5. Co-operation between the government and the people. This is an important issue for the method of constructing a long-lasting system that can combine medicine, labor, social welfare, and benefits for senior citizens and vegetated patients. However, it will take the cooperation of both government and the people to make Taiwan into a peaceful land that will respect their elders and respect life. Some suggestions have been developed as a result of this study: 1. suggestions to families: a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and strengthen the unity between family members. 2. suggestions to the medical team: develop hospital websites, prevent diseases that can cause vegetation, and the social worker consulting team should help families to implement a long-term community care system. 3. Suggestions to schools: add life and death lessons into the school’s curriculum, reinforce the concept of health education and a basic caring method, as well as increase community service, and teach methods for relieving stress. 4. Suggestions to the government: linking information by using a single window to handle all processes, use colloquial language for promoting policies, the policies should first be implemented in off-shore islands before being used in the main island, implement a long-term care system, and provide subsidies to those who hire domestic nurse aids. Keyword： National Health Insurance, Vegetative, Long-Term care, Home care, Euthanasia, Pre-paid medical contract

Funding of services to residents in publicly funded long-term care (LTC) facilities has historically rested upon a list of physical needs. However, more than 60% of residents in nursing homes have dementia; a condition in which physical needs are only a part of the overall clinical picture. Since past funding formulas focused primarily on the physical characteristics of residents, the Ontario government has adopted the RUG (Resource Utilization Groups)-III (34 Group) for use in LTC facilities which follows the adoption of the Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0 assessment instrument. Some still question whether the newer formula adequately reflects the care needs of residents with dementia despite its validation in many countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the comprehensiveness of the RUG-III (34 Group) in addressing the needs of residents with dementia living in LTC. First, a critical systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine the needs of residents with dementia. Numerous electronic databases were searched for articles published between January 2000 and September 2010, and later cross-referenced. Second, needs identified from the literature were matched to the items of the RUG-III which are selected variables of the MDS 2.0. Third, the priority of the items in the RUG-III was analysed in accordance with the importance of the identified needs. The documented needs were taken from 68 studies and classified into 19 main categories. The needs most supported by the literature were the management of behavioural problems, social needs, the need for daily individualized activities/care and emotional needs/personhood. Among the needs identified, activities of daily living (ADLs), cognitive needs and general overall physical health met the most RUG-III items. These needs were found to be well represented within the system. Other needs of importance such as social needs are not thoroughly considered in the grouping methodology though matched to MDS variables. The fact that these needs are not well addressed in the RUG-III poses concerns. Future research is needed to validate the significance of these needs. Considerations should be made as to the adequacy of the funding system and the allocation of funding.

Le but de cette étude était d’explorer et de comprendre l’expérience que peuvent vivre les proches aidants au regard de leurs interactions avec leur parent âgé qui erre, lors de leurs visites au centre d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée. Une étude qualitative exploratoire a été réalisée en s’inspirant de la conception des interactions sociales de Khosravi (2003, 2007) et de la théorie de l’être humain unitaire de Rogers (1970, 1990). À l’aide d’un guide d’entretien semi-dirigé, des entrevues individuelles ont été effectuées auprès de cinq filles aidantes ayant un parent errant hébergé. Le but de cette étude était d’explorer et de comprendre l’expérience que peuvent vivre les proches aidants au regard de leurs interactions avec leur parent âgé qui erre, lors de leurs visites au centre d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée. Une étude qualitative exploratoire a été réalisée en s’inspirant de la conception des interactions sociales de Khosravi (2003, 2007) et de la théorie de l’être humain unitaire de Rogers (1970, 1990). À l’aide d’un guide d’entretien semi-dirigé, des entrevues individuelles ont été effectuées auprès de cinq filles aidantes ayant un parent errant hébergé. Les résultats de l’analyse thématique suggèrent que ces aidantes sont en mesure d’expliquer l’errance en identifiant plusieurs causes à ce comportement, entre autres la recherche de repères connus, les habitudes de vie antérieures, le besoin de liberté et le désir de retourner chez soi. Être en mesure d’expliquer le comportement semble en favoriser l’acceptation. Cette compréhension et cette acceptation du besoin constant de se mouvoir permettent aux aidantes d’entretenir des interactions avec leur parent et de passer de « bons moments » lors des visites. Pour maintenir ces interactions encore importantes, les aidantes ont développé des stratégies de communication non verbales comme le toucher et la marche rapide. Elles ont également su se familiariser avec ce comportement en évitant de confronter leur parent et en faisant preuve de créativité. Ces résultats mettent en lumière des pistes d’interventions infirmières afin de favoriser des interactions harmonieuses entre les résidents errants et leur proche aidant. / This study aimed to explore and understand the experience of family caregivers in their interactions with wandering loved ones during their visits to long-term care facilities. A qualitative study was designed based on Khosravi’s (2003, 2007) concept of social interactions and Rogers’ (1970-1990) notion of the unitary human being. Using a semi-structured interview guide, individual interviews were conducted with five caregiving daughters of wandering parents residing in a nursing home. Thematic analysis suggests that these caregivers are able to explain wandering by identifying several causes, including the search for known reference points, resurgent habits, the need for freedom and the desire to return home. The ability to explain the behavior was found to facilitate acceptance. This understanding and acceptance of the need for constant movement allowed caregivers to interact with their parents and enjoy “quality time” during visits. The caregivers had developed nonverbal communication strategies such as touching and fast walking to preserve these still meaningful interactions. They had also adapted by avoiding confrontation with the parent and showing creativity during wandering episodes. The study’s findings shed light on potential intervention strategies for nurses to promote harmonious interactions between wandering residents and their caregiving loved ones.