Graduation theses is about complex design of tram vehicle for citz mass transport for near future. Conception is specialized on main work of tram vehicle: ergonomics, comfort, perfect view and good traction.

The thesis is focused on the electrodeposition of tantalum from ionic solution 1-butyl-1- methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, ([BMP]Tf2N) at 200°C and description of related transfer and kinetic phenomena on the interface between the ionic solution and working electrode. Furthermore, the electrodeposition of tantalum layers in different ionic solutions containing tantalum salts and especially in ([BMP]Tf2N) is introduced. In the last part of the thesis, results of cyclic voltammetry, surface analysis SEM and elemental analysis EDX are discussed. MIS (metal-insulator-semiconductor) structure was determined comprising porous anodic alumina as the insulator and semiconductive TaxOy on the top of the insulator. The electric conductivity of the MIS structures was studied by using amper-volt IV and CV characteristics. The results of the cyclic voltametry, impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry are discussed.

Methods of solving the steady state characteristics of a node matrix equation system over a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) were evaluated. The most suitable method, referred to as the semi-implicit method, was set up in a MATLAB program. The model covers heat transfer due to thermal diffusion throughout the layers and due to thermal advection+diffusion in the gas channels. Included mass transport processes cover only transport of water vapor and consist of the same diffusion/advection schematics as the heat transfer processes. The mass transport processes are hence Fickian diffusion throughout all the layers and diffusion+advection in the gas channels. Data regarding all the relevant properties of the layer materials were gathered to simulate these heat- and mass transfer processes.Comparing the simulated temperature profiles obtained with the model to the temperature profiles of a previous work’s model, showed that the characteristics and behavior of the temperature profile are realistic. There were however differences between the results, but due to the number of unknown parameters in the previous work’s model it was not possible to draw conclusions regarding the accuracy of the model by comparing the results.Comparing the simulated water concentration profiles of the model and measured values, showed that the model produced concentration characteristics that for the most part alignedwell with the measurement data. The part of the fuel cell where the concentration profile did not match the measured data was the cathode side gas diffusion layer (GDL). This comparison was however performed with the assumption that relative humidity corresponds to liquid water concentration, and that this liquid water concentration is in the same range as the measured data. Because of this assumption it was not possible to determine the accuracy of the model.

No description available.

Trabalhos prévios mostram que a variabilidade do gelo marinho antártico em diversas escalas temporais está intimamente relacionada a mecanismos de teleconexões trópicos-extratrópicos. Com base nesta hipótese, este trabalho pretende estabelecer a resposta da passagem dos trens de ondas em latitudes médias, associados a fenômenos de escala intrasazonal (20-100 dias) como a Oscilação de Madden-Julian (Madden-Julian Oscillation ou MJO), nas camadas superiores do Oceano Austral (OA) e impactos no gelo marinho antártico. O período investigado neste estudo é 19892007, com ênfase no inverno e sobre o mar de Ross, localizado no setor Pacífico austral (região diretamente afetada pela passagem dos trens de ondas de latitudes médias). Composições com defasagens (lag composites) de anomalias intrasazonais da tensão de cisalhamento do vento (zonal e meridional) mostram que correntes oceânicas são geradas em resposta a essa forçante atmosférica sobre o oceano no setor Pacífico austral. O transporte zonal e meridional de massa na camada de Ekman oceânica indica que divergência de massa nessa camada precede os eventos extremos intrasazonais de retração do gelo marinho em Ross (EIR). Em contraste, convergência precede períodos de eventos extremos intrasazonais de expansão do gelo marinho em Ross (EIE). A divergência (convergência) de massa na camada de Ekman associada com anomalias intrasazonais do bombeamento de Ekman resulta em ressurgência (subsidência) que precede a ocorrência de EIR (EIE). Alguns trabalhos mostram que águas intermediárias antárticas, que são relativamente mais quentes no inverno em relação às águas superficiais que estão próximas ao ponto de congelamento (ou congeladas), são dirigidas para a superfície do oceano pelo bombeamento de Ekman e ocasionam o derretimento do gelo marinho. Anomalias do transporte meridional de calor na camada de Ekman oceânica mostram que durante os EIR (EIE), calor é transportado para dentro (fora) do mar de Ross entre 15 e 8 dias (12 e 8 dias) precedentes aos EIR (EIE). Anomalias intrasazonais do fluxo de calor na interface ar-mar mostram que precedendo o dia de observação dos EIR (EIE) o fluxo de calor é direcionado da atmosfera para o oceano (do oceano para a atmosfera), sendo essa configuração associada a um ganho (perda) de calor no oceano superior em Ross. Em todas as composições, observa-se a mudança de fase das anomalias nos dias posteriores (lags positivos) ao dia dos EIG e são consistentes com a propagação do modo conhecido como Pacific-South-American (PSA), identificado nesse trabalho por meio de anomalias intrasazonais da altura geopotencial em 200 hPa. Além disso, uma diferença notada em alguns casos nas lag-composities é que em períodos de MJO ativa, as anomalias parecem estar mais deslocadas para o sul do que em períodos de MJO inativa. Em períodos de MJO inativa foram observados 15 (13) eventos de EIR (EIE), enquanto que, em períodos de MJO ativa observou-se 25 (24) eventos de EIR (EIE). Observa-se ainda que há uma maior quantidade de ciclones quando a MJO está presente. Por exemplo, o número de ciclones com duração a partir de 12 horas para períodos sem MJO foi igual a 146 para os EIR e 130 para os EIE. Já o número de ciclones para períodos com MJO foi igual a 311 para os EIR e 278 para os EIE. Com isso, observa-se claramente o papel da MJO na circulação de latitudes média e possíveis associações com o gelo marinho, pois é sabido que a atividade ciclônica está relacionada à advecção de massas de ar sobre o gelo marinho, além da advecção do próprio gelo marinho. Para investigar em detalhes a interação oceano-atmosfera-gelo marinho foram examinados casos persistentes de EIR e EIE. Os casos mais persistentes de EIR (EIE) tiveram durações de 34 e 30 (26 e 25) dias, sendo esses os casos analisados. Mostra-se que as anomalias intrasazonais da circulação atmosférica em baixos níveis (em 850 hPa) estão associadas a advecções quentes (frias) na proporção de aproximadamente 0,5 1 (0,1 1) m.s-1 em períodos precedentes aos EIR (EIE). No geral, anomalias em latitudes médias da circulação atmosférica ciclônicas (anti-ciclônicas) e divergência (convergência) das correntes oceânicas superficiais aparecem relacionadas à ressurgência (subsidência) da ordem de 0,1 0,3 m2.s-1 em algumas pêntadas anteriores a pêntada que corresponde ao início dos supercasos de EIR (EIE). Os padrões mudam de fase com o tempo, o que sugere a propagação de um padrão de onda em escala intrasazonal. Estas anomalias mostram-se abrangendo dimensões espaciais que compreendem grande parte do setor Pacífico austral, incluindo o mar de Ross. Impactos associados a estas anomalias podem ser verificados diretamente no mar de Ross através das análises da concentração do gelo marinho em Ross. Anomalias intrasazonais negativas (positivas) da concentração do gelo marinho predominam sobre o campo do gelo marinho do mar de Ross nas primeiras pêntadas a partir daquela que indica o início dos casos persistentes de EIR (EIE). Durante os períodos de EIR, as anomalias intrasazonais negativas da concentração do gelo mostram-se da ordem de aproximadamente 5% a 10% no interior do mar de Ross e entre 15% a 30% nas bordas do gelo marinho de Ross. Já durante os períodos de EIE, as anomalias intrasazonais positivas da concentração do gelo marinho em Ross mostram-se da ordem de 10% a 30% nas bordas do gelo marinho do mar de Ross. Esse resultado mostra que a resposta do gelo marinho aos padrões atmosféricos e oceânicos em escala intrasazonal possui uma defasagem entre 5 e 1 pêntada(s). No geral, este trabalho cumpriu o objetivo de verificar as respostas do oceano às anomalias da circulação atmosférica e impactos associados no gelo marinho, em escala intrasazonal. / Previous works show that antarctic sea ice variability on several time-scales is close related to tropics-extratropics teleconections mechanisms. Based on this hyphotesis, this work intend to verify the responses in oceanic upper layers of Austral Ocean on intraseasonal time-scale (20-100 days) phenomenom and impacts on sea ice due to anomalous atmospheric circulation associated to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The period analysed in this study is from 1989 to 2007, with emphasis on winter season and on Ross Sea (located at austral Pacific sector). Lag composities of zonal and meridional intraseasonal wind stress anomalies show that oceanic currents are generated as a response of these atmospheric forcings on austral Pacific sector. Zonal and meridional mass transport on oceanic Ekman layer, which are perpendicular and to the left of wind stress at Southern Hemisphere (SH), indicate that Ekman mass divergence precedes intraseasonal Ross sea ice extreme retraction (EIR). In contrast, convergence precedes the periods of extreme intraseasonal Ross sea ice expantion (EIE). Divergence (convergence) on oceanic Ekman layer associated to intraseasonal Ekman pumping anomalies results in upwelling (downwelling) wich precedes the occurrence of EIR (EIE). Some works have already shown that intermediate antarctic waters, wich are relatively warmer in the wintertime when compared to superficial waters that are next to the freezing point (or freezed), are headed to ocean surface due to Ekman pumping, generating sea ice melt. Intraseasonal anomalies of sea-air heat flux show that days before EIR (EIE) occurrences, the flux is headed from atmosphere to the ocean (from ocean to the atmosphere), which configuration is associated to the earn (loss) of heat at Ross upper ocean. In all compositions, the change of anomalies phase on the days before EI occurrence (positive lags) is clearly noticed and is consistent to the propagations of the mode known as Pacific South American (PSA), revealed in intraseasonal anomalies of geopotencial height at 200 hPa. Furthermore, in some cases (as in the case of Ekman pumping and Sverdrup transport) the anomalies seem to be deplaced southward in active MJO periods than in inactive MJO periods. In inactive MJO periods were observed 15 (13) EIR (EIE) events, while in active MJO periods were observed 25 (24) EIR (EIE) events. Furthermore, the number of cyclones during EIR periods was bigger than during EIE periods. In addiction, more cyclones were observed when MJO is active. For example, the number of cyclones with duration of 6 (12) hours without MJO was equal to 174 (146) during EIR events and 169 (130) during EIE events. However, the number of cyclones with active MJO was equal to 393 (311) in EIR events and 364 (278) in EIE events. In order to investigate in details the interaction between ocean-atmosphere-sea ice, it was examinated persistents cases of EIR and EIE events. The cases more persistents of EIR (EIE) events had durations of 34 and 30 (26 and 25) days, which were the analised cases. It was observed that intraseasonal anomalies of atmospheric circulation at lower levels (in 850 hPa) and intraseasonal anomalies of superficial ocean currents were associates to hot (cold) advection during periods before EIR (EIR) events. In general, the medium latitude cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomalies of atmospheric circulation and divergence (convergence) of superficial ocean currents seem to be linked to upwelling (downwelling) in some pentads before the pentad which is correspondent to the beggining of EIR (EIE) supercases. The patterns observed change their phases along the time, suggesting the propagation of extratropical intraseasonal wave train pattern. Negatives (positives) intraseasonal anomalies of sea ice concentration were observed above Ross Sea in the first pentads after the beggining of EIR (EIE) persistents cases. This result shows that sea ice response to atmospheric and to oceanic patterns on intraseasonal time-scales has a lag between 5 and 1 pentad(s). In general, this work contributed to better understand the oceanic responses due to anomalies in atmospheric circulation and related impacts on sea ice, on intraseasonal time-scale.

In this thesis, the main objects of study are probability measures on the isomorphism classes of countable, connected rooted graphs. An important class of such measures is formed by unimodular measures, which satisfy a certain equation, sometimes referred to as the intrinsic mass transport principle. The so-called law of a finite graph is an example of a unimodular measure. We say that a measure is sustained by a countable graph if the set of rooted connected components of the graph has full measure. We demonstrate several new results involving sustained unimodular measures, and provide thorough arguments for known ones. In particular, we give a criterion for unimodularity on connected graphs, deduce that connected graphs sustain at most one unimodular measure, and prove that unimodular measures sustained by disconnected graphs are convex combinations. Furthermore, we discuss weak limits of laws of finite graphs, and construct counterexamples to seemingly reasonable conjectures.

Trabalhos prévios mostram que a variabilidade do gelo marinho antártico em diversas escalas temporais está intimamente relacionada a mecanismos de teleconexões trópicos-extratrópicos. Com base nesta hipótese, este trabalho pretende estabelecer a resposta da passagem dos trens de ondas em latitudes médias, associados a fenômenos de escala intrasazonal (20-100 dias) como a Oscilação de Madden-Julian (Madden-Julian Oscillation ou MJO), nas camadas superiores do Oceano Austral (OA) e impactos no gelo marinho antártico. O período investigado neste estudo é 19892007, com ênfase no inverno e sobre o mar de Ross, localizado no setor Pacífico austral (região diretamente afetada pela passagem dos trens de ondas de latitudes médias). Composições com defasagens (lag composites) de anomalias intrasazonais da tensão de cisalhamento do vento (zonal e meridional) mostram que correntes oceânicas são geradas em resposta a essa forçante atmosférica sobre o oceano no setor Pacífico austral. O transporte zonal e meridional de massa na camada de Ekman oceânica indica que divergência de massa nessa camada precede os eventos extremos intrasazonais de retração do gelo marinho em Ross (EIR). Em contraste, convergência precede períodos de eventos extremos intrasazonais de expansão do gelo marinho em Ross (EIE). A divergência (convergência) de massa na camada de Ekman associada com anomalias intrasazonais do bombeamento de Ekman resulta em ressurgência (subsidência) que precede a ocorrência de EIR (EIE). Alguns trabalhos mostram que águas intermediárias antárticas, que são relativamente mais quentes no inverno em relação às águas superficiais que estão próximas ao ponto de congelamento (ou congeladas), são dirigidas para a superfície do oceano pelo bombeamento de Ekman e ocasionam o derretimento do gelo marinho. Anomalias do transporte meridional de calor na camada de Ekman oceânica mostram que durante os EIR (EIE), calor é transportado para dentro (fora) do mar de Ross entre 15 e 8 dias (12 e 8 dias) precedentes aos EIR (EIE). Anomalias intrasazonais do fluxo de calor na interface ar-mar mostram que precedendo o dia de observação dos EIR (EIE) o fluxo de calor é direcionado da atmosfera para o oceano (do oceano para a atmosfera), sendo essa configuração associada a um ganho (perda) de calor no oceano superior em Ross. Em todas as composições, observa-se a mudança de fase das anomalias nos dias posteriores (lags positivos) ao dia dos EIG e são consistentes com a propagação do modo conhecido como Pacific-South-American (PSA), identificado nesse trabalho por meio de anomalias intrasazonais da altura geopotencial em 200 hPa. Além disso, uma diferença notada em alguns casos nas lag-composities é que em períodos de MJO ativa, as anomalias parecem estar mais deslocadas para o sul do que em períodos de MJO inativa. Em períodos de MJO inativa foram observados 15 (13) eventos de EIR (EIE), enquanto que, em períodos de MJO ativa observou-se 25 (24) eventos de EIR (EIE). Observa-se ainda que há uma maior quantidade de ciclones quando a MJO está presente. Por exemplo, o número de ciclones com duração a partir de 12 horas para períodos sem MJO foi igual a 146 para os EIR e 130 para os EIE. Já o número de ciclones para períodos com MJO foi igual a 311 para os EIR e 278 para os EIE. Com isso, observa-se claramente o papel da MJO na circulação de latitudes média e possíveis associações com o gelo marinho, pois é sabido que a atividade ciclônica está relacionada à advecção de massas de ar sobre o gelo marinho, além da advecção do próprio gelo marinho. Para investigar em detalhes a interação oceano-atmosfera-gelo marinho foram examinados casos persistentes de EIR e EIE. Os casos mais persistentes de EIR (EIE) tiveram durações de 34 e 30 (26 e 25) dias, sendo esses os casos analisados. Mostra-se que as anomalias intrasazonais da circulação atmosférica em baixos níveis (em 850 hPa) estão associadas a advecções quentes (frias) na proporção de aproximadamente 0,5 1 (0,1 1) m.s-1 em períodos precedentes aos EIR (EIE). No geral, anomalias em latitudes médias da circulação atmosférica ciclônicas (anti-ciclônicas) e divergência (convergência) das correntes oceânicas superficiais aparecem relacionadas à ressurgência (subsidência) da ordem de 0,1 0,3 m2.s-1 em algumas pêntadas anteriores a pêntada que corresponde ao início dos supercasos de EIR (EIE). Os padrões mudam de fase com o tempo, o que sugere a propagação de um padrão de onda em escala intrasazonal. Estas anomalias mostram-se abrangendo dimensões espaciais que compreendem grande parte do setor Pacífico austral, incluindo o mar de Ross. Impactos associados a estas anomalias podem ser verificados diretamente no mar de Ross através das análises da concentração do gelo marinho em Ross. Anomalias intrasazonais negativas (positivas) da concentração do gelo marinho predominam sobre o campo do gelo marinho do mar de Ross nas primeiras pêntadas a partir daquela que indica o início dos casos persistentes de EIR (EIE). Durante os períodos de EIR, as anomalias intrasazonais negativas da concentração do gelo mostram-se da ordem de aproximadamente 5% a 10% no interior do mar de Ross e entre 15% a 30% nas bordas do gelo marinho de Ross. Já durante os períodos de EIE, as anomalias intrasazonais positivas da concentração do gelo marinho em Ross mostram-se da ordem de 10% a 30% nas bordas do gelo marinho do mar de Ross. Esse resultado mostra que a resposta do gelo marinho aos padrões atmosféricos e oceânicos em escala intrasazonal possui uma defasagem entre 5 e 1 pêntada(s). No geral, este trabalho cumpriu o objetivo de verificar as respostas do oceano às anomalias da circulação atmosférica e impactos associados no gelo marinho, em escala intrasazonal. / Previous works show that antarctic sea ice variability on several time-scales is close related to tropics-extratropics teleconections mechanisms. Based on this hyphotesis, this work intend to verify the responses in oceanic upper layers of Austral Ocean on intraseasonal time-scale (20-100 days) phenomenom and impacts on sea ice due to anomalous atmospheric circulation associated to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The period analysed in this study is from 1989 to 2007, with emphasis on winter season and on Ross Sea (located at austral Pacific sector). Lag composities of zonal and meridional intraseasonal wind stress anomalies show that oceanic currents are generated as a response of these atmospheric forcings on austral Pacific sector. Zonal and meridional mass transport on oceanic Ekman layer, which are perpendicular and to the left of wind stress at Southern Hemisphere (SH), indicate that Ekman mass divergence precedes intraseasonal Ross sea ice extreme retraction (EIR). In contrast, convergence precedes the periods of extreme intraseasonal Ross sea ice expantion (EIE). Divergence (convergence) on oceanic Ekman layer associated to intraseasonal Ekman pumping anomalies results in upwelling (downwelling) wich precedes the occurrence of EIR (EIE). Some works have already shown that intermediate antarctic waters, wich are relatively warmer in the wintertime when compared to superficial waters that are next to the freezing point (or freezed), are headed to ocean surface due to Ekman pumping, generating sea ice melt. Intraseasonal anomalies of sea-air heat flux show that days before EIR (EIE) occurrences, the flux is headed from atmosphere to the ocean (from ocean to the atmosphere), which configuration is associated to the earn (loss) of heat at Ross upper ocean. In all compositions, the change of anomalies phase on the days before EI occurrence (positive lags) is clearly noticed and is consistent to the propagations of the mode known as Pacific South American (PSA), revealed in intraseasonal anomalies of geopotencial height at 200 hPa. Furthermore, in some cases (as in the case of Ekman pumping and Sverdrup transport) the anomalies seem to be deplaced southward in active MJO periods than in inactive MJO periods. In inactive MJO periods were observed 15 (13) EIR (EIE) events, while in active MJO periods were observed 25 (24) EIR (EIE) events. Furthermore, the number of cyclones during EIR periods was bigger than during EIE periods. In addiction, more cyclones were observed when MJO is active. For example, the number of cyclones with duration of 6 (12) hours without MJO was equal to 174 (146) during EIR events and 169 (130) during EIE events. However, the number of cyclones with active MJO was equal to 393 (311) in EIR events and 364 (278) in EIE events. In order to investigate in details the interaction between ocean-atmosphere-sea ice, it was examinated persistents cases of EIR and EIE events. The cases more persistents of EIR (EIE) events had durations of 34 and 30 (26 and 25) days, which were the analised cases. It was observed that intraseasonal anomalies of atmospheric circulation at lower levels (in 850 hPa) and intraseasonal anomalies of superficial ocean currents were associates to hot (cold) advection during periods before EIR (EIR) events. In general, the medium latitude cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomalies of atmospheric circulation and divergence (convergence) of superficial ocean currents seem to be linked to upwelling (downwelling) in some pentads before the pentad which is correspondent to the beggining of EIR (EIE) supercases. The patterns observed change their phases along the time, suggesting the propagation of extratropical intraseasonal wave train pattern. Negatives (positives) intraseasonal anomalies of sea ice concentration were observed above Ross Sea in the first pentads after the beggining of EIR (EIE) persistents cases. This result shows that sea ice response to atmospheric and to oceanic patterns on intraseasonal time-scales has a lag between 5 and 1 pentad(s). In general, this work contributed to better understand the oceanic responses due to anomalies in atmospheric circulation and related impacts on sea ice, on intraseasonal time-scale.

The chemistry of a stream is the result of different transport routes of the precipitation and the processes it undergoes in the catchment area to the stream. The transport route can involve natural processes in the ground, called diffuse sources, or some more anthropogenic sources titled point sources. In the stream, this chemistry is affected by dilution and different sources and sinks of substances. From Hovgårdens waste facility, a point source situated in Tomtaåns water catchment (20 km NE of Uppsala), waste water is released in the nearby Hovgårdsbäcken stream, bringing various metals, salts and nutrient salts. This is then transported to Lissån stream and further on to Tomtaån stream. Before connecting to Lissån, Tomtaån flows through a rural landscape without known larger point sources. This project has two purposes, one is to investigate if substance concentrations in the water changes on its transport along Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån and Tomtaån streams and why. The other is to determine whether the mass transport from Tomtaån stream is significant for the water chemistry compared to Lissån stream. This project is based on substance concentrations measured by Uppsala Vatten AB from 2009-2014 and the writers’ own measurements from spring of 2016. The substances concerned in this project are N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. The samplings made by Uppsala Vatten AB does not include Tomtaån upstream the inflow from Lissån. To obtain the size of the mass transport of Tomtaån, modelled substance concentrations along with surface types from GIS have been used. A mass balance was then calculated. The reliability of these values are then discussed. The own measurements included discharge measurements and water sampling to carry out analysis of pH, alkalinity as well as anions Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. The results showed that for Fe, P-tot and PO43-, the values were peaking after the inflow of Lissån to Tomtaån, meaning that these ones come in higher values from Tomtaån than Hovgården. N-tot, NH4+ and SO42- decrease in concentration along the transport which indicates the opposite for Fe, P-tot and PO43-. The mass transport calculated with the modelled values indicates an absurd deficit, which brings the conclusion that these are not reliable. / Ett vattendrags kemi är ett resultat av nederbördens olika transportvägar och dess processer i avrinningsområdet. Transportvägen kan innefatta naturliga processer i mark, så kallade diffusa utsläpp, och mer antropogena källor som har en bestämd utsläppspunkt, vilka benämns som punktkällor. Väl i vattendraget påverkar utspädning, källor och sänkor ämnenas halter. Från Hovgårdens avfallsanläggning, en punktkälla som ligger i Tomtaåns avrinningsområde (2 mil nordost om Uppsala), rinner avfallsvatten ut i den närliggande Hovgårdsbäcken med en rad olika typer av metaller, salter och närsalter. Detta transporteras vidare till Lissån vars flöde går ihop med Tomtaån. Tomtaån rinner innan sammanflöde med Lissån genom ett jordbrukslandskap utan större kända punktkällor men där diffusa utsläppskällor kommer till uttryck. Projektet har två syften, det ena är att undersöka om ämneshalterna i vattnet på sin transport längsmed Hovgårdsbäcken, Lissån och Tomtaån förändras och varför. Det andra är att slå fast om masstransporten från Tomtaån är betydande för vattenkemin jämfört med Lissån. Till grund för projektet ligger ämneshalter tagna vid olika punkter av Uppsala Vatten AB år 2009-2014 respektive prover tagna av författarna våren 2016. Ämnen som ligger i fokus är; N-tot, P-tot, NH4+, PO43-, Fe, SO42-, NO3-. Uppsala Vattens provtagningar innefattar inte Tomtaån uppströms. För att få fram storleken på Tomtaåns masstransport, har istället schablonvärden och markanvändningsareor tagna ur GIS använts. Med dessa schablonvärden och de empiriskt uppmätta halterna från Uppsala Vatten har massbalansberäkningen sedan gjorts. Vi kommer föra en diskussion om denna metod var tillförlitlig eller ej. Av författarna mättes vattenföring och vattenprover togs, vilka analyserades för pH och alkalinitet såväl som anjonerna: Cl-, SO42- and NO3-. Resultatet visade att ämneshalterna för Fe, P-tot and PO43- var högst efter Lissåns inflöde med Tomtaån. Vilken betyder att vattenkemin påverkas mer av Tomtaån än Hovgården. Resterande ämnen minskar i halt längsmed transporten, Hovgården bidrar med högst ämneshalt och Tomtaån påverkar vattenkemin genom utspädning. Masstransporten beräknad med schablonvärden indikerar ett massivt orimligt underskott, bedömningen är att schablonhalter ej är tillförlitliga.

Droplets as precursor are extensively applied in diverse fields of science and engineering. Various contributions are provided previously towards analysis of single phase and multi-phase droplets of single and multiple components. This thesis describes modelling of multi-phase (nano fluid) droplet vaporization. The evaporation of liquid phase along with migration of dispersed particles in two-dimensional plane within droplet is detailed using the governing transport equations along with the appropriate boundary and interface conditions. The evaporation model is incorporated with aggregate kinetics to study agglomeration among nano silica particles in base water. Agglomeration model based on population balance approach is used to track down the aggregation kinetics of nano particles in the droplet. With the simulated model it is able to predict different types of final structure of the aggregates formed as observed in experimental results available in literature. High spatial resolution in terms of agglomeration dynamics is achieved using current model. Comparison based study of aggregation dynamics is done by heating droplet in convective environment as well as with radiations and using different combination of heating and physical parameters. The effect of internal flow field is also analysed with comparative study using levitation and without levitation individually. For levitation, droplet is stabilized in an acoustic standing wave. It is also attempted to study the transformation of cerium nitrate to ceria in droplets when heated under different environmental conditions. Reaction kinetics based on modified rate equation is modelled along with vaporization in aqueous cerium nitrate droplet. The thermo physical changes within the droplet along with dissociation reaction is analysed under different modes of heating. The chemical conversion of cerium nitrate to ceria during the process is predicted using Kramers' reaction velocity equation in a modified form. The model is able to explain the kinetics behind formation of ceria within droplet at low temperatures. Transformation of chemical species is observed to be influenced by temperature and configuration of the system. Reaction based model along with CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation within the droplet is able to determine the rate of chemical dissociation of species and predict formation of ceria within the droplet. The prediction shows good agreement with experimental data which are obtained from literature.

Due to failure of the continuum hypothesis for higher Knudsen numbers, rarefied gases and microflows of gases are particularly difficult to model. Macroscopic transport equations compete with particle methods, such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) to find accurate solutions in the rarefied gas regime. Due to growing interest in micro flow applications, such as micro fuel cells, it is important to model and understand evaporation in this flow regime. To gain a better understanding of evaporation physics, a non-steady simulation for slow evaporation in a microscopic system, based on the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations, is conducted. The one-dimensional problem consists of a liquid and vapor layer (both pure water) with respective heights of 0.1mm and a corresponding Knudsen number of Kn=0.01, where vapor is pumped out. The simulation allows for calculation of the evaporation rate within both the transient process and in steady state. The main contribution of this work is the derivation of new evaporation boundary conditions for the R13 equations, which are macroscopic transport equations with proven applicability in the transition regime. The approach for deriving the boundary conditions is based on an entropy balance, which is integrated around the liquid-vapor interface. The new equations utilize Onsager relations, linear relations between thermodynamic fluxes and forces, with constant coefficients that need to be determined. For this, the boundary conditions are fitted to DSMC data and compared to other R13 boundary conditions from kinetic theory and Navier-Stokes-Fourier solutions for two steady-state, one-dimensional problems. Overall, the suggested fittings of the new phenomenological boundary conditions show better agreement to DSMC than the alternative kinetic theory evaporation boundary conditions for R13. Furthermore, the new evaporation boundary conditions for R13 are implemented in a code for the numerical solution of complex, two-dimensional geometries and compared to Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) solutions. Different flow patterns between R13 and NSF for higher Knudsen numbers are observed which suggest continuation of this work. / Graduate