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L'objectif de cette étude est de renouveler les connaissances sur le « Logis Royal » du château de Loches et de proposer une restitution de ses chantiers, de ses distributions et de ses décors entre le dernier tiers du XIVe siècle, qui vit l'édification d'un premier corps de logis par le duc Louis Ier d'Anjou, et le début du XVIe siècle durant lequel s'acheva la construction d'un second bâtiment accueillant les logis royaux de Charles VIII, Louis XII et Anne de Bretagne. Encore en élévation, les deux corps de logis ont pu bénéficier d'une étude archéologique du bâti approfondie qui, associée à l'analyse des sources textuelles et iconographiques conservées, permet de mettre en évidence la contribution que le « Logis Royal » de Loches a pu apporter à l'architecture des palais résidentiels du XIVe siècle et des châteaux royaux de la première Renaissance française en Val de Loire / The purpose of this study is to renew our knowledge of the "Logis Royal" of the castle of Loches and propose a restitution of its sites, its distributions and its decorations from the last third of the fourteen century, which saw the building of a first main lodging by Duke Louis Ier d’Anjou, to the beginning of the sixteenth century during which completed the construction of a second building housing the royal lodgings of Charles VIII, Louis XII and Anne de Bretagne. Still standing, the two main lodgings have benefited from a thorough archaeological study of buildings, combined with the analysis of textual and iconographic sources conserved, that allows to highlight the contribution the "Logis Royal" of Loches could bring to the architecture of the residential palaces of the fourteenth century and the royal castles of the first french Renaissance in the Loire Valley

This dissertation deals with self-realization and self-surpassing of individuals during the selected period of their productive age within their free time. The academic part, based on specialized literature, describes functions as well as factors of free time and its evolution from ancient time to the present. It describes middle age and its specifics from a developmental psychology point of view, it further aims to grasp the self-realization and self-surpassing keywords. The practical part addresses a research of the leisure-time-activities preferences of working middle-aged individuals, focusing on self-realization and self-surpassing.It describes methods used in a performed research, evaluates obtained data and at the conclusion summarizes the results of the research.

This work deals with Christian tradition in Ireland and northwest Scotland in period from 5th to 12th century. The work is divided into two parts. The first one is an introduction into historical and cultural context. In the second one I used a religious model of Mr. Ninian Smart who distinguishes religion into seven dimensions. That dimensions are doctrinal, mythological, ritual, social, ethic, emotional and artistic. In each of these dimensions I deal with about four topics which are typical for Celtic {--} Christian tradition and on them I illustrate the uniqueness of that tradition. That uniqueness is in high ability for enculturation of Christianity together with ability for new innovative approaches. Some of these new approaches are introduction of new penitential practice, phenomenon of pilgrimage or interconnectedness of monasticism with apostolate.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Historia Compostelana is a twelfth-century work that narrates the trajectory and politicians made of Diego Gelmírez, bishop and later archbishop of Santiago de Compostela between the years 1100 and 1140. Arising low Galician nobility and from a young age linked not only to the clergy as also the high nobility, Gelmírez was responsible for the movement that propelled the growth of compostelana diocese and increasing pilgrimage to the shrine dedicated to St. Thiago. It has become even more important due to its activity as bishop, because it was under his command that the See climbed the archbishopric position after annexing territories of other Churches and also promote the theft of relics. This research present examined the role played by Diego Gelmírez during the years of his activity as bishop and later of Santiago de Compostela archbishop, moments that involved not only in episcopal activity, but also in military activities, assuming many times the leading role among the Galicians, gathering troops, were for their own benefit or service of the Castilian-Leonese monarchs Urraca I (1109-1126) and Alfonso VII (1126-1157). Through the analysis of his figure expressed in compostelana history, we seek to understand the complexity of their political actions both in episcopal level, as the warrior within and how both are intertwined taking into account the conflicts and alliances present in the context of the Iberian Peninsula of its time . / A Historia Compostelana é uma obra do século XII que narra a trajetória e os feitos políticos de Diego Gelmírez, bispo e posterior arcebispo de Santiago de Compostela entre os anos 1100 e 1140. Advindo da baixa nobreza galega e desde jovem ligado não somente ao clero como também a alta nobreza, Gelmírez foi responsável pelo movimento que impulsionou o crescimento da diocese compostelana e pelo aumento da peregrinação até o santuário dedicado a São Thiago. Tornou-se ainda mais importante devido à sua atividade enquanto bispo, pois, foi sob o seu comando que a Sé galgou a posição de arcebispado após anexar territórios de outras Igrejas e ainda promover o roubo de relíquias. A presente pesquisa de mestrado analisou o papel desempenhado por Diego Gelmírez durante os anos de sua atuação enquanto bispo e, posteriormente, arcebispo de Santiago de Compostela, momentos em que se envolveu não só em atividades episcopais, mas também, em atividades militares, assumindo muitas vezes o papel de líder entre os galegos, reunindo tropas, fosse para proveito próprio ou à serviço dos monarcas castelhano-leoneses Urraca I (1109-1126) e Alfonso VII (1126-1157). Através da análise da sua figura expressa na História compostelana, buscamos entender a complexidade das suas ações políticas tanto em âmbito episcopal, quanto no âmbito guerreiro e como ambos se entrelaçaram levando em consideração os conflitos e as alianças presentes no contexto da Península Ibérica de seu tempo.

Cette thèse tend à mettre en lumière l'émergence de l'architecture romane et de ses formes, dès le XIe siècle, ainsi que les mutations qui sont intervenues au tournant du siècle suivant, dans les anciens diocèses de Bordeaux et de Bazas. Ces recherches s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un programme plus vaste, qui englobe la partie méridionale de l'ancienne Aquitaine. Il s'agit de mettre en exergue les transformations ayant eu lieu lors de cette période charnière, à savoir le passage de formes parfois dites « archaïques » à celles qui témoignent d'un art roman épanoui, en essayant de comprendre les choix des bâtisseurs de ce temps, ainsi que les influences ayant présidé à leurs réalisations. Cette approche considère à la fois une série d'édifices modestes qui ont permis de réaliser un corpus de référence, dans lequel s'inscrivent aussi les monuments bordelais de plus grande importance, tels que les églises Saint-Seurin et Sainte-Croix ou la cathédrale Saint-André. Nous tentons de porter un regard nouveau sur les édifices inventoriés dans la région, en nous intéressant non seulement au style mais aussi aux techniques, afin d'en renouveler l'approche. A cet effet, les matériaux et leur mise en œuvre ont été pris en considération et quelques méthodes propres à l’archéologie du bâti ont été employées afin d’apporter des éléments supplémentaires à l’analyse. Plusieurs études régionales ont fait l'objet de recherches aux finalités similaires ces dernières années et nous nous inscrivons pleinement dans cette démarche. Nous espérons ainsi développer notre connaissance de la production architecturale romane en Gironde et contribuer à une vision d'ensemble des manifestations de la création au sein de la partie méridionale de l'ancienne Aquitaine. / This thesis aims to highlight the emergence of romanesque architecture in its various forms. It started in the XIth century, as well as the transformations which occurred during the beginning of the XIIth century, in the former dioceses of Bordeaux and Bazas. Our work is part of a larger research program that includes the southern part of the former Aquitaine area. It consists in highlighting the changes that happened during this pivotal period, that is to say the transition from the so-called “archaic” architectural forms to those that exemplify romanesque art in all its glory. We will try to understand the choices made by the builders at the time and the influences that guided these choices. Our approach will consider a set of modest buildings which will allow us to form a reference corpus, but also some of Bordeaux’s greatest monuments like the churches of Saint-Seurin and Sainte-Croix, and obviously the cathedral of Saint-André. We will try to take a fresh look on the buildings listed, by taking into consideration not only the style but also the building techniques employed, in order to renew the approach, thanks to an analysis grid of buildings. For this purpose, materials have been taken into consideration. Several regional studies have been the subject of similar research in the last few years, and we are fully involved in this approach. We hope, therefore, to improve our knowledge of romanesque architecture in Gironde, and to contribute to an overview of this type of construction in the southern part of the former Aquitaine area.

Gangmechanische Grundüberlegungen und skelettpathologische Erscheinungen, wie sie in der heutigen Pferdezucht bekannt sind, werden in die Bewertung der Reste von 42 Pferdeskeletten des sächsischen Gräberfeldes von Rullstorf bei Lüneburg einbezogen. Neben den üblichen Fragestellungen nach Alter, Geschlecht und Widerristhöhe wird erörtert, an welchen Knochenproportionen sich überhaupt Laufeigenschaften festmachen lassen. Dazu werden neben anderen frühmittelalterlichen auch rezente Populationen zu Vergleichen herangezogen, um eine nutzungstypologische Einordnung zu erzielen. Gelenkveränderungen der Rullstorfer Pferde werden in ihrer Ätiologie betrachtet und mit den Problemen an Gelenken heutiger Pferde verglichen. Nicht nur die reine Darstellung der Ausgrabungspferde ist ein Anliegen dieser Arbeit. Die Erkenntnisse aus den Knochenresten von Individuen längst vergangener Zeiten können auch bei der Aufklärung von Problemen heutiger Tiere einen Beitrag leisten. / Mechanics of movement and pathological signs of the skeleton, well-known in modern horsebreeding, influence the evaluation of 42 horse-skeletons of a saxon burial ground (Rullstorf near Lüneburg, Germany). Beside usual questions concerning the age, sex and wither height it is explored which proportions of bone-lenght are responsible for the character of movement at all. Horse-populations of the early Middle Ages and modern races are used for comparisons to look for the type of use. Joint changes of the Rullstorf horses are described within their etiology and compared with problems of modern horses. Not only the pure description of the excavation-horses is wanted for this paper. Rests of bones which belong to individuals of historical times can help to clear up the problems of our today-living animals.

Après les traitements pour un cancer du sein, plusieurs survivantes désirent réintégrer une vie sociale active qui inclut le retour au travail. Bien que cette étape semble bénéfique, elle comporte plusieurs défis à surmonter tels que la gestion des effets secondaires des traitements au travail ou un soutien variable de la part des collègues et des professionnels de la santé. Toutefois, des facettes de cette expérience demeurent à être exploré au regard des survivantes, qui sont le plus susceptibles de réintégrer leur emploi. Il est même permis de croire que cette expérience peut être semblable à celle d’une transition. À notre connaissance, peu d’études abordent cette expérience sous l’angle de la transition et au regard des survivantes âgées de moins de 50 ans. Le but de cette étude était d’explorer l’expérience de transition vers le retour au travail de survivantes du cancer du sein. Une étude qualitative exploratoire a été effectuée. Des entrevues narratives (n=8) ont été menées auprès de survivantes qui étaient retournées au travail depuis au moins six mois et âgées de moins de 50 ans. Une analyse de contenu thématique a été réalisée. Les résultats ont été regroupés selon quatre thèmes : 1) une vie changée par le cancer, 2) le travail est un signe de normalité, 3) les facteurs influençant la transition et 4) les stratégies mobilisées pour réussir la transition vers le retour au travail. Les résultats suggèrent que les survivantes du cancer du sein veulent délaisser leur vie teintée par la maladie et réintégrer une vie « normale » qui inclut le retour au travail. L’expérience de transition vers le retour au travail est aussi influencée par plusieurs facteurs qui peuvent la faciliter ou l’entraver. Cette étude a permis de mettre en lumière l’expérience de transition vers le retour au travail de femmes de moins de 50 ans qui semblent comporter des défis distincts par rapport à celles des femmes plus âgées. À la lumière des résultats, de nombreuses recommandations ont été élaborées afin de mieux accompagner les survivantes de moins de 50 ans durant leur transition vers le retour au travail. / After breast cancer treatments, many survivors wish to return to an active social life that includes return to work. Although this step seems beneficial, it has several challenges to overcome, such as managing the side effects of treatment at work or varying support from colleagues and health professionals. However, aspects of this experience remain to be explored for survivors, who are most likely to return to their jobs. It is even possible that this experience may be similar to that of a transition. To our knowledge, few studies have addressed this experience from a transition perspective and from the perspective of survivors under the age of 50. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of transitioning breast cancer survivors back to work. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted. Narrative interviews (n=8) were conducted with youth survivors who had returned to work for at least six months and were under the age of 50. An analysis of the thematic content was carried out. The results were grouped into four themes: 1) a life changed by cancer, 2) work is a sign of normality, 3) factors influencing the transition and 4) strategies mobilized to successfully transition back to work. The results suggest that breast cancer survivors want to leave their illness-tinged lives and return to a “normal” life that includes returning to work. The experience of transitioning back to work is also influenced by several factors that may facilitate or hinder it. This study highlighted the transition experience of women under the age of 50 who appear to have distinct challenges to return to work. Based on the results, many recommendations were developed to better support survivors during their transition back to work.

Объектом исследования являются смысложизненные ориентации в среднем и пожилом возрасте. Предметом исследования стали различия в уровне выраженности и характере взаимосвязей смысложизненных ориентаций, жизнестойкости и диспозиционного оптимизма у людей среднего и пожилого возраста. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (61 источник) и приложений (2 приложения), включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик и результаты статистических расчетов. Объем магистерской диссертации 99 страниц, на которых размещены 11 рисунков и 20 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. В первой главе рассмотрен феномен смысложизненных ориентаций в работах отечественных и зарубежных авторов разных времен, проанализированы психологические особенности представителей средней и пожилой возрастных групп, представлены результаты исследований современных авторов. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: тесту смысложизненных ориентаций (в адаптации Д.А. Леонтьева), тесту жизнестойкости (в адаптации Е.Н. Осина, Е.И. Рассказовой), тесту диспозиционного оптимизма (в адаптации Т.О. Гордеевой, О.А. Сычева, Е.А. Осина). Также в главе представлен дескриптивный, сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study is the meaning of life orientations on average and old age. The subject of the study was differences in the level of expression and the nature of the interrelationships of life orientations, resilience and dispositional optimism in middle-aged and elderly people. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (61 sources) and appendices (2 appendices), including forms of the applied methods and the results of statistical calculations. The volume of the master's thesis is 99 pages, which contain 11 figures and 20 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the purpose and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates hypotheses, specifies methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter examines the phenomenon of life-meaning orientations in the works of domestic and foreign authors of different times, analyzes the psychological characteristics of representatives of the middle and elderly age groups, and presents the results of research by modern authors. The conclusions of the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It describes the organization and methods of the conducted research and the results obtained using all the methods used: the test of life orientations (adapted by D.A. Leontiev), the test of resilience (adapted by E.N. Osin, E.I. Rasskazova), the test of dispositional optimism (adapted by T.O. Gordeeva, O.A. Sycheva, E.A. Osin). The chapter also presents a descriptive, comparative and correlation analysis of the research results. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of an empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are summarized, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this issue are described.

La neurogenèse persiste à l’âge adulte dans deux régions du système nerveux central (SNC) des mammifères : la zone sous-ventriculaire (SVZ) du cerveau antérieur et la zone sous-granulaire (SGZ) de l’hippocampe. Cette neurogenèse est possible grâce à la capacité de prolifération des cellules souches présentes dans les niches de la SVZ et la SGZ, mais en vieillissant, le cerveau subit une diminution dramatique du nombre de cellules souches neurales adultes (CSNa), une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire et une altération des niches de neurogenèse. Cependant, une importante question reste sans réponse : comment la perte tardive des CSNa est temporellement reliée aux changements de l’activité de prolifération et de la structure de la principale niche de neurogenèse (la SVZ)? Afin d’avoir un aperçu sur les événements initiaux, nous avons examiné les changements des CSNa et de leur niche dans la SVZ entre le jeune âge et l’âge moyen. La niche de la SVZ des souris d’âge moyen (12 mois) subit une réduction de l’expression des marqueurs de plusieurs sous-populations de précurseurs neuraux en comparaison avec les souris jeunes adultes (2 mois). Anatomiquement, cela est associé avec des anomalies cytologiques, incluant une atrophie générale de la SVZ, une perte de la couche de cellules sousépendymaires par endroit et l’accumulation de gouttelettes lipidiques de grande taille dans l’épendyme. Fonctionnellement, ces changements sont corrélés avec une diminution de l’activité de la SVZ et une réduction du nombre de nouveaux neurones arrivant aux bulbes olfactifs. Pour déterminer si les CSNa de la SVZ ont subi des changements visibles, nous avons évalué les paramètres clés des CSNa in vivo et in vitro. La culture cellulaire montre qu’un nombre équivalent de CSNa ayant la capacité de former des neurosphères peut être isolé du cerveau du jeune adulte et d’âge moyen. Cependant, à l’âge moyen, les précurseurs neuraux semblent moins sensibles aux facteurs de croissance durant leur différenciation in vitro. Les CSNa donnent des signes de latence in vivo puisque leur capacité d’incorporation et de rétention du BrdU diminue. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que, tôt dans le processus du vieillissement, les CSNa et leur niche dans la SVZ subissent des changements significatifs, et suggèrent que la perte de CSNa liée au vieillissement est secondaire à ces événements. / Neurogenesis persists throughout the adulthood in two regions of the mammalian central nervous system (SNC): the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain and the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is possible due to the proliferation capacity of stem cells present within both the SVZ and SGZ niches, but with aging, the forebrain undergoes a drastic reduction in its number of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs), a decrease of cell proliferation and an alteration of the neurogenic niches. However, a key unresolved question remains: how the onset of aNSC loss is temporally related to changes of proliferating activity and to structural alterations within the principal stem cell niche (the SVZ)? To gain insights into the initial events leading to aging-associated aNSC loss, we investigated the changes occurring to aNSCs and the SVZ niche between young adulthood and middle-age. The SVZ niche of middle-aged mice (12-months-old) was found to display reduced expression of markers for multiple neural precursor sub-populations when compared to young adult mice (2-months-old). Anatomically, this was associated with significant cytological aberrations, including an overall atrophy of the SVZ, loss of sub-ependymal cells, and accumulation of large lipid droplets within the ependyma. Functionally, these changes correlated with diminished SVZ activity and reduced number of newly born neurons reaching the principal target tissue: the olfactory bulbs. To determine whether changes were evident at the level of the SVZ stem cells, we evaluated key in vitro and in vivo parameters of aNSCs. Tissue culture experiments showed that equal numbers of neurosphere-forming aNSCs could be isolated from young adult and middle-aged forebrains. However, at middle-age, neural precursors seemed to be less sensitive to growth factors during their in vitro differentiation and displayed signs of increased quiescence in vivo. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that, with early aging, aNCS and their SVZ niche go through significant changes, and suggest that aging-associated aNSC loss is secondary to these events.