Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Artes, Departamento de Música, Programa de Pós-Graduação Música em Contexto, 2017. / Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2018-04-13T20:05:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_TomásTeixeiradeSouza.pdf: 3828640 bytes, checksum: b0c7897c510e546308e18c7e9cc20b0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2018-05-08T20:42:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_TomásTeixeiradeSouza.pdf: 3828640 bytes, checksum: b0c7897c510e546308e18c7e9cc20b0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T20:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_TomásTeixeiradeSouza.pdf: 3828640 bytes, checksum: b0c7897c510e546308e18c7e9cc20b0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-08 / Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP-DF). / MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course) são cursos online, abertos e massivos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é planejar e implementar o MOOC Laboratório Online de Música e Tecnologia (LOMT), um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) criado para os alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Música da UnB, na modalidade à distância. O referencial teórico é o modelo C(L)A(S)P, uma proposta de educação musical do educador Keith Swanwick. Foram associados módulos do MOOC LOMT a cada uma das atividades do modelo C(L)A(S)P (composição, literatura, apreciação musical, desenvolvimento da técnica e performance/execução) para avaliar como essas atividades poderiam ser aplicadas online de forma integrada. O estudo foi desenvolvido através de uma pesquisa-ação que, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, teve como técnicas de coleta de dados a observação participante, um questionário e a extração de dados textuais do sistema de postagem do MOOC LOMT. Como resultado, com o uso de recursos como os softwares online, o Gráfico de Percepção Espacial e o MOOC LOMT, associados às atividades de composição, leitura, apreciação, técnica e performance, foi possível planejar e implementar o MOOC LOMT com base na proposta pedagógica integrada do modelo C(L)A(S)P. Com o resultado da pesquisa, espera-se, que sejam trabalhadas novas formas de aplicar o modelo C(L)A(S)P no ensino musical online; novas tecnologias musicais sejam exploradas para desenvolver as competências e habilidades musicais online, programas de capacitação de professores possam ser atualizados prevendo o uso de ferramentas online e tecnologias digitais para o ensino da música. / MOOCs (Massive open online course) are online, open and massive courses. The objective of this research is to plan and implement the MOOC Online Laboratory of Music and Technology (LOMT), a virtual learning environment (AVA) created for students of the undergraduate course in music of the University of Brasília, in the distance mode. The theoretical reference is the C(L)A(S)P model, a proposal of musical education of the educator Keith Swanwick. Modules of the MOOC LOMT were associated with each of the activities of the C(L)A(S)P model (composition, literature, musical appreciation, development of the technique and performance/execution) to evaluate how these activities could be applied online in an integrated way. The study was developed through a research-action that, from a qualitative approach, had as techniques of data collection the participant observation, a questionnaire and the extraction of textual data from the postage system of MOOC LOMT. As a result, with the use of resources such as online software, the spatial perception chart and the MOOC LOMT, associated with the activities of composition, reading, appreciation, technique and performance, it was possible to plan and implement the MOOC LOMT based on the C(L)A(S)P model integrated proposal. With the result of the research, it is hoped that new ways of applying the C(L)A(S)P in the online music education are expected to be worked, new musical technologies are explored to develop online music skills, teacher training programs can be upgraded by predicting the use of online tools and digital technologies for teaching music.

Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo analisar e sistematizar informações (referências bibliográficas e experiências) sobre Saúde em Todas as Políticas (STP) - abordagem da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a fim de propor o roteiro de um Curso Online Aberto e Massivo (MOOC - abreviação em inglês de Massive Open Online Courses) sobre o tema STP. De cunho exploratório e abordagem mista, utilizou-se a revisão bibliográfica e a análise documental para produzir os seguintes produtos/resultados: a) um artigo original que apresenta o resultado de buscas no diretório MOOC-List.com, sobre os MOOCs já existentes no campo da saúde, no mundo e no Brasil; b) uma lista de práticas brasileiras sobre STP, a partir do site Salud en Todas Las Políticas en Las Américas; c) uma sistematização dos Workshop propostos pela OMS - Health in All Policies: Training Manual (OMS, 2015) e busca de outras referências para complementar e subsidiar o roteiro proposto. A análise e sistematização dos dados e informações coletados resultaram na proposta do roteiro de aprendizagem: 1) Introdução ao MOOC, sobre apresentação geral do Curso; 2) (re)pensar a saúde, sobre os conceitos ampliado de Saúde, Integralidade, Universalidade e Equidade 3) Motivação para "fazer junto" sobre Intersetoriaidade, Promoção da Saúde, desafios globais e mudanças na saúde; 4) Desigualdades sociais e Iniquidades em saúde, sobre desigualdades em saúde, iniquidades em saúde determinantes da saúde e Determinantes Sociais da Saúde; 5) Doenças Não Transmissíveis (DNT): problema de todos(as), sobre a carga de doenças e DNT; 6) Saúde em Todas as Políticas: um conceito, sobre conceituação de STP; 7) Agendas e combinações para a saúde, sobre Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e Plano de Ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das DNT no Brasil 2011-2022; 8) Saúde em Todas as Políticas: marco conceitual, sobre o Quadro/framework de STP. Saúde em Todas as Políticas: marco conceitual, sobre o Quadro/framework de STP. Espera-se que os resultados aqui apresentados facilitem a concretização do Curso, através de uma plataforma de MOOC, permitindo que mais pessoas tenham acesso ao conteúdo que, atualmente, está disponível somente em um idioma e para uma parcela - sejam gestores, trabalhadores ou usuários restrita da população brasileira. Acredita-se, sobretudo, que as reflexões trazidas possam inspirar o uso de outras ferramentas, espaços (virtuais ou não) de aprendizagem e de trocas de experiências e também que os materiais sistematizados possam contribuir com o conhecimento e outros estudos sobre os temas nessa Dissertação abordados. / This dissertation aims to analyze and systematize information (bibliographical references and experiences) about Health in All Policies (HiAP) - approach of the World Health Organization (WHO), in order to propose the script for a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) about HiAP. From an exploratory and mixed approach, bibliographical review and documentary analysis were used to produce the following products/results: a) an original article that presents the search results in the MOOCList. com directory, about the existing MOOCs in the field of Health, in the world and in Brazil; b) a list of Brazilian HiAP practices, based on the website Salud en Todas Las Políticas en Las Américas; c) a systematization of the Workshops proposed by WHO - Health in All Policies: Training Manual (WHO, 2015) and search for other references to complement and subsidize the proposed script. The analysis and systematization of data and information collected resulted in the proposal of the MOOC script entitled "Introduction to Health in All Policies", with eight Learning Modules: 1) Introduction to MOOC, about general presentation of the Course; 2) (re)thinking about health, about the expanded concepts of Health, Integrality, Universality and Equity; 3) Motivation to "do this together", about Intersectoriality, Health Promotion, global challenges and changes in health; 4) Social inequalities and inequities in health, about inequalities in health, determinants of health and Social Determinants of Health; 5) Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): problem of all, about disease burden and NCDs; 6) Health in All Policies: a concept, about HiAP conceptualization; 7) Agendas and Combinations for Health, about Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Strategic Action Plan for coping with NCDs in Brazil 2011-2022; 8) Health in All Policies: conceptual framework, about the framework of STP. It is expected that results presented here facilitate the implementation of the Course through a MOOC platform, allowing more people to have access to content that is currently available only in one language and for a portion - whether managers, workers or users - of the brazilian population. It is believed, above all, that the reflections brought may inspire the use of other tools, learningspaces and exchanges of experiences, and also that systematized materials can contribute with knowledge and other studies on the themes discussed in this Dissertation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第21987号 / 教博第240号 / 新制||教||186(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 飯吉 透, 教授 楠見 孝, 准教授 酒井 博之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

El presente trabajo de investigación propone y desarrolla un proceso para la implementación de cursos en MOOC accesibles. Los principales aportes de son: (i) la caracterización del problema de la accesibilidad de los MOOC; (ii) la recopilación del estado de la cuestión mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura; (iii) la validación del nivel de accesibilidad de plataformas y contenidos MOOC; (iv) la identificación de requisitos de accesibilidad para plataformas y contenidos MOOC; (v) el diseño de una arquitectura para plataformas MOOC accesibles; (vi) la definición de un ciclo de vida para la gestión de MOOC accesibles.

Recently, distance education has become popular and has gotten much attention. Information and Communication Technology advances fostered distance learning creation and enabled individuals to participate in the education process via various web-based platforms and study entirely online. Thus, the notion of e-learning and distance learning emerged. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) appeared as part of e-learning in 2008 and attracted great interest, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was anticipated that this kind of study also could be integrated into higher education and revolutionize the learning approach. However, several issues related to MOOCs limit their full potential. One of the most significant problems is substantial rate of learners’ attrition. It was discovered that only 5-10 percent of MOOC learners complete a course. This thesis aims to examine what influences individuals’ decision to leave MOOCs and how learners perceive various course components to get ideas regarding how MOOCs could be enhanced. To do this, the mixed-method study was undertaken where quantitative data analysis of learners’ reviews from discussion forums and qualitative interviews were adopted. It allowed to get two perspectives and broaden the thesis out- come. For the current research, data was collected from six courses in three different subjects-«Health», «Art and Humanity/Design» and «Computer/Data Science». In the first part of the work, sentiment analysis and topic modeling using Python packages were carried out, and then the results were used to construct an interview questionnaire. Lexicon-based sentiment analysis technique and LDA topic modeling algorithm were utilized and proved to be robust methods to extract texts’ polarity and peoples’ opinions. In the qualitative part, 19 topics of discussion were identified, which were consolidated into eight topics with higher abstraction – materials, instructor, content, time, assignment, feedback, program(course), and algorithms. Then during the qualitative part, participants expressed their opinions regarding these topics, and analysis codes were predefined, and new topics did not emerge. The results showed learners’ perceptions related to presented topics and how these aspects influence experience with MOOCs. The outcome also showed a slight disparity between different subject learners, in both qualitative and quantitative studies identified topics of discussion were not exactly the same, showing that learners from different educational domains tend to discuss different themes.

Die Erforschung der Zusammenstellung kleiner Lerngruppen beschäftigt sich mit dem Problem, eine passende Gruppenzusammensetzung in einer Population von Lernern zu finden, die jeder Gruppe optimalen Nutzen bringen könnte. In letzter Zeit sind viele Studien zu diesem Problem der Kleingruppenzusammenstellung durchgeführt worden. Allerdings waren diese Forschungen nur selten auf den Kontext großer Lerner-Populationen ausgerichtet. Angesichts des zunehmenden Aufkommens von MOOCs muss jedoch das Problem der Gruppenzusammenstellung entsprechend erweitert betrachtet werden, und zwar mit neuen Forschungen, die den Kontext derartig großer Lerner-Populationen berücksichtigen. Anders als in Klassenzimmer-Settings könnte die beobachtete hohe Abbruchquote in MOOCs in einer Unterbesetzung der Gruppengröße resultieren und könnte somit viele Lerner dazu bringen, neue Gruppen zu bilden. Zusätzlich zur Gruppenzusammenstellung muss daher die Gruppenneuzusammenstellung als neues Thema in aktuellen Kontexten großer Lerner-Populationen ebenfalls erforscht werden. Die Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit gliedern sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit Gruppenzusammenstellung. In diesem Teil stelle ich einen diskreten-PSO Algorithmus zur Zusammenstellung kleiner Lerngruppen vor und vergleiche bislang bestehende Gruppenzusammenstellungs-Algorithmen unter den Gesichtspunkten Zeitaufwand und Gruppierungsqualität. Um Gruppenzusammenstellung in MOOCs anzuwenden wurde ein Gruppenzusammenstellungsexperiment in einem MOOC durchgeführt. Die Hauptergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Gruppenzusammenstellung die Abbruchsquote reduzieren kann, jedoch lediglich einen sehr schwachen Bezug zur Lernperformanz der Lerner aufweist. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit Gruppenneuzusammenstellung. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine datengesteuerte Herangehensweise vor, die umfassenden Gebrauch von Gruppeninteraktionsdaten macht sowie Gruppendynamik mit einbezieht. Mittels einer in einem Simulationsexperiment durchgeführten Evaluation zeigen sich die Vorteile dieses Verfahrens: Der Lerngruppenzusammenhalt wird verbessert und die Abbruchsquote im Vergleich zu einer Zufallsverteilung reduziert. Darüberhinaus wurde hier ein Gruppen-Lern-Werkzeug entwickelt und für die Praxis vorbereitet, das die Anforderungen des geforderten Ansatzes der Gruppenneuzusammenstellung erfüllt. / Small learning group composition addresses the problem of seeking such matching among a population of students that it could bring each group optimal benefits. Recently, many studies have been conducted to address this small group composition problem. Nevertheless, the focus of such a body of research has rarely been cast to large-scale contexts. Due to the recent come of MOOCs, the topic of group composition needs to be accordingly extended with new investigations in such large learning contexts. Different from classroom settings, the reported high drop-out rate of MOOCs could result in group’s incompletion in size and thus might compel many students to compose new groups. Thus, in addition to group composition, group re-composition as a new topic needs to be studied in current large-scale learning contexts as well. In this thesis, the research is structured in two stages. The first stage is group composition. In this part, I proposed a discrete-PSO algorithm to compose small learning groups and compared the existing group composition algorithms from the perspectives of time cost and grouping quality. To implement group composition in MOOCs, a group composition experiment was conducted in a MOOC. The main results indicate that group composition can reduce drop-out rate, yet has a very weak association with students’ learning performance. The second stage is to cope with group re-composition. This thesis suggests a data-driven approach that makes full use of group interaction data and accounts for group dynamics. Through evaluation in a simulation experiment, it shows its advantages of bringing us more cohesive learning groups and reducing the drop-out rate compared to a random condition. Apart from these, a group learning tool that fulfills the goals of the proposed group re-composition approach has been developed and is made ready for practice.

L’éducation et la formation sont des institutions centrales de notre société. Garantes de l’intégration sociale et professionnelle des individus, elles ont aussi été érigées en piliers stratégiques du dynamisme économique dans la « société de la connaissance » (CE, 2000). Pour autant, bien que porteuses des valeurs démocratiques, elles sont le lieu d’observation de nombreuses inégalités, tant en formation initiale que professionnelle. Dans un contexte de précarisation du marché du travail, où le diplôme est nécessaire mais ne semble plus suffire pour assurer une intégration professionnelle stable, l’essor des Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) questionne. À partir d’une enquête mixte longitudinale, cette recherche s’est attachée à répondre à la problématique générale suivante : dans quelle mesure l’égalité formelle d’accès aux MOOC se traduit-elle par une égalité des chances pour les individus de les utiliser, d’y réussir et d’en tirer des bénéfices (objectifs et subjectifs) ? Cette étude des usages sociaux des MOOC et de leurs effets dans les trajectoires individuelles a été réalisée à partir de l’analyse de 5709 réponses d’inscrits au sein de 12 MOOC de France Université Numérique (FUN), réinterrogés un an plus tard (n=1778), et de 32 entretiens. Arguant en faveur d’une reproduction sociale des inégalités d’accès, les résultats montrent que l’égalité formelle d’accès ne suffit pas à une appropriation par tous de ces ressources. Ces usages restent principalement le fait d’individus détenant un capital humain élevé, bénéficiant d’une « insertion professionnelle assurée » (Paugam, 2007[2000]), coutumiers de la formation professionnelle et ayant d’intenses pratiques culturelles. Plus qu’une nouvelle voie d’accès à la formation, les MOOC semblent constituer un moyen supplémentaire, nécessitant des prérequis implicites. Pour autant, la construction d’une typologie d’usage a permis de mettre au jour que les MOOC peuvent constituer, même pour ces derniers, une réelle opportunité de formation. Majoritairement saisis dans un rapport a priori désintéressé de loisirs culturels, ils sont aussi utilisés pour satisfaire des objectifs formatifs variés. Ces six registres d’usage sont par ailleurs plus faiblement déterminés. L’évaluation de la réussite, lorsque les critères de l’achèvement et de la certification sont pertinents, met en évidence, pour ces individus favorisés, une égalité des chances d’y parvenir. Bien que ces usages sociaux n’aient, à court terme, aucun effet objectivable sur les trajectoires socio-professionnelles, ils sont porteurs de bénéfices plus subjectifs. Selon les particularités et la temporalité des « parcours biographiques » (Bourdon, 2010), ils participent au développement des identités personnelles et professionnelles ainsi qu’à une amélioration du vécu de certaines transitions. Loin de concurrencer en France le rôle des diplômes dans les parcours sociaux, les MOOC semblent plutôt en constituer un nouveau halo et participer à l’avènement d’une ère du signalement tout au long de la vie. / Education and vocational training are central institutions in today’s society. They play an important role in guaranteeing people’s social and professional integration. They are also considered strategic pillars of economic growth in “the knowledge society” (CE, 2000). However, despite their basis in democratic values and principles, there are still many inequalities in access and outcomes in both compulsory academic and vocational education. Moreover, because of the increasing flexibility and insecurity of work in the current labor market, a diploma is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for stable employment. In this context, the rise of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) raises questions about their contribution to the educational aims of equality and efficacy. Based on a mixed-methods approach, this thesis addresses the following research problem: To what extent does the formal equality of MOOC give people equal opportunities to use them, succeed in them, and earn tangible and subjective benefits? The analyses are carried out on data collected from 5709 people enrolled in 12 MOOC on the FUN platform, interviewed again one year later (n=1778), and on 32 interviews. Results show that the use of MOOC seems to reproduce social inequalities in educational access. Indeed, the people who enroll already have high levels of human capital and highly stable and qualified employment; furthermore, they are accustomed to professional training and have intense cultural practices. Rather than acting as a new way to access education and training for underserved people, MOOC seem to be a new resource for privileged individuals, and access to them appears to require implicit prerequisites. However, the typology of MOOC uses shows that even for these people, MOOC can be an additional training opportunity. Mainly used for disinterested purposes, such as “edutainment” or cultural interest, they are also real training and educational supports. Nevertheless, these types of uses are not strongly determined. When achievement and certification are used as indicators to assess the success of these social uses, results show no social inequalities in outcomes. However, at least in the short term, participating in a MOOC does not have any tangible impact on professional careers: Rather, their effects are subjective. Considering the “biographical path” of these people (Bourdon, 2010), I find that they use MOOC both to sustain individual and professional identities and to facilitate social transitions. Instead of competing with the role played by diplomas in France, MOOC seem to be a new “halo” of these educational credentials, participating in the development of the need to acquire skills throughout one’s career and reinforcing the trend towards life-long learning.

Purpose – Since April 2014, the alliance of leading German Institutes of Technology (TU9) has been jointly producing and running massive open online courses (MOOCs) on the subject of engineering. On the one hand, the collaborative MOOC@TU9 project aims to combine the unique characteristics and strengths of the engineering courses offered by the TU9 universities, making inter-institute, cooperative, open learning both visible and accessible. This will enhance both local teaching and the national and international marketing of the universities. On the other hand, the project also aims to help build communal experience and develop quality and production standards for the use of different MOOC formats in digital higher education teaching. In this sense, the MOOC@TU9 project contributes to the vital development of sustainable digitalisation strategies at German universities in the form of a feasibility study, which can then be used in other contexts as a valuable example of best practice. Design/methodology/approach – The MOOC@TU9 project has a primarily practical approach. The focus of the collaboration between the TU9 universities is therefore the discussion, exchange and coordination of concrete actions in addition to the evaluation and assessment of the solutions reached and implemented. The collaboration within the TU9 network results in inter-organisation working and learning processes for the parties and institutions involved. These have a particular value, as this is how, through collaboration, we can build an effective, sustainable, multi-dimensional experience. Originality/value – MOOC@TU9 is a joint inter-university project with the aim of strategically testing the possibilities, parameters and benefits of using massive open online courses in higher education teaching, the like of which has never been seen before in Germany. There is, therefore, currently no systematic development of quality and production standards for MOOCs: a gap, which MOOC@TU9 is actively attempting to fill. Practical implications – Results and findings of the project are not only taken from specific practical work, they are also fed directly back into it. In this respect, it can and should provide valuable insights not only for course participants, but also for other universities and/or initiatives.

Storskaliga, öppna, internetbaserade kurser (MOOCar) introducerades år 2008 av George Siemens och Stephen Downes och deras popularitet har ökat ända sedan dess. Förespråkare av MOOCar påstår att de har en potential att möjliggöra livslångt lärande för människor från hela världen. Sedan de första kurserna har två olika former av MOOCar utvecklats, cMOOCar som har utvecklats utifrån lärandeteorin konnektivismen och xMOOCar som är relativt lika vanliga internetbaserade kurser med den skillnad att antalet kursdeltagare är mer eller mindre obegränsat. År 2016 anslöt sig MOOC initiativet från KungligaTekniska högskolan (KTHx) till edX, en undervisningsplattform för xMOOCar. Möjlighet till social interaktion med andra kursdeltagare och lärare erbjuds på edX i form av asynkrona diskussions forum. Forskning om hur den sociala interaktionen ter sig i diskussionsforumen och dess potential för att främja lärande är i dagsläget knapp. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka den sociala interaktionenskaraktär i två olika xMOOCar, en med självstyrd studietakt och en lärarledd. En ökad förståelse för den sociala interaktionen som för nuvarande äger rum i diskussionsforumen kan vara behjälplig för lärare vid utformningen av undervisningen i xMOOCar. Diskussionsforumen för två kurser av respektive kategori av xMOOC från KTHx om matematik och programmering ingår i denna undersökning. Både en konventionell innehållsanalys och en riktad innehållsanalys baserad på lärandeteorin undersökande gemenskap (CoI) har genomförts för att belysa olika aspekter av den sociala interaktionens karaktär och främjande av lärande i diskussions forumen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att den sociala interaktionen är opersonlig och att kursdeltagarna initierar interaktionen för att få svar på frågor som huvudsakligen lärare besvarar genom att instruera eller informera. Det bildas ingen gemenskap och det uppvisas lägre nivåer av kognitiv närvaro i diskussionsforumen. För att främja lärande skulle diskussionsforumen istället kunna användas för att engagera de aktiva kursdeltagarna i diskussioner och lärarnas fokus kan förflyttas från att instruera och informera till att etablera en trygg miljö för interaktion. / Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) were introduced in 2008 by George Siemens and Stephen Downes and their popularity has increased ever since. Advocates of MOOCs claim that they have the potential to enable lifelong learning for people all over the world. Since the first MOOC, two kinds of MOOCs have developed, cMOOCs that developed from the theory of learning, connectivism, and xMOOCs, which are relatively similar to usual online courses, with the difference that the number of participants is more or less unlimited. In 2016, the MOOC initiative from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTHx) joined edX, a teaching platform for xMOOCs. Opportunity for social interaction with other course participants and teachers is offered on edX in the form of asynchronous discussion forums. Research on the characterof the social interaction in the discussion forums and its potential for promoting learning in xMOOCs is currently limited. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate the nature of social interaction in two different xMOOCs, one self-paced and one instructor-paced. An increased understanding of the current social interaction that is taking place in the discussion forums can be helpful to teachers in the design of teaching in xMOOCs. In this master thesis two discussion forums from courses of the respective categories of xMOOCs have been studied. Both a conventional content analysis and a directed contentanalysis based on the learning theory Community of Inquiry (CoI) have been conducted to highlight different aspects of the nature of the social interaction and how one may promote learning in the discussion forums. The result of the analysis shows that the social interaction in the discussion forums is impersonal and that the participants initiate the interaction by asking questions that are mainly answered by the teachers, by either instructing or informing. No community is formed and the discussion forums show lower levels of cognitive presence. In order to promote learning, discussion forums may be used to engage the active participants in discussions and it might be benificial if the teachers focused on establishing a safe environment for interaction, as opposed to focusing on instruction and informing.

Esta tese tem por escopo discutir o ensino de Geociências na Educação Básica, partindo da análise de um contexto social e escolar a fim de alavancar a construção de um curso de formação continuada de professores, visando, também, a promoção de uma fundamentação metodológica para que os docentes possam desenvolver um processo de ensino-aprendizagem baseado na interdisciplinaridade a partir da pesquisa de problemas bem delimitados. Adota-se um procedimento de pesquisa de estudo de caso e de desenvolvimento, partindo-se da análise de um contexto escolar e da construção, implementação e avaliação de um curso de formação docente denominado GeoIlhas, fundamentado metodologicamente no formato de curso on- line, massivo e aberto (MOOC). Na etapa inicial da pesquisa avaliou-se o desempenho de professores da Educação Básica e de alunos do Ensino Médio do município de Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, em uma avaliação de conhecimentos básicos de geociências e se debateu o cenário das Geociências no Ensino Básico Brasileiro, cujos resultados indicam um baixo desempenho na avaliação, tanto pelos alunos, quanto pelos professores. Na segunda etapa, que se constituiu do planejamento, produção, implementação e avaliação do curso de formação continuada de professores, no formato MOOC, objetivou-se a discussão de conceitos básicos das Geociências, bem como a articulação de uma fundamentação metodológica capaz de promover um processo de ensino-aprendizagem interdisciplinar Entre os principais resultados aponta-se a qualidade pedagógica do curso como fundamental para o bom desempenho dos usuários, através da problematização inicial e da revisão final em cada bloco. Igualmente, indicam algumas características que são importantes para o sucesso de um curso que segue essa estrutura, tal como, a possibilidade de oferecer forte interação entre os mesmos e a comunidade, oferecendo melhores resultados para as videoaulas com curta duração e gravadas em ambientes informais. Na etapa final da investigação fez-se uma discussão teórica sobre as perspectivas pedagógicas para a escola da cultura digital, resultados que se moldaram durante toda a pesquisa de desenvolvimento, apontando indicativos de que a escola perdeu a maioria das suas finalidades, entendendo que haverá muita dificuldade de coexistir com os novos corpos e subjetividades que as habitam. Sugere-se uma mudança na sua concepção metodológica, com a inclusão não somente de aparatos tecnológicos digitais, todavia abrangendo as novas formas de interação. / This thesis aims to discuss the teaching of Geosciences in Elementary Education, starting from a social and school context in order to leverage the construction of a course of continuous training of teachers, intending also to promote a methodological ground for the teachers develop a process of teaching-learning based on interdisciplinarity from a research of well delimited problems. To this work is adopted a case study and development procedure of research, starting from the analysis of a school context and the construction, implementation and evaluation of a teacher training course called GeoIlhas (Geo-Islands), methodologically based on the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). In the initial stage of the research, it had verified that the performance of teachers of elementary education and high school students in the city of Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, in an assessment of basic knowledge of geosciences, whose results indicate a low performance in the evaluation, both by students and by teachers. In the second stage of the research that consisted about the planning, production, implementation and evaluation of the training teacher course, in MOOC format, it had the aim to discuss the basic concepts of geoscience, and the articulation of methodological grounds able to promote an interdisciplinary teaching-learning process Among the main results, it has pointed out the pedagogical quality of the course as fundamental for the good performance of the users, through an initial problematization and a final revision in each block. It is also indicated some characteristics that are important to the success of a course that follows this structure, such as the possibility of offering strong interaction between them and the community, offering better results for the video-classes with short duration and recorded in informal environments. In the final stage of the research, it has been made a theoretical discussion about the pedagogical perspectives for the school on digital culture, results that were shaped during the whole development research, pointing indications that the school had lost most of its purposes, understanding that there will be a lot of difficulty of coexisting with the new bodies and subjectivities that inhabit them. It is suggested a change in its methodological conception, with the inclusion not only of digital technological devices, but also of new forms of interaction.