The interaction between epithelial cells and macrophages is integral to mucosal immune fate: determining the decision between tolerance and immune activation/inflammation. Endotoxin tolerisation (ET) is a circumstance where cells go through a hypo-responsive state, unable to respond to further endotoxin-LPS challenge. Mucosal macrophages (MΦs) have a dual functionality that determines tolerance to commensal organisms or immune response to entropathogens such as E. coli. In the case of mucosal inflammatory pathologies, such as Crohn’s disease, this state of tolerance is broken, resulting in destruction of gut mucosal tissue where the macrophage phenotype has been altered from a regulatory M2-like subset phenotype to an inflammatory M1-like subset phenotype, responding to both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Chronic inflammation by bacterial pathogen related molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as LPS, is well established to induce tolerisation. The aims of this project were firstly, to characterise the control of macrophage differentiation in a mucosal setting by investigating the immunomodulatory effects of PAMPs, such as LPS in presence or absence of TNFα and to investigate ET mechanisms associated with MΦ subsets responding to the entropathogen E. coli K12-LPS. Secondly, to investigate the effect of epithelial cells on macrophage subsets behaviour upon inflammation and ET. M1- and M2-like MΦs were generated in vitro from the THP-1 monocyte cell line by differentiation with PMA and vitamin D3, respectively, whereas differentiated epithelial cells (Caco-2) were obtained by long term culturing for 21 days. A transwell co-culture system of Caco2 cells and MΦ subsets was developed to mimic the cell-to-cell cross-talk between epithelial cells and immune cells. Mono- and co-culture models were pre-treated with either LPS, TNFα or IL-1β prior to stimulation by PAMPs. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6 and IL-10 were qualified by ELISA. Cytokines, PRRs and endogenous negative regulatory molecules were detected by RT-PCR and WB and epithelial barrier function was measured by trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). ET induced by K12-LPS failed to demonstrate a differential subset-specific response in MΦ mono-culture system whereas, LPS differentially suppress LPS induced cytokine expression in MΦ co-culture system. Tolerised M1- and M2-like MΦs exhibited a significant reduction in expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and comparable levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. The suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in these MΦs appeared to be linked to the differential TLR4 expression and up-regulation of negative regulators, such as IRAK-M and Tollip. In addition, MΦ subsets differentially responded to inflammation induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-1β in mono- and co-culture models. In conclusion, tolerisation induced in MΦs is presented by the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is associated with corresponding up-regulation of IL-10, TLR4 receptor and the negative regulators, in a subset-independent manner. In the case of cross-talk between epithelial cells and macrophages however, a differential sensitivities to ET was displayed. These findings allow more understanding of MΦ subsets functions and ET mechanisms, which may be beneficial for the development of in-vitro models of MΦ subsets and therapeutics targeting Crohn’s diseases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_ces_dr_arafo.pdf: 331073 bytes, checksum: 5b0cc47532d72c27e47c5ac40cc15e8e (MD5) / O autor avaliou a capacidade do hidróxido de cálcio em neutralizar o LPS de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, através de duas metodologias, a liberação de óxido nítrico e Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-a) em cultura de macrófagos peritoneais de camundondos. O autor concluiu que o LPS bacteriano é um potente estimulador da produção de NO e TNF-a e que o tratamento deste LPS com hidróxido de cálcio causa sua inativação. / It was evaluated the calcium hydroxide in neutalysing Pseudomonas aeruginosa's LPS. Two methodologies were used; NO and TNF-a liberation in macrophage's rat culture. It was concluded that Ca(OH)2 inhibitted TNF-a and NO liberation.

abstract: The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is essential for the innate immune response to danger signals. Importantly, the NLRP3 inflammasome responds to structurally and functionally dissimilar stimuli. It is currently unknown how the NLRP3 inflammasome responds to such diverse triggers. This dissertation investigates the role of ion flux in regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Project 1 explores the relationship between potassium efflux and Syk tyrosine kinase. The results reveal that Syk activity is upstream of mitochondrial oxidative signaling and is crucial for inflammasome assembly, pro-inflammatory cytokine processing, and caspase-1-dependent pyroptotic cell death. Dynamic potassium imaging and molecular analysis revealed that Syk is downstream of, and regulated by, potassium efflux. Project 1 reveals the first identified intermediate regulator of inflammasome activity regulated by potassium efflux. Project 2 focuses on P2X7 purinergic receptor-dependent ion flux in regulating the inflammasome. Dynamic potassium imaging revealed an ATP dose-dependent efflux of potassium driven by P2X7. Surprisingly, ATP induced mitochondrial potassium mobilization, suggesting a mitochondrial detection of purinergic ion flux. ATP-induced potassium and calcium flux was found to regulate mitochondrial oxidative signaling upstream of inflammasome assembly. First-ever multiplexed imaging of potassium and calcium dynamics revealed that potassium efflux is necessary for calcium influx. These results suggest that ATP-induced potassium efflux regulates the inflammasome by calcium influx-dependent mitochondrial oxidative signaling. Project 2 defines a coordinated cation flux dependent on the efflux of potassium and upstream of mitochondrial oxidative signaling in inflammasome regulation. Lastly, this dissertation contributes two methods that will be useful for investigating inflammasome biology: an optimized pipeline for single cell transcriptional analysis, and a mouse macrophage cell line expressing a genetically encoded intracellular ATP sensor. This dissertation contributes to understanding the fundamental role of ion flux in regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and identifies potassium flux and Syk as potential targets to modulate inflammation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biological Design 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cesar_jrf_me_jabo.pdf: 550352 bytes, checksum: 1d6db13e1ea88e0f7e6d7733821abce1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tendo em vista a relação da cicloxigenase-2 com a progressão do câncer, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a expressão da atividade desta enzima com a imunorreatividade de macrófagos no diagnóstico e prognóstico de mastocitoma canino. Para a realização deste estudo foram selecionadas 24 amostras de mastocitomas e 5 amostras de tecido cutâneo sem alterações patológicas (grupo controle). Os espécimes foram divididos em grupos: GO ¬ grupo controle (n=5), G1 -mastocitomas grau I (n=8) , G2 - mastocitomas grau 11 (n=8), G3 - mastocitomas grau 11I (n=8). A avaliação da expressão da COX-2 e macrófagos foi conduzida por imunoistoquímica, utilizando-se o complexo avidina-biotina (ABC). Os resultados mostraram que os dois anticorpos imunorreagiram com tecidos caninos normais ou neoplásicos. A expressão da COX-2 mostrou marcação crescente, conforme a agressividade do tumor e houve significância (P<O,05) entre os grupos GO e G1; GO e G2; GO e G3; G1 e G3. A imunomarcação de macrófagos foi decrescente em relação à gradação histológica e-houve significância (P<O,05) entre os grupos GO e G1; GO e G2; GO e G3; G1 e G3; G2 e G3. Assim como a expressão de macrófagos, a sobrevida dos animais foi decrescente em relação ao grau de malignidade do tumor e inversamente proporcional a marcação de COX-2. / Considering the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with the cancer evolution, this study aimed to assessment the expression of this enzyme with the immunoreactive of macrophage in the diagnosis and prognostic of canine mast cell tumor. Twenty four mast cell tumors samples were selected for the accomplishment of this study and tive samples of normal skin tissue (control group - GO). The samples were divided in groups: GO ¬ control group (n=5), G1 - mastocytoma grade I (n=8), G2 - mastocytoma grade 11 (n=8), G3 - mastocytoma grade 11I (n=8). The evaluation of the COX-2 and macrophage expression was achieved by immunohistochemistry, by means of complex avidine-biotine (ABC). The COX-2 expression increased, as the tumor grade progression; moreover. it had relevancy (P<O,05) among the groups: GO and G1, GO and G2, GO and G3, G1 and G3. The macrophage immunoreactive was decreased in relation of histological grade and it had a relevancy (P<O,05) among the groups: GO and G1, GO and G2. GO and G3. G1 and G3, G2 and G3. As macrophage expression, animal survival was decreased in relation of the histological grade of tumor and proportional reversed COX-2 expression.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Mestre em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas / Conteúdo não liberado pelo autor.

O processo de reparo ósseo depende de uma resposta inflamatória inicial e transitória, a qual envolve a participação de diversos leucócitos, como células da linhagem monócito/macrófago. O receptor CCR2 é importante para o recrutamento de macrófagos durante as respostas imunes, além de ter um papel na regulação da osteoclastogênese. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar papel de células CCR2+ no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar pós-exodontia em camundongos, por meio de análises microscópicas (MicroCT, histomorfometria, análise de birrefringência e imuno-histoquímica) e moleculares (PCRArray) comparativas entre as linhagens C57Bl/6 (WT) e CCR2KO, ao longo dos períodos de 0 hora, 7, 14 e 21 dias pós-exodontia do incisivo superior direito. Como resultado geral das análises microscópicas, constatamos que a ausência de células CCR2+ não afetou o resultado final do reparo ósseo alveolar em camundongos CCR2KO, mas levou a alterações transitórias e estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) para quantificação de infiltrado inflamatório, vasos sanguíneos, fibroblastos, fibras colágenas, osteoblastos e osteoclastos. Além disso, a ausência de células CCR2+ resultou em diminuição (p<0,05) de células F4/80+ e CCR5+ no infiltrado inflamatório ao longo do processo de reparo ósseo alveolar de camundongos CCR2KO, demonstrando o papel do receptor CCR2 no recrutamento de macrófagos (células F4/80+), bem como sugerindo que as células F4/80+ apresentam dupla positividade para os receptores CCR2 e CCR5. Neste contexto, o receptor CCR5 seria o responsável pela migração remanescente, ainda que reduzida, de células F4/80+ nos animais CCR2KO. Considerando os resultados moleculares, a ausência de CCR2 resultou na alteração da expressão de diferentes marcadores em camundongos CCR2KO, tais como: o fator de crescimento TGF1, marcadores de matriz COL1, MMP1a, MMP2 e MMP9, marcadores ósseos RUNX2, DMP1, RANKL, RANK e CTSK, e marcadores de MSCs CD106, COT-4, NANOG, CD146 e CD105, bem como de marcadores imunológicos como as citocinas IL-6 e TNF-a, receptores de quimiocinas CCR1, CCR5 e CXCR1,e as quimiocinas CCL12, CCL20, CCL25 e CXCL12. Em conclusão, estes resultados indicam que células CCR2+ desempenham diferentes funções no reparo ósseo alveolar em camundongos, influenciando tanto a resposta inflamatória, como os eventos teciduais observados ao longo deste processo. / The bone repair process depends of an initial and transitory inflammatory response, which involves the participation of various leukocytes subsets, as of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. The CCR2 receptor is important to macrophage recruitment during immune responses, and play an active role in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. Thereby, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of CCR2+ cells in the alveolar bone repair process in mice, by means of microscopic (MicroCT, histomorphometry, birefringence analysis and immunohistochemistry) and molecular (PCRArray) comparative analysis between C57BL / 6 (WT) and CCR2KO mice during periods of 0 hour, 7, 14 and 21 days post-extraction of the right upper incisor. As a result of the microscopic analysis, we noted that the absence of CCR2+ cells did not affect in the overall outcome of alveolar bone repair in CCR2KO mice, but resulted in transient and statistically significant (p<0.05) alterations of inflammatory infiltrate, blood vessels, fibroblasts, collagen fibers, osteoblasts and osteoclasts counts. Furthermore, the absence of CCR2+cells resulted in a decrease (p<0.05) of CCR5+ and F4/80+ cells in the inflammatory infiltrate along the alveolar bone repair process in CCR2KO mice, demonstrating the role of CCR2 receptor in macrophages migration (F4/80+ cells), as well as suggesting that the F4/80+ cells are double positive for CCR2 and CCR5. In this context, CCR5 receptor could be responsible for the remaining (but reduced) migration, of the F4/80 + cells in CCR2KO mice. According to molecular results, the absence of CCR2 resulted in an altered expression of different markers in CCR2KO mice, such as: growth factor TGF1, the matrix markers COL1, MMP1a, MMP2 and MMP9, the bone markers RUNX2, DMP1 RANKL, RANK and CTSK, and MSCs markers CD106, OCT-4, NANOG, CD146 and CD105, as well as immunological markers as IL-6 and TNF-, chemokine receptors CCR1, CXCR1 and CCR5, and the chemokines CCL12, CCL20, CCL25 and CXCL12. In conclusion, these results indicate that CCR2+ cells have different functions in alveolar bone repair in mice, influencing the inflammatory response and also tissue events observed throughout the process events.

O fungo termodimórfico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis) é o agente causador da paracoccidioidomicose (PCM), doença endêmica na América Latina. A partir do reconhecimento de componentes fúngicos, macrófagos são ativados e adquirem propriedades que favorecem a eliminação do patógeno. Essas células produzem citocinas responsáveis pelo direcionamento da resposta adaptativa, sendo que o perfil Th1 é associado a proteção. Lectinas são proteínas que se ligam seletiva e reversivelmente a açúcares. Sua interação com glicanas da superfície de células da imunidade pode resultar em ativação e produção de citocinas, o que pode culminar em imunomodulação de efeito anti-infectivo. Nosso grupo trabalha com uma lectina de P. brasiliensis, denominada de Paracoccina (PCN) que se liga a N-acetilglicosamina. Assim, no presente trabalho objetivamos a produção de paracoccina recombinante (rPCN) expressa em Pichia pastoris e análise do papel ativador da rPCN em macrófagos. Demonstramos que esse organismo transformado secreta rPCN para o meio de cultura, com baixa contaminação de proteínas endógenas, o que possibilita o isolamento da proteína recombinante através de etapa cromatográfica única. Verificamos que a preparação obtida reproduz características da proteína nativa obtida de leveduras de P. brasiliensis e tem massa molecular aparente de 27 kDa. Demonstramos que rPCN estimula macrófagos murinos a produzirem citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-6, IL-12p40 e TNF-) e óxido nítrico (NO). Macrófagos estimulados com rPCN polarizam-se em direção ao perfil M1, como indicado pela maior expressão relativa de mRNA para iNOS2, SOCS3 e STAT1. Verificamos que TLR2 e TLR4 medeiam a ativação de macrófagos por rPCN, uma vez que a ausência de cada um desses receptores, com destaque para TLR4, afeta a produção de mediadores inflamatórios estimulada pelo componente fúngico. TLR4 é também responsável pela polarização de macrófagos em direção ao perfil M1, pois na ausência desse receptor não se detecta mensagem para iNOS2. Concluímos que o método de produção de rPCN via P. pastoris é eficiente e que a preparação obtida ativa macrófagos, levando-os a produzirem mediadores pró-inflamatórios e se polarizarem em direção ao perfil M1. Esses processos são essencialmente mediados por TLR4. Postula-se que paracoccina seja um agonista de TLR4 capaz de desencadear respostas que, sabidamente, conferem proteção contra a infecção por P. brasiliensis. / The dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioiddes brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis) is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an endemic disease in Latin America. From the recognition of fungal components, macrophages are activated and acquire properties that favor the elimination of the pathogen. These cells produce cytokines that are responsible for directing the adaptive response, wherein Th1 immunity is protective. Lectins are proteins that bind selectively and reversibly to sugars. Their interaction with glycans in the surface of immune cell can result in activation and cytokine production, which may result in immunomodulatory anti-infective effect. Our group has been working with a lectin from P. brasiliensis called paracoccin (PCN) which binds to N-acetylglucosamine. In the present work we aimed to produce recombinant paracoccin (rPCN) expressed in Pichia pastoris and analysis of the role of rPCN in macrophages activation. We have demonstrated that this transformed organism secret rPCN to the culture medium and presents low contamination with endogenous proteins, which allows the isolation of recombinant protein by a single chromatography step. We found that the obtained preparation reproduces characteristics of the native protein from P. brasiliensis yeast and has apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa. We demonstrated that rPCN stimulates murine macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12 p40, and TNF-) and nitric oxide (NO). Macrophages stimulated with rPCN polarize toward the M1 profile, as indicated by increased relative expression of iNOS2, SOCS3, and STAT1. We found that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate macrophage activation by rPCN, since the absence of each of these receptors, especially TLR4, affects the production of inflammatory mediators stimulated by the fungal component. TLR4 is also responsible for macrophage polarization toward the M1 profile, because in the absence of this receptor, the message to iNOS2 is not detected. We conclude that the method used to rPCN production, by P. pastoris, is efficient and that the obtained preparation is able to active macrophage, inducing them to produce pro-inflammatory mediators and polarize into the M1 profile. These processes are primarily mediated by TLR4. It is postulated that Paracoccin corresponds to a TLR4 agonist, able to trigger responses that are known to provide protection against infection with P. brasiliensis.

A idade entre o terceiro e o sexto mês de vida é um período peculiar para o estabelecimento da imunidade própria dos bezerros. Nesse intervalo, há susceptibilidade e índice de letalidade à broncopneumonias maiores, provavelmente devido à imaturidade do sistema imunológico pulmonar, quer seja por uma insuficiente resposta, nos primeiros momentos, quer seja por uma resposta citotóxica exagerada, no momento subsequente. A par disso, este trabalho teve o intuito de verificar o momento em que ocorre a maturidade do sistema imunológico, como se comportam os perfis Th1 e Th2 e a existência de uma resposta citotóxica exagerada, durante esta fase de estabelecimento da imunidade ativa dos bezerros. Para tal, estudaram-se as funções de fagocitose e metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos sanguíneos e broncoalveolares, as classes de imunoglobulinas e citocinas incriminadas nos padrões de resposta linfocitária Th1 e Th2, em 10 bezerros da raça holandesa, sadios, avaliados em sete momentos experimentais, com intervalo quinzenal, entre o terceiro e o sexto mês de vida. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, pela comparação entre as médias ou medianas, confrontadas pelo teste de Anova e Tukey, quando paramétricas, e pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis e Dunn, quando não paramétricas, considerando nível de significância P&le; 0,05 e tendência P&le; 0,10. Os dados que apresentaram dinâmicas semelhantes entre si foram submetidos ao teste de correlação de Pearson. Na região broncoalveolar, observaram-se um aumento progressivo das funções dos macrófagos alveolares, equilíbrio de secreção dos isotipos IgG1 e IgG2 e predominância de citocinas compatíveis com padrão de resposta Th1, até os 150 dias de vida dos bezerros. Aos 165 dias de vida, ocorreram diminuição da função celular, aumento dos títulos de IgG2 e aumento da citocina regulatória IL-10. Aos 180 dias, retornou-se o equilíbrio entre secreção de IgG1 e IgG2, diminuiram os teores de IL-10 e ocorreu tendência a aumento de IL-12, TNF-&#945; e metabolismo oxidativo de macrófagos alveolares, o que permitiu concluir que a resposta imune tem característica própria, nesta faixa etária, e não se torna matura até os seis meses de vida. Apesar de os fagócitos pulmonares já estarem eficientes, a partir dos 135 dias de vida, tornam-se hiperresponsivos aos 150 dias de vida, momento em que gera consequentemente uma resposta regulatória e/ou humoral aos 165 dias de vida, para que aos 180 dias de vida, o equilíbrio entre os perfis Th1 e Th2 seja atingido / The age between the third and sixth month of life is a peculiar period for the establishment of active immunity of calves. There is a greater susceptibility and lethality by bronchopneumonia, probably due to the immaturity of the pulmonary immune system, whether by an insufficient response , in the first moments , whether by an exaggerated cytotoxic response in the subsequent time. So, this work aimed to verify when the maturity of the immune system occurs, how the Th1 and Th2 profiles behave and if there is an exaggerated cytotoxic response during this active phase for immunity of the calves without maternal interference. For this purpose we studied the functions of phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism of blood and bronchoalveolar leukocytes, classes of immunoglobulins and cytokines incriminated in lymphocyte response patterns Th1 and Th2, in 10 holstein healthy calves. They were sampled every fifteen days, during the third until sixth month of life. Data were statistically analyzed by comparing the means or medians, confronted by ANOVA test and Tukey, when the data were parametric, and by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn&#39;s test, when the data were nonparametric, level of significance p &le; 0.05 and trend p &le; 0.10. The data that showed similar dynamics between them were subjected to Pearson correlation test. In bronchoalveolar region, until 150 days of age, the alveolar macrophages functions increased progressively, the IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes secretion showed a balance, and the cytokines profile were compatible with Th1 response. At 165 days of age, there was a decrease of cellular function, an increased of IgG2 titers and the IL-10 secretion, a regulatory cytokine, increased. At 180 days of life, we observed a balance of IgG1 and IgG2 secretion, a decreased of IL-10 levels and a tendency to increase IL-12, TNF-&#945; and alveolar macrophage oxidative metabolism. These results indicated that the calves have an active immune response with particularities for this age group and it does not become mature until six months of life. Despite of the macrophages alveolar are already efficiency from the 135 days of age, they become more reactive at 150 days. After this moment, a regulatory and/or humoral response begins at 165 days of life, as the balance of Th1 and Th2 profiles are reached at 180 days of calves life

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-15T19:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ildefonso Alves da Silva Junior - 2013.pdf: 3624734 bytes, checksum: a431bde2aa4d96da0132f877c14e72bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-10-15T19:27:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ildefonso Alves da Silva Junior - 2013.pdf: 3624734 bytes, checksum: a431bde2aa4d96da0132f877c14e72bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-15T19:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ildefonso Alves da Silva Junior - 2013.pdf: 3624734 bytes, checksum: a431bde2aa4d96da0132f877c14e72bd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / The American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL), caused by Leishmania protozoa, affects the skin and oropharyngeal/nasal mucosa. During transmission cycle, the procyclic promastigote forms grow in the vector gut and differentiate into infective metacyclic promastigotes by a process called metacyclogenesis, which also occurs in axenic cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro metacyclogenesis of L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis isolates obtained from patients with different clinical forms of ATL, using different methodologies, and the ability of these isolates to infect human macrophages. Parasites (L. (Viannia) braziliensis: IMG3, PPS6m, M2903 and L. (L.) amazonensis: MAB6 and PH8) were cultured in Grace´s insect medium and the amount of metacyclic forms was evaluated by using morphometry, Bauhinia purpurea lectin (BPL, to L. (Viannia) braziliensis) or 3A1-La antibody (to L. (L.) amazonensis) negative selection, flow cytometry and Complement-resistance test after 2, 6 and 10 days of culture. Human monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy donors, activated or not with interferon gamma (IFN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were infected with parasites from different days of culture or with selected metacyclic forms with BPL/3A1-La (1:1 parasite: macrophage) for 24 or 72 h. Growth patterns were similar among the isolates. Stationary-phase promastigotes (6, 10 days) showed morphological changes such as a reduction of the cell body and an increase in the flagellum length, in comparison to the parasites of the 2nd day. Leishmania. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes of the 6th and 10th day of culture presented higher length of the cell body and flagellum than L. (Viannia) braziliensis isolates. In stationary phase there was a significant increase in the percentage of metacyclic forms detected by the four techniques used (M2903: 71-86%; IMG3: 41-85%; PPS6m: 39-76%; PH8: 38-69% e MAB6: 47-84%; 6th day, medians of the techniques used). Despite the four techniques demonstrated similar metacyclogenesis profiles for all isolates evaluated, metacyclic forms densities varied with the technique and the day of culture. The BLP/3A1-La selection consistently identified the highest frequencies of metacyclic forms for all isolates (6th day) among the four techniques. Metacyclogenesis of the isolates was confirmed in in vitro macrophage infection assays which showed a significant increase of the index of infection with parasites of the 6th and 10th day compared to those of the 2nd day (24 or 72 h). No significant differences in capability to infect macrophages were detected between unfractionated or 6th day-selected metacyclic forms. The isolates showed different profiles of susceptibility to macrophage microbicidal mechanisms. The M2903 and PH8 strains were the most susceptible whereas MAB6 isolate was the most resistant among the isolates. As high amounts of metacyclic forms were present in all isolate cultures, considering BPL/3A1-La selection, the results suggest that resistance/susceptibility to macrophage control mechanisms is an intrinsic characteristic of the isolates. To evaluate the metacyclogenesis of clinical isolates together with the ability of parasites to infect human macrophages sets the conditions for obtaining efficient parasites to establish a successful infection what is critical for the evaluation of the pathogenesis and natural immune response in leishmaniasis. / A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA), causada por protozoários Leishmania, acomete a pele e/ou as mucosas nasal e orofaríngea. Durante o ciclo de transmissão, as formas promastigotas procíclicas crescem no intestino do inseto vetor e diferenciam-se em formas promastigotas metacíclicas infectantes, por um processo chamado de metaciclogênese, que também ocorre em culturas axênicas in vitro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a metaciclogênese in vitro de isolados L. (Viannia) braziliensis e L. (L.) amazonensis, provenientes de pacientes com diferentes formas clínicas de LTA, usando diferentes metodologias, e a capacidade destes isolados em infectar macrófagos humanos. As curvas de crescimento (L. (V.) braziliensis: IMG3, PPS6m, M2903 e L. (L.) amazonensis: MAB6 e PH8) foram realizadas em meio Grace e após 2, 6 e 10 dias de cultivo, a quantidade de formas metacíclicas foi avaliada por meio de morfometria, ensaio de seleção com a lectina de Bauhinia purpurea (BPL, para L. (V.) braziliensis) ou anticorpo 3A1-La (para L. (L.) amazonensis), citometria de fluxo e ensaio de resistência ao Complemento. Macrófagos humanos derivados de monócitos de doadores sadios, ativados ou não com interferon gama (IFN e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), foram infectados com os parasitos de diferentes dias de cultivo ou formas metacíclicas selecionadas com BPL/3A1-La (1:1, parasito:macrófago) por 24 ou 72 h. Os perfis das curvas de crescimento in vitro foram similares para todos os isolados. Parasitos da fase estacionária do crescimento (6, 10 dias) apresentaram alterações morfológicas, como a diminuição do tamanho do corpo celular e um aumento do comprimento do flagelo, em relação aos parasitos do 2º dia. As formas promastigotas L. (L.) amazonensis do 6º e do 10º dia de cultura apresentaram maiores comprimentos do corpo celular e do flagelo do que os parasitos L. (V.) braziliensis. Na fase estacionária houve um aumento significante da porcentagem de formas metacíclicas detectadas pelas quatro técnicas (M2903: 71-86%; IMG3: 41-85%; PPS6m: 39-76%; PH8: 38-69% e MAB6: 47-84%; 6º dia, valores min e max). Apesar das quatro técnicas mostrarem um similar perfil de metaciclogênese para todos os isolados avaliados, as densidades de formas metacíclicas variaram conforme a técnica utilizada, dependendo do dia de cultura. A técnica de seleção com BPL/3A1-La foi a que detectou maiores frequências de formas metacíclicas para todos os isolados no 6o dia. A metaciclogênese dos isolados foi confirmada nos ensaios de infecção in vitro dos macrófagos, mostrando um aumento significante no índice de infecção com parasitos do 6º e 10º dia em relação àqueles de 2o dia (24 ou 72 h). Não foram atestadas diferenças entre os índices de infecção de macrófagos incubados com parasitos totais ou formas metacíclicas selecionadas do 6º dia. Os isolados mostraram diferentes perfis de suscetibilidade aos mecanismos microbicidas dos macrófagos. As cepas M2903 e PH8 foram mais suscetíveis, enquanto o isolado MAB6, mais resistente. Como as quantidades de formas metacíclicas nas culturas, considerando a técnica de seleção BPL/3A1-La, foram elevadas para todos os isolados, os resultados sugerem que a resistência/suscetibilidade aos mecanismos de controle dos macrófagos seja uma característica intrínseca do isolado. Avaliar a metaciclogênese de isolados clínicos, simultaneamente à capacidade dos parasitos em infectar macrófagos humanos, define as condições necessárias para a obtenção de parasitos eficientes em estabelecer uma infecção, para uma adequada avaliação da patogenia e da resposta imune natural na leishmaniose.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T16:56:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sheyla Maria Rondon Caixeta BONFIM - 2014.pdf: 8198505 bytes, checksum: 0f84b8e65f24477c5179e31a085ce655 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-12-01T06:39:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sheyla Maria Rondon Caixeta BONFIM - 2014.pdf: 8198505 bytes, checksum: 0f84b8e65f24477c5179e31a085ce655 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T06:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Sheyla Maria Rondon Caixeta BONFIM - 2014.pdf: 8198505 bytes, checksum: 0f84b8e65f24477c5179e31a085ce655 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Paracoccidioides is a fungal human pathogen that causes systemic mycosis paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Infection occurs via inhalation of fungal propagules by the host and macrophages are important in the initial contention of the fungus through innate mechanisms. In this study, analysis of proteomic profile of yeast cells of Paracoccidioides, isolate Pb18, recovered from infection in macrophages J774 A1 so as to identify molecules that are expressed in this condition and could represent targets for new antifungal therapies. The analysis of differential protein expression could be detected 181 proteins with induction of expression and decreased expression was observed in 245 proteins in Pb18. The data show up regulation of proteins involved in the processes on the alternative carbon metabolism such as gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids catabolism. Proteins with decreased levels of expression include those related to protein synthesis and glycolysis. Aditionally proteins involved in oxidative stress response and cell defense exhibit increased levels of expression such as superoxide dismutase, heat shock proteins, cytochrome c peroxidase and thioredoxins. A mutant was generated to assess the importance of the enzyme cytochrome c peroxidase during infection suggesting involvement in a complex system of protection against oxidative stress, reinforcing role in the survival of the fungus. The proteomic profile of Paracoccididioides sp in response to internalization in macrophages, first described, reflects significant remodeling of fungal metabolism against oxidative stress and highlighting the versatility of the fungus to adapt to the hostile environment of the macrophage seeking new strategies survival. / O fungo Paracoccidioides é um patógeno humano causador da micose sistêmica paracoccidioidomicose (PCM). A infecção ocorre através da inalação de propágulos do fungo pelo hospedeiro e os macrófagos são importantes na contenção inicial do fungo por meio de mecanismos inatos. Neste estudo realizamos a análise do perfil proteômico de células leveduriformes de Paracoccidioides, isolado Pb18, recuperadas da infecção em macrófagos J774 A1 para identificar moléculas que são expressas nesta condição e poderiam representar alvos para novas terapias antifúngicas. Nas análises de expressão diferencial de proteínas foi possível detectar 181 proteínas com indução da expressão e a diminuição da expressão foi observada em 245 proteínas em Pb18. Os dados obtidos revelam a regulação positiva de proteínas nos processos envolvidos no metabolismo alternativo do carbono como gliconeogênese, beta-oxidação de ácidos graxos e catabolismo de aminoácidos. As proteínas com diminuição nos níveis de expressão incluem aquelas relacionadas à glicólise e síntese proteica. Ainda proteínas envolvidas na resposta ao estresse oxidativo e defesa celular apresentam aumento nos níveis de expressão tais como superóxido dismutase, proteínas de choque térmico, tioredoxinas e citocromo C peroxidase. Um mutante foi gerado para avaliar a importância da enzima citocromo c peroxidase durante a infecção sugerindo o envolvimento em um complexo sistema de proteção contra o estresse oxidativo, reforçando papel na sobrevivência do fungo. O perfil proteômico de Paracoccididioides spp em resposta à internalização em macrófagos, descrito pela primeira vez, reflete significativo remodelamento do metabolismo do fungo frente ao estresse oxidativo e ressalta a versatilidade do fungo em adaptar-se ao ambiente hostil do macrófago buscando novas estratégias de sobrevivência.