This study reports on the development of a curriculum guide to insure some degree of experience uniformity in the first art course available to students in high schools in Mesquite, Texas. Current general education and art education literature as well as curriculum guides from American schools provided the behaviorally oriented framework and objectives, content, and teaching strategies. The guide reflects a balance between the ideal and the real physical environment in which the guide will be implemented. Conclusions include the concepts that teacher education in using behavioral objectives is necessary, that a behaviorally oriented guide will work in Mesquite high schools, that behavioral objectives will facilitate evaluation, and that the trend toward tri-part subject content will increase in art curricula.

Sammanfattning Syfte: Det främsta problemet med implementering av BIM inom kalkyl är brister och felaktigheter i 3D-modeller (tredimensionell modell) som medför att de inte blir pålitliga. Målet med detta arbete är därför att klargöra hur informationskvalitén i en BIM-modell kan förbättras för att därmed öka användningen av BIM inom kalkyl hos byggföretag. Metod: Intervjuer, observationsstudier och litteraturstudier är de metoder som har valts för att besvara frågeställningarna i rapporten. Intervjuer utfördes med företag som har implementerat BIM inom kalkyl, med sådana som inte har infört och med företag som håller på att införa det. Observationsstudier genomfördes med handledarföretaget där kalkylprocessen redovisades tydligt. Litteraturstudier har pågått under hela arbetets gång för att ha en teoretisk grund i det hela. Informationen från dessa tre metoder har sedan jämförts för att därefter dra rimliga slutsatser. Resultat: En vägledning för branschen som lösning till kvalitetsproblem i modeller är att upprätta manualer. Dessa ska användas vid skapandet av modeller vilket troligtvis ska medföra reducering av felaktigheter. Dock krävs det även erfarenhet och kompetens inom personal samt investeringar på kostnad- och tid. Konsekvenser: Skulle implementering av BIM inom kalkyl lyckas medför det att säkrare kalkyler kan utföras vilket stärker företagets konkurrenskraft. Genom att implementera detta så tidigt som möjligt kan företagen utvecklas och undvika att hamna efter i branschen. Detta gynnar både företaget och den nya tekniken samtidigt som stora tids och kostnadsbesparingar erhålls. En implementering som denna kan lyckas vid upprättning av manualer med tydliga kravspecifikationer som tillämpas vid modellskapandet. Detta med hjälp av rätt erfarenheter och kompetenser bland involverad personal. Begränsningar: De begränsningar som finns i resultaten är bland annat att entreprenadformer och ansvarsförhållanden inte inkluderas. Dessutom är det avgränsat till att enbart behandla BIM i tidiga kalkylskeden vilket därmed medför att BIM inom planering, produktion, förvaltning och övriga skeden utesluts. Nyckelord: BIM, 5D, fördelar, kostnader, manualer. / Abstract Purpose: The main problem with implementation of BIM within calculation is the weaknesses and inaccuracies in 3D-models that makes them unreliable. The aim of this work is therefore to clarify how the information quality in a BIM model can be improved to thereby increase the use of BIM within calculation of construction companies. Method: Interviews, observation studies and literature studies are the chosen methods to answer the questions in the report. Interviews were conducted with companies that have implemented BIM within calculation, with those who have not introduced it yet, and with those who are about to implement it. Observation studies were conducted with the supervisor company where the calculation process was clearly reported. Literature studies have been done throughout the course to have a theoretical knowledge of the whole. The information from these three methods has then been compared to therefore make good conclusions. Findings: A guidance to the industry as a solution to quality problems in models is to set up manuals. These will be used during the creation of the models which will probably lead to a reduction of errors. However, it also requires experience and skills in staff as well as investments on cost and time. Implications: If the implementation of BIM within calculation succeeds, it will be possible to make safer calculations that strengthen the company's competitiveness. By implementing this as early as possible, companies can develop and avoid falling behind in the industry. This benefits both the company and the new technology while achieving great time and cost savings. An implementation like this can be successful in establishing manuals with clear requirement specifications which are applied during the creation of a model. This can be done with right experience and skills in the involved staff. Limitations: The limitations in the results are among other things, the fact that construction contracts and allocation of responsibilities are not included. In addition, it is limited to treat BIM in early calculation phases, which means that BIM in planning, production, management and other stages are excluded.  Keywords: BIM, 5D, benefits, costs, manuals.

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Les manuels de FLE sont utilisés au service de l’enseignement du français dans les universités de nombreux pays et notamment au Vietnam. Ils sont des supports de base en classe et les enseignants sont autorisés à emprunter des exercices de compréhension ou d’expression proposés dans ces manuels afin de faire développer les compétences de langue des apprenants. Le retour sur l’histoire de ces manuels montre qu’ils se renouvellent sans cesse via l’actualisation et l’enrichissement des informations, des connaissances et par la présence d’une grande variété d’images. Parmi celles-ci, les photographies de presse sont considérées comme un moyen de communication chargé de capter l’attention et d’accompagner le discours tenu sur un événement, un fait, une information particulière. Nous avons ainsi extrait et analysé toutes les photographies de presse présentes dans les manuels en recherchant systématiquement les symboles, les connotations culturelles susceptibles d’être difficile à comprendre pour les apprenants de culture étrangère. L’étude porte ainsi sur 46 manuels scolaires publiés entre 1994 et 2015 et propose l’analyse qualitative de 284 images de presse. Au-delà de leur fonction illustrative et informative, elles ont aussi pour mission de véhiculer des messages culturels, de représenter les différences entre la culture française et la culture étrangère à travers des symboles culturels plus ou mois implicites. Sans prétendre être exhaustif, cette étude propose un nouveau regard sur la réalité d’une modalité éditoriale. / French manuals are used in teaching French, a foreign language, in many universities in Vietnam. They are basic supporting materials in class, and teachers are authorized to borrow comprehension and expression exercises in these manuals to develop the learners’ language competence.For several decades the manuals have progressively been renewed for updating and enriching information as well as diversifying images. Lots of images presented in these manuals are being used as documents for pedagogical aim or objectives for learning activities. Especially, press photographs, research subject in this study, which are considered as a means of communication, can indeed attract learners’ attention. Besides their informative function, they have another mission, a vehicle for cultural messages, which represent differences between French culture and Vietnamese culture through symbols and cultural implicites. The study concerns 46 textbooks published between 1994 and 2015 and proposes the qualitative analysis of 284 images of press. Aiming to propose a new look at the reality of editorial modality, we have analyzed the press photographs in which cultural connotations are evoked, which are difficult for learners from another culture to comprehend.

In modern software landscapes multiple applications usually share one database as their single point of truth. All these applications will evolve over time by their very nature. Often former versions need to stay available, so database developers find themselves maintaining co-existing schema version of multiple applications in multiple versions. This is highly error-prone and accounts for significant costs in software projects, as developers realize the translation of data accesses between schema versions with hand-written delta code. In this demo, we showcase INVERDA, a tool for integrated, robust, and easy to use database versioning. We rethink the way of specifying the evolution to new schema versions. Using the richer semantics of a descriptive database evolution language, we generate all required artifacts automatically and make database versioning foolproof.

Si la question de la violence à la fin de l’ère médiévale a été amplement traitée par les historiens, les techniques corporelles de cette même violence n’ont pas bénéficié de la même attention. Ainsi, si nous savons que les guerriers se battent, nous ne savons pas expressément comment ils se battent, et surtout comment ils transmettent ce savoir. Or, les arts martiaux , leur exercice et leur enseignement semblent être une réalité tangible dans l’Europe de la fin du Moyen Age. Depuis les maîtres d’armes itinérants de l’espace impérial jusqu’aux princes préparant un éventuel duel judiciaire, c’est un pan entier de la culture gestuelle et corporelle médiévale que ce travail propose d’explorer.A travers l’analyse d’un corpus de sources manuscrites, exclusivement dédiées à la description des gestes et des techniques de combats des XVe et XVIe siècles, cette étude propose d’aborder la question des arts martiaux sous des angles différents. Tout d’abord, l’établissement d’un catalogue complet permettra de percevoir la réalité de ce corpus de sources. A travers une analyse quantitative de ce dernier, le lecteur pourra ensuite observer comment cet ensemble de témoins manuscrits se construit, se diffuse et s’éteint progressivement au cours du XVIe siècle. A travers ces groupes de textes, la notion de tradition culturelle et martiale sera alors abordée, afin de montrer au lecteur que ces ouvrages sont parfois bien plus que des recueils techniques. Enfin, une présentation du milieu social et matériel dans lequel ces arts martiaux se pratiquent autorisera une percée sur la place de ces cultures martiales au sein de l’histoire du corps et du geste à la fin du Moyen Age. / If the issue of violence at the end of the medieval era was amply treated by historians, the techniques of that violence have not benefited from the same attention. If we know that the warriors fight, we do not know specifically how they fight, and especially how they transmit this knowledge. But martial arts, their exercise and education seem to be a reality in the Europe of the late Middle Ages. Since roaming fencing masters of the imperial space down to princes preparing a possible judicial duel, it's a whole section of the medieval gestures and body culture that this work seeks to explore.Through the analysis of a corpus of manuscripts, exclusively dedicated to the description of gestures and fighting techniques of the XVth and XVIth centuries, this study proposes to address the issue of martial arts from different angles. First, the establishment of a comprehensive catalog will show the reality of these documents. Through a quantitative analysis of the latter, the reader could then observe how this set of manuscripts builds, spreads and goes out gradually during the XVIth century. Through these groups of texts, the notion of cultural and martial tradition will be discussed in order to show the reader that these works are sometimes much more than technical abstracts. Finally, a presentation of the material and social environment in which these martial arts are practiced will allow a breakthrough in the place of these martial cultures in the history of the body and gesture to the late Middle Ages.

Магистерская диссертация посвящена сопоставительному анализу терминологических словосочетаний на английском и русском языке, представляющих собой двухкомпонентные цепочки слов. Исследование проводилось на материале инструкций. Материал исследования составляет 152 термина на английском языке и 173 термина на русском языке. В ходе исследования рассмотрена специфика употребления терминов, а также теория словосочетания. Было определено, при помощи каких моделей построены англоязычные термины и их переводные соответствия; выявлены особенности использования структурных моделей при переводе словосочетаний. Результаты исследования можно использовать как материал для практических занятий по теории и практике перевода, для спецкурсов по научно-техническому переводу и др. / The master's thesis is devoted to the comparative analysis of terminological phrases in English and in Russian, which grammatically are two-component word chains. The study was carried out on the material of instruction manuals. The material of the study consists of 152 terms in English and 173 terms in Russian. In the course of the study, the peculiarities of the use of terms as well as the theory of phrases are considered. It was determined which models were used to build English-language terms and their translational correspondences; the peculiarities of the use of the structural models in the translation of phrases were identified. The results of the study can be used as a material for practical classes on the theory and practice of translation, for special courses on scientific and technical translation, etc.

Cette étude porte sur l'importance et le statut de la grammaire dans l'enseignement du français langue étrangère à l’école obligatoire suédoise, ainsi que sur les méthodes utilisées dans cet enseignement. À travers des entretiens semi-structurés avec des enseignants de différentes régions et écoles, nous pouvons tirer une conclusion générale sur les attitudes des enseignants vis-à-vis duchoix des méthodes d'enseignement de la grammaire. Il est, selon les résultats de l’étude, préférable que ces méthodes soient nombreuses et variées. De plus, les enseignants reconnaissent tous l'utilitéde la grammaire dans l'enseignement des langues étrangères, notamment dans la production écrite, et qu’elle fait partie intégrante d'autres composantes des cours de langues comme le vocabulaire, la traduction et la communication. D’autre part, en consultant les deux manuels utilisés par ces enseignants, on peut ajouter que la plupart des types d'exercices de grammaire qui y sont proposéssont traditionnels, c’est à dire qu’ils s’appliquent surtout en suivant les règles et les structures grammaticales présentées. Les enseignants ont également une attitude positive vis-à-vis de l'utilisation de ces manuels. Ils se tourneront cependant vers d'autres sources pédagogiques nécessaires pour l'enseignement/apprentissage de la grammaire. / The objective of this study is to examine the importance and the status of grammar in the teaching of French as a foreign language at the Swedish school, as well as the methods used in French teaching. Through semi-structured interviews with teachers from different regions and schools, we can draw a general conclusion about teachers' attitudes toward the choice of methods. Our data show that it is preferable that these methods are diverse and not limited. Furthermore, the teachersare all aware of the usefulness of grammar in foreign language teaching, especially in written production, and that grammar should be integrated to the communicative lessons with other components such as vocabulary, translation, and communication. On the other hand, by analyzing the two textbooks used by these teachers, we see that many grammar exercises in these books could be described as traditional, that’s to say that they are asked the pupils to follow the rules and apply the grammatical structures presented by the book or the teacher. The teachers have a positive attitude towards the use of these textbooks, however, they will use other pedagogical sources if it is necessary for teaching/ learning grammar.