Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CrhistianeAS.pdf: 3837481 bytes, checksum: 1e934fe40afea6283d1a23747a0954ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The principal zeitgeber for most of species is the light-dark photocycle (LD), though other environment factors as food availability, temperature and social cues may act. Daily adjustment of the circadian pacemaker may result from integration of environmental photic and non-photic cues with homeostatic cues. Characterization of non-photic effects on circadian timing system in diurnal mammals is scarce in relation to nocturnal, especially for ecologically significant cues. Thus, we analyzed the effect of conspecific vocalizations and darkness on circadian activity rhythm (CAR) in the diurnal primate Callithirx jacchus. With this objective 7 male adults were isolated in a room with controlled illumination, temperature (26,8 ? 0,2?C) and humidity (81,6 ? 3,6%), and partial acoustic isolation. Initially they were under LD 12:12 (~300:2 lux), and subsequently under constant illumination (~2 lux). Two pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness, separated by 22 days, at 7:30 h (external time) during 1 h. They induced phase delays at circadian times (CTs) 1 and 10 and predominantly phase advances at CTs 9 and 15. After that, two dark pulses were applied, separated by 14 days, during 1 h at 7:30 h (external time). These pulses induced phase delays at CTs 2, 3 and 18, predominantly phase advances at CTs 8, 10 and 19, and no change at CT 14. However, marmosets CAR showed oscillations in endogenous period and active phase duration influenced by vocalizations from animals outside the experimental room, which interfered on the phase responses to pulses. Furthermore, social masking and relative coordination with colony were observed. Therefore, phase responses obtained in this work cannot be attributed only to pulses. Afterwards, pulses of conspecific vocalizations were applied in total darkness at 19:00 h (external time), during 1 h for 5 consecutive days, and after 21 days, for 30 consecutive days, on attempt to synchronize the CAR. No animal was synchronized by these daily pulses, although oscillations in endogenous period were observed for all. This result may be due to habituation. Other possibility is the absence of social significance of the vocalizations for the animals due to random reproduction, since each vocalization has a function that could be lost by a mixture of sounds. In conclusion, conspecific vocalizations induce social masking and relative coordination in marmosets CAR, acting as weak zeitgeber / O principal zeitgeber para a maioria das esp?cies ? o ciclo claro-escuro (CE), por?m outros fatores ambientais como disponibilidade de alimento, temperatura e pistas sociais podem atuar. O ajuste di?rio do marcapasso circadiano deve resultar da integra??o de pistas ambientais, f?ticas e n?o-f?ticas, com pistas homeost?ticas. Como a caracteriza??o do efeito de est?mulos n?o-f?ticos sobre o sistema de temporiza??o circadiano em mam?feros diurnos ? escassa em rela??o aos noturnos, principalmente em rela??o a pistas com significado ecol?gico, analisamos o efeito de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos e do escuro sobre o ritmo circadiano de atividade motora (RCA) do primata diurno Callithrix jacchus. Com esse objetivo, foram isolados 7 machos adultos em uma sala com ilumina??o, temperatura (26,8 ? 0,2?C) e umidade (81,6 ? 3,6%) controladas e isolamento ac?stico parcial. Inicialmente os animais ficaram sob CE 12:12 (~300:2 lux) e posteriormente sob claro constante (~2 lux). Foram aplicados dois pulsos de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos em escuro total, com um intervalo de 22 dias, ?s 7:30 h (hor?rio local) durante 1 h. Esses pulsos desencadearam atrasos de fase nas horas circadianas (HCs) 1 e 10 e predominantemente avan?os de fase nas HCs 9 e 15. Depois foram aplicados dois pulsos de escuro, com um intervalo de 14 dias, ?s 7:30 h (hor?rio local) durante 1 h. Esses pulsos desencadearam atrasos de fase nas HCs 2, 3 e 18, predominantemente avan?os de fase nas HCs 8, 10 e 19, e nenhuma resposta na HC 14. Contudo, o RCA dos sag?is apresentou modula??es no per?odo end?geno e na dura??o da fase ativa por influ?ncia de vocaliza??es emitidas pelos animais de fora da sala, que interferiram nas respostas aos pulsos. Inclusive, foram observados mascaramento social positivo e coordena??o relativa com a col?nia. Portanto, as respostas de fase obtidas nesse trabalho n?o podem ser atribu?das apenas aos pulsos. Posteriormente foram aplicados pulsos de vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos em escuro total ?s 19 h (hor?rio local), durante 1 h por 5 dias consecutivos, e ap?s 21 dias, por 30 dias consecutivos, para sincronizar o RCA. Nenhum animal sincronizou o RCA aos pulsos di?rios, embora tenham ocorrido modula??es no per?odo end?geno de todos. Esse resultado pode ter sido decorrente de habitua??o ao est?mulo. Outra possibilidade ? a falta de significado social para os animais devido ? reprodu??o aleat?ria das vocaliza??es, visto que cada vocaliza??o tem uma fun??o que pode ter sido perdida com a mistura dos sons. Concluindo, vocaliza??es de co-espec?ficos induzem mascaramento social e coordena??o relativa no RCA de sag?is, atuando como zeitgebers fracos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KathianeSS.pdf: 2490172 bytes, checksum: c98c8cc2b6faceb50708e8f3853c5860 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-05 / Caffeine is considered the most consumed psychostimulant in the world, presenting several central and peripheral effects. In the Central Nervous System the major effect occur by its antagonistic activity at the A1 and A2a subtypes of the adenosine receptors. These receptors are responsible for the slow-wave sleep induction, and their binding, caused by the consumption of foods and beverages that contain caffeine, cause behaviors like increase of alertness, mood and locomotion. The effects of caffeine on memory are still discussed because of the diversity of experimental protocols. Also, it does not have the same effects on all stages of the processing of memory - acquisition, consolidation and recall. Thus, using the marmoset (Callitrhix jacchus) as subject, we aim to evaluate the effects of caffeine on the memory of this primate through the conditioned place preference paradigm, where the animal selects a context by presence of food. This cognitive task consists of five phases. The first phase was two sessions of pre-exposure, in which they were evaluated for preference for any compartment of the apparatus. Then, we proceeded the training, conditioning the animals to the food-present context for 8 days. Then, there was administration of caffeine or placebo (10mg/kg) for 8 consecutive days, during the pre-sleep phase, where the 20 animals were distributed in two groups: placebo and repeated. The forth phase was one day of retraining, a re-exposure of the apparatus to the marmosets followed by the administration of caffeine (for the repeated group and a new group called abstinence) or placebo (for placebo and abstinence groups). Finally, was the test where we evaluated if the subjects learned where the food was present. Moreover, in this work we evaluate the existence of differences between females and males on the task, and the locomotor activity for the experimental groups. The results showed that in the pre-exposure phase the animals were habituated on the apparatus and did not present differences for any contexts. In training, they were able to learn the conditioning task, independent of gender. For the retraining, the two groups exhibited more interactions in rewarded context than that in non-rewarded context. Nevertheless, in the locomotor activity, the repeated group moved similarly in contact with the apparatus and outside of it. In the other hand, the animals of the placebo group moved more when in contact with the apparatus. In the test phase, the marmosets under influence of caffeine presented an increase in the locomotor activity when compared with the placebo group, corroborating works that show this increase in locomotion. In the learning evaluation, the continuous and abstinence groups had a bad performance in the task in relation to the placebo and acute groups. This suggests that the prolonged administration of caffeine disrupts the memories because it affected sleep, which is largely responsible offline processing of memories / A cafe?na ? considerada a droga psicoativa mais utilizada no mundo, apresentando diversos efeitos centrais e perif?ricos. No Sistema Nervoso Central, o principal efeito ocorre via bloqueio de receptores para adenosina A1 e A2a, que mediam a indu??o do sono de ondas lentas. O bloqueio destes receptores por alimentos ou bebidas que contenha cafe?na acarreta em comportamentos como aumento do estado de alerta, ?nimo e atividade locomotora. Na mem?ria, os efeitos da cafe?na s?o muito controversos, visto a diversidade de protocolos experimentais e o fato dela n?o ter o mesmo efeito para todas as fases do processamento da mem?ria aquisi??o, consolida??o e evoca??o. Assim, tendo como sujeito o sagui (Callitrhix jacchus), nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da cafe?na na mem?ria deste primata atrav?s do paradigma de prefer?ncia condicionada pelo lugar, onde o animal escolhe um contexto devido ? presen?a de comida. Avaliamos tamb?m a atividade locomotora. Para o experimento foram utilizados 20 animais (10 machos e 10 f?meas) com idade entre 3 e 9 anos, oriundos do N?cleo de Primatologia da UFRN (IBAMA, N?1/24/92/0039-0). O experimento contou com cinco fases: dois dias de pr?-exposi??o ao aparato. Treinos, onde os saguis foram condicionados a discriminar um contexto refor?ado (CR) de um n?o-refor?ado (CNR) durante 8 dias. Em seguida houve administra??o oral da cafe?na ou placebo, ambos a 10mg/kg, por oito dias consecutivos (? 1,5 horas antes do in?cio do sono), com distribui??o dos animais em grupos: placebo (recebendo a subst?ncia placebo) e repetido (ingerindo cafe?na). Ap?s isso, foi realizado o retreino ao aparato, seguido da administra??o do placebo (surgindo os grupos abstin?ncia e placebo) ou cafe?na aos novos grupos repetido e agudo. Por ?ltimo, o dia do teste, sem o refor?o, afim de avaliar o sujeito quanto ? aprendizagem ao CR. As sess?es no aparato duravam 8 min, e iniciavam ?s 6:15h para a pr?-exposi??o, treinos e teste. O retreino come?ou ?s 15:15h para que a consolida??o da tarefa fosse dependente de sono. Os dados comportamentais foram constitu?dos pelo tempo gasto (em %), frequ?ncia de contatos e lat?ncia (em segundos) para o primeiro contato no CR e CNR. Na locomo??o foram registrados a atividade geral e locomo??o em contato com o aparato e fora dele (em quadrantes). Adicionalmente avaliamos poss?veis diferen?as entre machos e f?meas na tarefa. Os resultados mostraram que na fase de pr?-exposi??o os animais se habituaram ao aparato e n?o apresentaram diferen?a a quaisquer contextos. Nos treinos eles foram capazes de aprenderem a tarefa de condicionamento, independente do sexo. Para o retreino, os 2 grupos exibiram maior intera??o no contexto refor?ado em rela??o ao n?o-refor?ado. Todavia, na atividade locomotora, animais do grupo repetido se locomoveram de forma semelhante tanto em contato com o aparato e fora dele, enquanto que animais do grupo placebo se locomoveram mais em contato com o aparato. Na fase de teste os saguis que ingeriram cafe?na apresentaram maior atividade locomotora em rela??o ao placebo, corroborando com trabalhos que demonstram aumento na locomo??o. Quanto ? aprendizagem, os grupos repetido e abstin?ncia tiveram pior desempenho desta tarefa espec?fica se comparado aos animais placebo e agudo. Isso sugere que a administra??o prolongada da cafe?na prejudicou a mem?ria por afetar o sono, que ?, em grande parte, respons?vel pelos processos consolidativos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsmeniaGM.pdf: 2244667 bytes, checksum: 360c3e129f204cfb43b0abfb91b352c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-11 / Callithrix jacchus, as the other species in the family Callitrichidae, lives in social groups. The groups cam be found in different habitats, whose distinct floristic physiognomies and communities are intrinsically related to their behavioral ecology and social relations. Our objective was to describe the social relations and feeding behavior of Callithrix jacchus in the Bioma Caatinga. We observed a group at the FLONA (National Forest IBAMA), in A?u-RN, in northeastern Brazil, compose of five adults (2 females and 3 males) at the beginning of the study. The birth of five animals was registered along the study. The following behavioral categories were registered along eleven months, once a week, through instantaneous focal animal sampling: social grooming, contact, proximity, foraging, feeding, locomotion and rest. Foraging presented the highest levels comparing to other activities, and was more frequent in the dry season. Social grooming was the second more frequent activity, with higher levels in the rainy season, and between the reproductive couple. We found similar results for proximity. The most explored feeding item was the gum, specially in the rainy season. The most explored species for exudates feeding were Cirus limon (lim?o) and Pitecolobiun foliolosum (jurema branca). The comparision of fruit and insect ingestion between the seasons showed higher percentage for both in the dry season. The general activity pattern was similar to what is registeded in groups the inhabit the Atlantic Forest. These results indicate the flexibility of the species which survives and reproduces in such physically and biologically different environments / Callithrix jacchus ? um primata da fam?lia Callitrichidae que vive em grupos sociais. Pode ser encontrado em v?rios tipos de habitat, cujas fisionomias e comunidades flor?sticas distintas est?o intrinsecamente relacionadas com a ecologia comportamental e rela??es sociais. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as rela??es sociais e h?bitos alimentares do sag?i Callithrix jacchus no Bioma Caatinga. Observamos um grupo de sag?i na Floresta Nacional de A?u-IBAMA/RN, composto no in?cio do estudo por cinco animais adultos, 2 f?meas e 3 machos. Foi registrado o nascimento de 5 filhotes ao longo do estudo. A t?cnica de amostragem foi o animal focal, ao longo de 11 meses, uma vez/semana, com registro das seguintes categorias comportamentais: cata??o social, contato, proximidade, forrageio, ingest?o, locomo??o e descanso. O forrageio foi a atividade mais realizada pelos animais, sendo significativamente mais freq?ente na seca. J? a cata??o social, foi significativamente mais elevada no per?odo chuvoso, e com os maiores ?ndices entre os reprodutores. Esse mesmo padr?o foi observado com rela??o a proximidade. O alimento mais ingerido pelo grupo foi o exsudado, sendo mais expressivo no per?odo chuvoso. A esp?cie vegetal mais procurada foi o lim?o Cirus limon e a jurema branca Pitecolobium foliolosum. Quando comparada a ingest?o de frutos e insetos ao longo das esta??es, foram observados n?veis mais elevados no per?odo seco. O padr?o de atividades do grupo foi de um modo geral, semelhante ao registrado em grupos estudados em ambiente de Mata Atl?ntica, o que indica a flexibilidade da esp?cie, que sobrevive e se reproduz em ambientes t?o diferentes f?sica e biologicamente

Einleitung: Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus) sind im Laufe der letzten Jahre vermehrt in den Fokus der Verhaltens-, Alters- und Stoffwechselforschung gerückt. Blutdruckmessungen könnten für die Gesundheitsüberwachung dieser Tiere einen wertvollen Beitrag leisten. Bisher erhobene Daten zeigen jedoch unterschiedliche oder unvollständige Messmethoden und vernachlässigen wichtige physiologische Faktoren wie Alter, Gewicht und Geschlecht der Tiere. Dies erschwert die Reproduzierbarkeit der Werte sowie deren Vergleich untereinander. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, ein praxistaugliches Protokoll für Blutdruckmessungen beim Weißbüschelaffen zu erstellen. Darauf aufbauend sollten die Tiere der Primatenkolonie des Veterinär-Physiologisch-Chemischen Institutes Leipzig über mehrere Monate untersucht werden, um physiologische Blutdruckwerte unter standardisierten Bedingungen zu erhalten. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Für ein Messprotokoll wurde in einem Vorversuch bei 10 Tieren der Einfluss der Messlokalisation (Gliedmaße oder Schwanz) und bei 6 Tieren der Einfluss der Tageszeit per High-Definition Oszillometrie (HDO)- Blutdruckmessungen (über drei Tage) untersucht. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen wurden dann alle Tiere der Kolonie (n= 56, 25 männlich, 31 weiblich; Altersspanne: 14 - 209 Monate, Gewichte 313 – 499 g) überprüft (Gesamtdauer 30 Monate). Alters- und gewichtsabhängige Blutdruckveränderungen sowie der Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern wurde zusätzlich untersucht (Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen, t-Tests). Bei vier Tieren wurden Blutdruckabweichungen festgestellt, deren weiterführende Analyse in Form von Blut-, Urin- oder Ultraschalluntersuchungen erfolgte. Ergebnisse: Das etablierte Messprotokoll unterschied sich zu denen bei anderen Tierarten, v.a. im Hinblick auf die Messlokalisation (Messungen an den Hintergliedmaßen lieferten präzisere Ergebnisse als am Schwanz). Während 3 - 7 Messungen bei Weißbüschelaffen möglich sind, hatte die Tageszeit keinen Einfluss auf die Werte. Darauf aufbauend konnten Grenzen für physiologische und pathologische Blutdruckwerte beim Weißbüschelaffen festgelegt werden. Sowohl Alter als auch Gewicht beeinflussten die Blutdruckwerte. Das Blutdruckmuster zeigte dabei einen Anstieg der Werte sowohl mit steigendem Alter als auch mit höherem Gewicht an. Das Geschlecht hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Blutdruckwerte, beeinflusste aber ebenso wie das Alter die Messdauer. Messungen an weiblichen und/ oder älteren Tieren konnten schneller durchgeführt werden als bei männlichen und/ oder jungen Individuen. Durch die Früherkennung von Blutdruckabweichungen konnten bei den beschriebenen Patienten die zugrundeliegenden Krankheiten näher untersucht und behandelt werden. Dabei zeigten zwei der vier Tiere progressiv verlaufende Nierenerkrankungen bei gleichzeitigem Vorliegen von Begleiterscheinungen wie Anämie oder Demineralisierung der Knochen. Eine Patientin wies Stoffwechselentgleisungen in Form von erhöhten Triglycerid- und Insulinwerten sowie Übergewicht auf. Bei der vierten Patientin wurden Herzveränderungen in Form einer Endokardiose und Hypertrophie festgestellt. Schlussfolgerungen: Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden sowohl ein Messprotokoll für die nicht-invasive Blutdruckmessung beim Weißbüschelaffen als auch physiologische Blutdruckwerte unter Berücksichtigung von Alter, Gewicht und Geschlecht etabliert. Die Tatsache, dass weibliche und alte Tiere besser zu messen waren, könnte zukünftige Studien in puncto Blutdruckauswertung und -beurteilung erleichtern. Der Nachweis der den veränderten Blutdruckwerten zugrundeliegenden Krankheiten bestätigt die klinische Relevanz von Blutdruckmessungen. Die regelmäßige Akquirierung dieser Daten dient so nicht nur der generellen Gesundheitsüberwachung, sondern bietet sich besonders auch über lange Zeiträume zur Verlaufskontrolle an. / Introduction: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) recently moved into focus for behavioral, age and metabolic studies. Blood pressure measurements could be a positive contribution to the health maintenance of these animals. However, the data that has been gathered so far show differing measurement techniques and give little or no information about the protocols applied. In addition, important factors such as age, weight and sex, have not yet been taken into account. This complicates reproducibility and comparison of values. Aim: Aim of this study was therefore to establish a standard protocol for blood pressure measurements in the common marmoset. Based on this, animals from the primate colony of the Institute of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry Leipzig were to be monitored over several months and their data analyzed to gather physiological measurement values under standardized conditions. Animals, materials and methods: For a measurement protocol the influence of measurement localization (thigh or tail) was reviewed in ten animals using blood pressure measurements via High-Definition Oszillometry (HDO). Following this, the influence of daytime was evaluated in six animals over the course of three days. With this knowledge, all animals of the colony (n= 56, 25 males, 31 females; age range: 14 - 209 months, body weight 313 – 499 g) were assessed. Age- and weight-dependent blood pressure changes as well as differences between the sexes were examined (correlation and regression analyses, t-tests). In four animals with conspicuous blood pressure values analyses of blood and urine as well as ultrasonographic examinations were further performed. Results: The established measurement protocol differed from those used in other animal species in terms of measurement localization (thigh measurements resulted in more precise values than measurements at the tail). While 3-7 single measurements were possible in the common marmoset, day time did not influence values. Based on this, threshold values for physiological and pathological blood pressure data could be determined. Age and weight both influenced blood pressure in common marmosets. The blood pressure pattern showed rising values with both increasing age and weight. Sex had no influence on blood pressure values, but affected together with age measurement time. Measurements in old and/ or female individuals could be performed faster than in male and/ or young individuals. Due to the early detection of blood pressure abnormalities, the causative diseases could be analyzed and treated in the described patients. Two of the four patients showed progressing renal diseases simultaneously with co-morbidities like anemia or bone demineralization. One patient displayed metabolic disease in terms of increased triglyceride and insulin values as well as excess weight. The fourth patient was identified as having heart changes in the form of endocardiosis and cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: This work outlines the establishment of a measurement protocol for non-invasive blood pressure measurement in the common marmoset as well as physiological values considering age, weight and sex. The fact that female and old animals were easier to measure could facilitate blood pressure evaluation and interpretation in future studies. The identification of the diseases, responsible for the altered blood pressure values confirmed the clinical relevance of blood pressure assessment. The regular acquisition of such data is therefore not only useful in the health monitoring of all individuals, but especially supports follow-up examinations over longer periods of time.

Weißbüschelaffen (WBA) sind wissenschaftlich häufig genutzte Modelltiere für diverse Humanerkrankungen. Zur Gesunderhaltung dieser Primaten sind grundlegende diagnostische Blutparameter unverzichtbar. Bisher erhobene Daten zeichneten sich jedoch durch große Divergenz aus. Ob Veränderungen in Haltungsbedingungen einen Einfluss auf diese Blutparameter nehmen, ist bis heute unklar. Somit war ein Ziel dieser Arbeit die Erhebung aktueller hämatologischer und klinisch-chemischer Blutparameter von WBA. Zudem wurde der Einfluss der routinemäßigen Umsetzung in eine neue Behausung auf die erhobenen Parameter sowie den Kortisolspiegel im Kot untersucht. Des Weiteren leiden WBA in menschlicher Obhut rezidivierend an gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen, die mittels klinischer Standardparameter allein nicht diagnostizierbar sind. Dabei spielt vor allem die Sensitivität gegenüber Futtermittelinhaltsstoffen (z. B. Gluten) eine Rolle, welche ursächlich im Zusammenhang mit dem Wasting Marmoset Syndrome (WMS) diskutiert wird. Im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten deshalb die gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen von in menschlicher Obhut lebenden WBA ätiologisch beleuchtet werden, vor allem hinsichtlich einer möglichen Sensitivität gegenüber Gluten. Im ersten Teil dieser Studie wurden von 54 WBA hämatologische und klinischchemische Richtwerte erhoben. Die ermittelten hämatologischen Blutrichtwerte ähneln denen aus den achtziger Jahren, die Daten der klinischen Chemie nur bedingt: Die Richtwertbereiche von Laktatdehydrogenase, Alaninaminotransferase, Lipase sowie Alkalische Phosphatase und Gesamtbilirubin weichen von den ehemals erhobenen Daten ab. Zudem wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit geschlechtsabhängige Unterschiede ermittelt: Weibliche Tiere wiesen signifikant höheres mittleres Erythrozytenvolumen und mittleren Hämoglobingehalt des Einzelerythrozyten auf als männliche Tiere, wohingegen bei diesen ein signifikant höheres Gesamt- und Low density lipoprotein- Cholesterol im Vergleich zu weiblichen Affen messbar war. Des Weiteren wurden 16 Tiere über einen vierwöchigen Zeitraum in eine neue Umgebung verbracht, bevor sie in ihre Heimatbehausung zurückkehrten. Durch diese Umsetzung war bei den untersuchten Tieren die Leuko- und Lymphozytenzahl auch vier Wochen nach der Umsetzung erniedrigt. Zeitgleich lag ein erhöhter Kortisolspiegel vor, der im Kot bestimmt wurde. Im zweiten Teil der Studie wurden anhand humandiagnostischer Standards IgAAntikörper (AK) gegen Gliadin (AGA), Gewebstransglutaminase (tTG), deamidiertes Gliadin (ADGA) sowie Glykoprotein 2 (AGP2A) im Plasma von 24 WBA mittels eines ELISAs während glutenhaltiger (Diät 1) und glutenfreier Ernährung (Diät 2) bestimmt. Dabei wurden die klinische Symptomatik von WMS und das Körpergewicht der Tiere ebenfalls untersucht. Zudem erfolgte die Analyse von Kotproben antikörperpositiver Tiere hinsichtlich Qualität und Trockenmassegehalt während Diät 2 und einer darauf folgenden glutenhaltigen Provokationsdiät. Die serologische Diagnostik ergab einen signifikanten Rückgang von AGA, AK gegen tTG und AGP2A während Diät 2 bei Tieren, die nach Diät 1 erhöhte Werte aufwiesen. Diät 2 führte zu einem Rückgang der klinischen Symptome und einer signifikanten Gewichtszunahme bei antikörperpositiven WBA. Die glutenhaltige Provokationsdiät ergab eine verminderte Kotqualität mit einem niedrigeren Trockenmassegehalt. Es wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit aktuelle, hämatologische und klinisch-chemische Blutrichtwerte des WBA erhoben. Der durch Umsetzung in eine neue Behausung bedingte Stress ist bei WBA bis vier Wochen lang nachweisbar. Es ist sinnvoll, dies in der zeitlichen Planung wissenschaftlicher Studien zu berücksichtigen, um das Wohlbefinden der Tiere vor Versuchsbeginn sicherzustellen und den Einfluss von Stress auf experimentelle Ergebnisse zu minimieren. Der Nachweis grundlegender, an der Pathogenese der Zöliakie beteiligter Antikörper, in Kombination mit den klinischen Symptomen, deutet auf Glutensensitivität mit ätiologischer Beteiligung an WMS bei WBA hin. Die glutenfreie Ernährung von WBA in menschlicher Obhut ist daher sinnvoll und empfehlenswert. / Common marmosets are often used as animal models for human diseases. For their health maintenance, diagnostic blood values are absolutely essential. Previously obtained reference values are characterized by great value-specific differences. Moreover, the influence of routine measures on these blood parameters, e. g. changes in housing conditions, has not been examined yet. Therefore, the first aim of the present study was to update haematological and clinical chemical blood parameters of common marmosets. Further, the influence of stress, caused by relocation to a new housing, on these parameters and the cortisol level in feces was examined. In addition to that, common marmosets under human management are often affected by gastrointestinal diseases, which are difficult to diagnose with basic standard blood values. In this context, sensitivity to nutritional elements, e. g. gluten, plays an important role and is discussed as a potential cause of wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS). In the second part of this study, the recurrent gastrointestinal diseases of common marmosets under human management were aetiologically investigated, with special regard to possible gluten sensitivity. In the first part of this study, blood samples were obtained from 54 female and male common marmosets to evaluate standard values of haematology and clinical chemistry. The determined haematological parameters are similar to the already obtained data, the clinical chemistry values differ somewhat: The enzyme activities of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and lipase in addition to the ranges of alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin diverge from the data ascertained in this study. Moreover, female animals presented significantly higher mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin than males, whereas male common marmosets showed significantly higher total- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, compared to females. Further, 16 animals were relocated to a new environment for a time period of four weeks, before they returned to their home cages. The change of housing caused a decreased leuko- and lymphocyte count in all examined animals that was still measurable four weeks after the relocation. At the same time, an increased fecal cortisol level was determined. The aim of the second study was to investigate the modification of plasma antibodies to gliadin (AGA), tissue transglutaminase (tTG), deamidated gliadin (ADGA) and glycoprotein 2 (AGP2A) during two successive diets in 24 animals: A gluten-containing diet (diet 1) and a gluten-free diet (diet 2). Further, clinical symptoms of WMS and the animals’ body weight were also examined. An analysis of the feces of antibody-positive animals regarding changes in quality and dry matter content was carried out with samples collected during diet 2 and a successive gluten challenge diet of two months duration. The serological diagnostics resulted in a significant decline of AGA, antibodies to tTG and AGP2A during diet 2 in animals that had shown increased antibody concentrations during diet 1. Diet 2 also caused an amelioration of clinical symptoms and an increased body weight in antibody-positive animals. The gluten challenge resulted in a decreased feces quality and a lower fecal dry matter, compared to fecal samples of diet 2. In the context of this dissertation, parameters of haematology and clinical chemistry of the common marmoset were updated. Stress caused by relocation to a new housing was still measurable for a period of four weeks. It is therefore essential to consider this time span in the design of scientific studies to secure animal welfare prior to the study and to reduce the influence of stress on experimental results. In combination with the clinical symptoms, the detection of antibodies that are part of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease in humans strongly suggests gluten sensitivity with an aetiological connection to WMS in common marmosets. Therefore, gluten-free nutrition of common marmosets under human management is highly recommendable.

There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies / Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies / Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-14T15:47:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:31:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Pela proximidade filogenética com os seres humanos os primatas não humanos são utilizados freqüentemente em estudos comparativos sobre o comportamento e como modelos experimentais na pesquisa biomédica. Contudo, o uso destes primatas implica numa série de questões éticas, incluindo as condições de seu cativeiro e os potenciais fatores da experimentação que podem acarretar dor, injúrias e estresse, interferindo diretamente no bem-estar do animal. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar as respostas comportamentais e endócrinas de sagüis-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata) cativos, machos e fêmeas, frente à técnica de enriquecimento ambiental do tipo alimentar (tubo) e isolamento visual (barreira). As observações foram realizadas em uma amostra de seis fêmeas e seis machos adultos de C. penicillata mantidos no Centro de Biologia da Reprodução da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas antes, durante e depois da aplicação da técnica de enriquecimento, no período da manhã, iniciando entre 10 e 11 horas. A avaliação endócrina foi realizada através da mensuração dos níveis de cortisol presente nas amostras fecais dos animais. Tais análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Dosagens Hormonais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para o enriquecimento alimentar foram encontradas alterações significativas que indicam que este foi eficaz reduzindo comportamentos de alimentação durante a exposição ao enriquecimento e reduzindo a agitação. Para este tipo de enriquecimento os machos se mostraram comportamentalmente mais reativos que as fêmeas e não houve diferença significativa para os níveis de cortisol. Com a utilização do enriquecimento social, foi verificado o conflito gerado com a proximidade entre indivíduos do mesmo sexo, sendo a fase com a barreira a que menos apresentou comportamentos indicativos de estresse, e as fêmeas apresentaram os menores valores para o cortisol. No confronto dos dados de machos e fêmeas, estas se mostraram mais reativas à presença de outras fêmeas, possivelmente pelo fato que sua estratégia reprodutiva ser reflexo do status social. Para os machos o isolamento foi um fator de estresse, uma vez que tiveram maior concentração de cortisol. / Non-human primates are often used in behavioral studies and in biomedical research as a model mainly because their phylogenic proximity to human beings. However, the use of non-human primates in researches implies in many ethical issues, including the captivity conditions and the potential aspects of the procedures that may cause pain, injuries and stress which can interfere with their welfare. The present research intended to analyze the behavioral and endocrine responses of six males and six females of captive black-tuffed marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) to a feeding (tube) and a visual isolation (barrier) environmental enrichment techniques. The animals belong to the colony maintained by Centro de Biologia da Reprodução of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. The behavior and hormonal data were collected before, during and after the exposure to environmental enrichment. The hormonal analysis of fecal cortisol was performed in the Laboratorio de Dosagens Hormonais of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. During the exposure to the feeding enrichment technique – FASE II, it was observed a decrease in movement and in ingestion of the regular diet by the animals. Besides, in this experiment, the male marmosets were more reactive than the females and no significant differences on cortisol levels were detected. Using the social enrichment (a visual barrier between the cages), it was verified the existence of conflicts between close same-sex animals, which decreased cortisol when the barrier was used. In this case, the marmoset females were more reactive to the enrichment probably because they compete to reproductive as a consequence of social dominance. For males the isolation seems to be a stressful situation since they increase cortisol on this situation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Seven human alcohol dehydrogenase genes (which encode the primary enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism) are grouped into classes based on function and sequence identity. While the Class I ADH isoenzymes contribute significantly to ethanol metabolism in the liver, Class IV ADH isoenzymes are involved in the first-pass metabolism of ethanol. It has been suggested that the ability to efficiently oxidize ethanol occurred late in primate evolution. Kinetic data obtained from the Class I ADH isoenzymes of marmoset and brown lemur, in addition to data from resurrected ancestral human Class IV ADH isoenzymes, supports this proposal--suggesting that two major events which occurred during primate evolution resulted in major adaptations toward ethanol metabolism. First, while human Class IV ADH first appeared 520 million years ago, a major adaptation to ethanol occurred very recently (approximately 15 million years ago); which was caused by a single amino acid change (A294V). This change increases the catalytic efficiency of the human Class IV enzymes toward ethanol by over 79-fold. Secondly, the Class I ADH form developed 80 million years ago--when angiosperms first began to produce fleshy fruits whose sugars are fermented to ethanol by yeasts. This was followed by the duplication and divergence of distinct Class I ADH isoforms--which occurred during mammalian radiation. This duplication event was followed by a second duplication/divergence event which occurred around or just before the emergence of prosimians (some 40 million years ago). We examined the multiple Class I isoforms from species with distinct dietary preferences (lemur and marmoset) in an effort to correlate diets rich in fermentable fruits with increased catalytic capacity toward ethanol oxidation. Our kinetic data support this hypothesis in that the species with a high content of fermentable fruit in its diet possess greater catalytic capacity toward ethanol.