Most coastal ecosystems are dominated by marine macrophytes that deliver a range of ecologically and economically important services such as carbon and nitrogen cycling and storage, and habitat provision to a range of associated species. The relative contribution of these services among different vegetated habitats, however, and their alteration due to anthropogenic stressors is little known. In this thesis, I first examined the within and between ecosystem structure and services of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) beds in Atlantic Canada. Both habitats significantly enhanced the overall abundance and diversity of associated species, whereas differences in the spe-cies assemblages were attributed to differences in canopy structure within and between habitats. Changes in the canopy structure of the foundation species will affect associated food webs and ecosystem services. Next, I used large-scale field surveys to examine the effects of eutrophication on the structure and services of eelgrass beds. As eutrophication increased, plant dominance shifted from eelgrass to macroalgae and phytoplankton at a regional scale. The faunal community showed increases in filter feeders, detritivores and some herbivores, while sensitive species declined. These faunal changes can be linked to enhanced food availability and predation refuge offered by increased phytoplankton and opportunistic macroalgae. However, the loss of eelgrass and sensitive species highlight the negative consequences of eutrophication on eelgrass ecosystems and the services they provide. I also reviewed the global carbon and nitrogen storage and habitat services of mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass meadows and macroalgal beds. Despite only occupying 0.7% of the ocean area, together these ecosystems make up 12% of the oceanic carbon stock thereby playing an important role in global carbon and nitrogen storage. Moreover, these macrophyte habitats enhanced species richness and abundance of associated fauna and juvenile fishes. Overall, my findings indicate that each macrophyte habitat has its strengths yet all are essential in providing the full range of ecosystem services. Increasing human impacts along the coasts, however, are threatening macrophyte ecosystems worldwide, and their further decline will impair the provision of important services and human well-being. Lastly, I discuss the implications of my work for management and conservation.

Marine nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for all oceanic organisms. The cycling of N between biologically available and unavailable forms occurs through numerous reactions. Because of the vast number of reactions and chemical species involved, the N cycle is still not well understood. This dissertation focuses on understanding some of the reactions involved in the cycling of marine N, as well as improving techniques used to measure dissolved N2 gas. The largest loss term for global marine N is a reaction called denitrification. In this work, denitrification was measured in the sandy sediments of the Georgia continental shelf, an area where this reaction was thought to be unlikely because of the physical properties of the sediments. Nitrogen fixation, which is a reaction that produces biologically available N, was detected in Georgia estuarine sediments. N fixation was measured concurrently with denitrification in these sediments, resulting in a much smaller net loss of marine N than previously thought. Lastly, membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a technique that measures dissolved N2, the end product of denitrification and a reactant in N fixation reactions. This study suggests that N2 measurements by MIMS are influenced by O2 concentrations due to pressure differences inside of the ion source of the mass spectrometer. These findings seek to improve denitrification measurements using MIMS on samples with varying O2 concentrations. In conclusion, this dissertation suggests that the marine N cycle is more dynamic than has been suggested, due to the recognition of input and loss reactions in a wider range of marine and estuarine environments. However, improvements in the understanding of MIMS will help with direct measurements with reactions involved in the global marine N cycle.

This thesis investigates sea-level changes in order to test the hypothesis that the main contribution to early 20th century sea-level rise was Northern Hemisphere land-based ice melt. Multiproxy sea-level reconstructions were established for the Falkland Islands, a location where models suggest sea-level rise from Northern Hemisphere ice melt produces the largest signal. The Falklands reconstruction indicated sea levels in the early 20th century accelerated compared to the long-term rate, synchronous with accelerations observed globally. The magnitude of the acceleration in the Falklands reconstruction was greater than Northern Hemisphere rates, consistent with the spatial pattern from a Northern Hemisphere melt source, but likely less than in New Zealand and Australia. It is therefore not possible rule out other contributions to the observed sea-level acceleration. The Falklands reconstruction indicated a rapid sea-level jump around 8.4 ka BP, synchronous with a jump observed in the Northern Hemisphere, which has been attributed to the sudden drainage of Laurentide proglacial lake Agassiz-Ojibway associated with the 8.2 ka BP climatic downturn. A maximum estimate of 0.89 ± 0.22 m for this jump in the Falklands is considerably less than estimates from Northern Hemisphere records. This difference could indicate additional contributions from the Southern Hemisphere are being recorded in the Northern Hemisphere signal. This thesis also focused on developing testate amoebae as sea-level indicators. In the Falklands, testate amoebae transfer functions were able to reconstruct sea level with precision (±0.08 m) comparable to diatoms (±0.07 m). However, preservation issues were indicated in the fossil testate amoebae assemblages which limits their use as tools for sea-level reconstruction. In addition, contemporary distributions of salt-marsh testate amoebae were investigated over one annual cycle. Seasonal variations in the live assemblages were observed to be asynchronous between taxa. Variations in the death assemblages were also observed which were correlated with variations in the live assemblages. This observation suggests the commonly applied assumption in palaeoenvironmental studies that analysing the death population negates temporal bias is invalid. Further research is required to investigate the impact these observed variations have on reconstructive performance.

Este trabajo se realizó en el predio privado “El Maitén”, ubicado en la Xª Región, Provincia de Osorno, comuna de Purranque, en la Cordillera de la Costa; como parte del Proyecto de Producción de Leche Ovina del Departamento de Producción Animal de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad de Chile. Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir y comparar la curva de lactancia de ovejas Romney Marsh bajo dos sistemas de manejo, determinar su efecto sobre la producción de leche y la composición de ésta, así como sobre el crecimiento de los corderos desde el nacimiento hasta el destete. Se utilizaron dos sistemas de crianza-ordeña como tratamientos. El tratamiento 1 consistió en destete parcial de los corderos y ordeña simple de las ovejas desde la segunda semana posparto hasta los 17 kg. de peso vivo o 60 días de vida de los corderos, a continuación destete completo y doble ordeña de las ovejas hasta los 120 días de lactancia o una producción diaria inferior a 300 g. de leche por día. El tratamiento 2 utilizó los mismos criterios de destete y secado, diferenciándose solamente en el período predestete, en el que las ovejas no fueron ordeñadas y los corderos estuvieron permanentemente al pie de sus madres. Los tratamientos 1 y 2 contaron con 17 y 16 ovejas, respectivamente, todas entre 5º y 6º parto y con corderos machos ya sea en partos simples o dobles; las que fueron extraídas de un rebaño de 120 ovejas. La distribución se hizo al azar y las ovejas fueron entrando al ensayo en la medida que se producían las pariciones. Se midió la producción diaria de leche así como el contenido relativo de materia grasa, proteína cruda y sólidos totales de ésta. Para este efecto se realizaron controles lecheros individuales cada dos semanas, momento en que también se tomaron muestras individuales de leche para ser analizadas. Además se controló el peso y la condición corporal de las ovejas alternando la semana con la del control lechero. El crecimiento de los corderos se midió semanalmente desde el nacimiento hasta el destete. Las curvas de lactancia de T1 y T2 se ajustaron durante el período posdestete a las ecuaciones lineales Yt1 = 1245,18 - 47,835 * t (R=92,09%) y Yt2 = 1240,98 - 51,801 * t (R=99,33%). La producción acumulada del tratamiento 1 fue significativamente superior a la del 2 en un 61%, produciendo 67,4 y 41,7 kg, respectivamente (P<0,05). El contenido de materia grasa fue estadísticamente superior en el tratamiento 2, con un 7,8% contra un 6,3% del 1, no así en la producción acumulada, donde los tratamientos arrojaron 3,25 y 4,25 kg, respectivamente (P<0,05). En el caso del contenido de proteína cruda, de igual modo, el tratamiento 2 fue significativamente superior al 1, con un 6,5% y un 6,1%, respectivamente. En este caso la producción acumulada de proteína cruda si mostró diferencias significativas en favor del tratamiento 1, con 4,11 vs 2,71 kg. (P<0,05). Los sólidos totales mostraron una tendencia similar a la de la proteína cruda, superando significativamente el tratamiento 2 al 1 en el contenido de sólidos totales, 19,5% contra 17,8%; y el 1 al 2 en la producción acumulada de éstos, con 12,00 y 8,13 kg, respectivamente (P<0,05). Las curvas de crecimiento de los corderos se ajustaron a una función logística de la siguiente forma, Yt1 = 18,68/(1+2,78 * e0,34*t) e Yt2 = 19,29/(1+2,69 * e0,41*t), con R=99,7% y R=99,8%, respectivamente. El aumento de peso de los corderos fue significativamente superior en el tratamiento 2, mostrando 400 g/día vs 330 g/día del tratamiento 1 (R>0,05). Al medir el comportamiento del crecimiento de los corderos como días en alcanzar los 17 kg. de peso vivo, ocurre el mismo fenómeno, T2=44 días/17 kg. y T1=54 días/17 kg. (R>0,05). El ensayo permite concluir que bajo las condiciones de manejo del ensayo, para ovejas Romney Marsh, el sistema de crianza-ordeña influye significativamente en la cantidad total de leche oedeñada. El sistema de manejo produce cambios importantes en los niveles de producción y en la composición de la leche ordeñada, así como en el crecimiento de los corderos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sacchi_abv_me_jabo.pdf: 876901 bytes, checksum: bbd58ecdb2c29112b3d0b1112c51b549 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar no sangue de cervos-do-pantanal (B. dichotomus), a presença de DNA de agentes rickettsiais, tais como Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingiii, E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. marginale e Neorickettsia risticii, pela Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR), além de estudar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-E. chaffeensis e anti-A. phagocytophilum utilizando-se a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Os 143 animais utilizados foram capturados durante o desenvolvimento do Projeto Cervo-do-Pantanal (1998 a 2002) na área de inundação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera, no Rio Paraná, e divididos em quatro sub-populações de acordo com o local e momento da captura, em áreas denominadas MS01, MS02 (Mato Grosso do Sul, antes e após a inundação, respectivamente), PX (Rio do Peixe, depois da primeira cota de inundação) e AGUA (Rio Aguapeí, depois da inundação). Na avaliação sorológica, as freqüências de animais positivos para anticorpos anti-E. chaffeensis e anti-A. phagocytophilum foram de 76,76% e 20,20% em MS01, 88,88% e 22,22% em PX, 88,88% e 5,55% em MS02, e 94,12% e 5,88% em AGUA, respectivamente. Na pesquisa de DNA, dos 143 animais testados, 61 (42,65%) foram positivos para E. chaffeensis, sendo 38 (38,38%) de MS01, 4 (44,44%) de PX, 12 de MS02 (66,66%) e 7 (41,18%) de AGUA. Amostras positivas enviadas para seqüenciamento revelaram 100% de similaridade com amostras de Ehrlichia chaffeensis da Argentina e dos Estados Unidos (números de acesso no Genbank EU826516.2 e AF416764.1, respectivamente). Já para o genogrupo de A. phagocytophilum, 70 cervos (48,95%) foram considerados positivos. Destes, 51 (51,51%) são provenientes de MS01, 12 (66,66%) de MS02 e 7 (41,18%) de AGUA. Animais provenientes de PX foram todos negativos. Amostras positivas enviadas para seqüenciamento... / The present work had as objective to research in the blood of marsh deer (B. dichotomus), the presence of rickettsial agents DNA such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii, E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. marginale e Neorickettsia risticii, by the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR), as well as studying the prevalence of anti-E. chaffeensis and anti-A. phagocytophilum antibodies using Indirect Imunofluorescence Reaction (IFA). The 143 animals that were used were captured during the development of the Marsh Deer Project (1998 to 2002) in the flood area of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Station, in Parana River, and divided in four sub-populations according to the local and moment of the capture, in areas denominated MS01, MS02 (Mato Grosso do Sul, before and after flood respectively), PX (Peixe’s River, after the first flood quota) and AGUA (Aguapeí River, after flood). In the serological avaliation, the frequency of positive animals for anti-E. chaffeensis and anti-A. phagocytophilum antibodies were 76,76% and 20,20% in MS01, 88,88% and 22,22% in PX, 88,88% and 5,55% in MS02, and 94,12% and 5,88% in AGUA, respectively. In the DNA research, from the 143 tested animals, 61 (42,65%) were positive for E. chaffeensis, 38 (38,38%) from MS01, 4 (44,44%) from PX, 12 from MS02 (66,66% and 7 (41,18%) from AGUA. Positive samples send to sequency demonstrate 100% of similarity with samples of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from Argentina and United States (numbers of access in Genbank EU826516.2 and AF416764.1, respectively). For the A. phagocytophilum genogroup, 70 deers (48,95%) were considered positive. Of these, 51 (51,51%) come from MS01, 12 (66,66%) from MS02 and 7 (41,18%) from AGUA. The animals that come from PX were all negative. Positive samples send to sequencing demonstrated 99% of similarity with a sample of Anaplasma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 polegato_bf_me_jabo.pdf: 388236 bytes, checksum: 27d5324f7a537c0e242c14342ba2b294 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Atualmente, o conhecimento sobre a fisiologia e a biologia reprodutiva de cervos-do-pantanal (Blastocerus dichotomus) é escasso e as lacunas existentes aumentam a vulnerabilidade da espécie à extinção. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) caracterizar alguns parâmetros relacionados à fisiologia reprodutiva de fêmeas de cervos-do-pantanal e (2) fornecer métodos adequados para o acesso às diferentes fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Para isso, seis fêmeas da espécie foram utilizadas para a caracterização hormonal do ciclo estral, da gestação e do período pós-parto. Amostras fecais foram colhidas diariamente para o monitoramento do ciclo estral, duas vezes por semana durante a gestação e em dias alternados no período pós-parto. As dosagens das progestinas fecais foram feitas por EIA. Foram monitorados 16 ciclos estrais completos, cuja duração média foi de 21,3±1,3 dias (6,4±1,2d fase inter-luteal e 14,8±1,3d fase luteal). As concentrações médias de progestinas fecais para as fases inter-luteal e luteal do ciclo estral foram 834±311ng g-1 e 3979±1611ng g-1, respectivamente, e o valor limite entre elas foi de 1457ng g-1. Quatro fêmeas levaram a gestação a termo, determinando um período de gestação médio de 253±4 dias. Houve um aumento significativo (p<0,05) na concentração de progestinas fecais a partir do quarto mês de gestação, o que pôde direcionar o diagnóstico presuntivo de gestação na espécie. Assim, concentrações de progestinas fecais 15250ng g-1 foram indicativas de gestação. No período de 60 dias pós-parto em que as fêmeas foram monitoradas, 75% (3/4) delas apresentaram estro e/ou retomaram a atividade ovariana. / The scarce knowledge about reproductive physiology and biology in marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) increases the vulnerability of this species to the extinction. Thus, the aims of this study were: (1) to characterize some parameters related to the reproductive physiology of females marsh deer and (2) to turn available adequate tools for the assessment of the reproductive cycle’s phases. Six females and one male were used to the hormonal characterization of the estrous cycle, pregnancy and post parturition period. Fecal samples were collected daily during the estrous cycle, twice a week during the pregnancy and in alternated days during the post parturition period of monitoring and the amount of fecal progestins was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. The mean length of the estrous cycle was 21.3±1.3 days (6.4±1.2d interluteal and 14.8±1.3d luteal phase) and the fecal progestins concentrations were 834±311ng g-1 and 3979±1611ng g-1, respectively for the inter-luteal and luteal phase. The limit value between these phases was 1457ng g-1. Four females became pregnant and exposed a mean pregnancy period of 253±4 days. There was a significant increase (p<0,0001) in the fecal progestins excretion since the fourth month of pregnancy, that could provide guidelines for the pregnancy diagnosis in the species. Thus, fecal progestins concentrations 15250ng g-1 were indicative of pregnancy. Seventy five percent (3/4) of the females exhibit estrous and/or restarted the ovarian function during the post parturition period of monitoring.

Orientador: Rosangela Zacarias Machado / Banca: José Maurício Barbanti Duarte / Banca: Natalino Hajime Yoshinari / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar no sangue de cervos-do-pantanal (B. dichotomus), a presença de DNA de agentes rickettsiais, tais como Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingiii, E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. marginale e Neorickettsia risticii, pela Reação em Cadeia pela Polimerase (PCR), além de estudar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-E. chaffeensis e anti-A. phagocytophilum utilizando-se a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Os 143 animais utilizados foram capturados durante o desenvolvimento do Projeto Cervo-do-Pantanal (1998 a 2002) na área de inundação da Usina Hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera, no Rio Paraná, e divididos em quatro sub-populações de acordo com o local e momento da captura, em áreas denominadas MS01, MS02 (Mato Grosso do Sul, antes e após a inundação, respectivamente), PX (Rio do Peixe, depois da primeira cota de inundação) e AGUA (Rio Aguapeí, depois da inundação). Na avaliação sorológica, as freqüências de animais positivos para anticorpos anti-E. chaffeensis e anti-A. phagocytophilum foram de 76,76% e 20,20% em MS01, 88,88% e 22,22% em PX, 88,88% e 5,55% em MS02, e 94,12% e 5,88% em AGUA, respectivamente. Na pesquisa de DNA, dos 143 animais testados, 61 (42,65%) foram positivos para E. chaffeensis, sendo 38 (38,38%) de MS01, 4 (44,44%) de PX, 12 de MS02 (66,66%) e 7 (41,18%) de AGUA. Amostras positivas enviadas para seqüenciamento revelaram 100% de similaridade com amostras de Ehrlichia chaffeensis da Argentina e dos Estados Unidos (números de acesso no Genbank EU826516.2 e AF416764.1, respectivamente). Já para o genogrupo de A. phagocytophilum, 70 cervos (48,95%) foram considerados positivos. Destes, 51 (51,51%) são provenientes de MS01, 12 (66,66%) de MS02 e 7 (41,18%) de AGUA. Animais provenientes de PX foram todos negativos. Amostras positivas enviadas para seqüenciamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present work had as objective to research in the blood of marsh deer (B. dichotomus), the presence of rickettsial agents DNA such as Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. ewingii, E. canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. marginale e Neorickettsia risticii, by the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR), as well as studying the prevalence of anti-E. chaffeensis and anti-A. phagocytophilum antibodies using Indirect Imunofluorescence Reaction (IFA). The 143 animals that were used were captured during the development of the Marsh Deer Project (1998 to 2002) in the flood area of the Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Power Station, in Parana River, and divided in four sub-populations according to the local and moment of the capture, in areas denominated MS01, MS02 (Mato Grosso do Sul, before and after flood respectively), PX (Peixe's River, after the first flood quota) and AGUA (Aguapeí River, after flood). In the serological avaliation, the frequency of positive animals for anti-E. chaffeensis and anti-A. phagocytophilum antibodies were 76,76% and 20,20% in MS01, 88,88% and 22,22% in PX, 88,88% and 5,55% in MS02, and 94,12% and 5,88% in AGUA, respectively. In the DNA research, from the 143 tested animals, 61 (42,65%) were positive for E. chaffeensis, 38 (38,38%) from MS01, 4 (44,44%) from PX, 12 from MS02 (66,66% and 7 (41,18%) from AGUA. Positive samples send to sequency demonstrate 100% of similarity with samples of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from Argentina and United States (numbers of access in Genbank EU826516.2 and AF416764.1, respectively). For the A. phagocytophilum genogroup, 70 deers (48,95%) were considered positive. Of these, 51 (51,51%) come from MS01, 12 (66,66%) from MS02 and 7 (41,18%) from AGUA. The animals that come from PX were all negative. Positive samples send to sequencing demonstrated 99% of similarity with a sample of Anaplasma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

I carried out an observational study of historic high resolution aerial imagery spanning six decades (1950-2014) to identify recent and historic spatial extent of mangrove forests, within the municipal boundaries of the City of Tampa, Florida USA. My objectives were to map mangrove distribution and spatial extent and any change or patterns of change discernable. I observed variable patterns of change and rates of expansion varied between sites spatially as well as within sites between time intervals. I found notable changes in mangrove extent in the Tampa from historic and modern aerial imagery for the ~64-year period between 1950 and 2014. There were significant losses in areal extent between 1950 and 1973, much of which could be directly attributed to anthropogenic modification of the Tampa coastal landscape. All the regions observed had recovered or surpassed their original extent by the end of the period reviewed (1950-2014). It appears much of the recovery observed is a result of recolonization of created or modified shorelines. Results of these observations may contribute to the body of information used to inform conservation and management objectives in the City of Tampa and Tampa Bay.

No description available.

This essay analyzes the character of Beverly Marsh in Andrés Muschietti’s It and It Chapter 2. By using previous research on women in horror, Beverly’s character is dissected with regards to sexualization and agency. Both the films contrast the common trope of the weak sexualized woman in horror movies by staying away from over-sexualization and making Beverly an equal to her male counterparts.