This thesis examines case studies and historical accounts taken from different periods of the history of recording technology, and addresses questions concerning the impact of mediatization, manipulation, and mediation on listeners' and performers' approaches to music. The project considers the development of the idea of "copies without originals," and of the ideological frameworks that have been used to describe and classify recorded sound. The first case study covers the early days of the phonograph and its development in Victorian society, then contrasts the values and motivations of those early years with modern-day rock performance and its own value systems. Moving into the mid-twentieth century, a chapter of this thesis is devoted to the work of Glenn Gould, and the possibilities for tape manipulation that the Canadian pianist explored during the period of his career that was focused on the recording studio. Lastly, this project examines the innovative, user-driven methods of music-making that are gaining momentum today, including Bjork's "Biophilia" app album, and the emergence of a new genre of popular music in Asia that uses vocal synthesizers in place of live performers. By exploring these case studies alongside the works of scholars in musicology, media studies, sound theory, film and television, and popular music studies, this thesis demonstrates how cultural need, individual innovation, and social involvement interact to direct the development and application of emerging media technologies.

The aim of this thesis is to study Iranian women's struggle against the mandatory veil, based on Nancy Fraser's (1990) theory on subaltern counterpublics and Mia Lövheim's (2012) use of Stig Hjarvard’s theory on mediatization of religion. Specifically, how the Iranian-exile Masih Alinejad's Twitter can be seen as an alternative sphere in which she creates a mediatized subaltern counterpublic for marginalized women. The research questions are as follows:(1) How is Iran and the compulsory hijab portrayed in the selected material? (2) Can this portrayal be seen as a mediatized subaltern counterpublic? The material consists of 100 tweets from the campaign #WhiteWednesdays. By using a qualitative method with an abductive approach, I found four themes in the material. Research question (1) showed that Iran is portrayed as a stratified society where men are superior to women and that the public sphere constitutes problems regarding women's rights. The mandatory veil is presented as the most visible symbol of gender apartheid and religious dictatorship. Research question (2)showed that, based on subaltern counterpublics and mediatization, societies (especially with religious authority) exclude women from speaking in authorized discourse, which contributes to a search for alternative spheres. The study’s chosen theories proved to be a good fit for capturing, describing and explaining how Alinejad creates a mediatized subaltern counterpublic - via new digital media - for marginalized women whom have been excluded from the authorized and official capacity of the country. The results further showed how Alinejad participated in the mediated public sphere as an independent agent who engaged in religious issues from a position of authority. She continues to use the #WhiteWednesdays campaign as a space to perform activism against the regime's veil policy.

Previous research has described EU foreign policy as becoming mediatized, referring to a process where the communication of politics is being adjusted to changes in the media landscape. When more information is available to the citizens through a variety of media, political actors have to compete for the citizens' attention. Political actors are then using 'media logic', using tactics such as storytelling, simplifying and emphasising conflicts and differences, at the expense of 'political logic'. Political logic represents the use of traditional political values, institutions and consensus-building. The EU's communications about China can be seen as a disputed case, as a use of media logic could be helpful in uniting the member states in a common strategy towards China, as this has been a challenge for the EU. It could also, however, be avoided by the EU, as it could lead to the EU harming their relationship with China, as well as the economic interests of the member states. The results show that between the years 2016-2020, media logic is increasingly used, as well as becoming more polarising and visualising with time. This could be a result of the EU-China relationship becoming strained by conflicts with China on human rights issues, but also be a part of a communication strategy where the EU attempts to unite the member states, as well as gain legitimacy for its foreign policy.

The aim of this study is to research how and if Danish parents communicate with their children about the use of social media. The motivation for this study is based on the findings from the EU Kids Online report from 2014, in which 25 European countries have participated. Their research focused on children, whereas my study is concentrated on the parents. My empirical data is based on a questionnaire and follow-up interviews. The questionnaire has 193 respondents and from these, I chose three for follow up-interviews. The theoretical framework is mediatization, parental mediation and moral panic. Mediatization theory is concerned about the media and other social relations. Therefore, this theory is relevant, as this study has focused on how parents communicate with their children about social media and how this affects the family life. Parental mediation encompasses three strategies for communicating about social media. In this way, the theory has provided an understanding and explanation on how parents deal with their children being on social media, and it was important for the majority of the respondents to talk about it. The last theory is moral panic. This was found to be a helpful theory for the analysis, as many of the respondents expressed concerns and fears about their children being on social media throughout the questionnaire.It can be concluded from this research that parents are very different regarding how to communicate about social media. Despite the age-restriction many of the parents allow their children to be on social media. However, many of the parents have and do create some restrictions for their children, so they can use social media platforms. Overall, there seems to be a strong involvement for the majority of the parents in relation their children’s use of social media. Even though many parents have talked with their children about social media, there are still concerns and fears about the use of social media. One of the new problems is in relation to the fear of their children sharing content of a sexual nature. This concern might departure from the fact that children see what teenagers do, and, furthermore, face a lot of sexual toned content through media. It should be discussed, how the increasing tendency among children to share sexual content, is due to a lack of focus on content sharing on social media.

Syftet med studien är att belysa de kollektiva representationer dvs. kollektivt accepterade utsagor som återspeglas genom lokalmedias publiceringar om förorten i en mellanstor svensk stad. Studien ämnar också belysa vilken typ av nyheter som publiceras om förorten. Studien antar ett kritiskt diskursivt angreppssätt och urvalet består i 7 debattartiklar, 7 ledarartiklar och 5 debattinlägg från Nerikes Allehanda som sedan analyseras. Det baseras också på en översikt av 309 nyhetsartiklar publicerade mellan 2006-2015. Studien visar att lokalmedia producerar en bild av förorten som otrygg. Invånarna i förorten beskrivs inte sällan som icke-reflekterande, passiva och moraliskt avvikande. Studien argumenterar för att media skapar och upprätthåller en moralisk differentiering i gestaltningen av den andre och en dikotomi kring förorten. / The aim of this study is to analyse local media’s narratives about the suburb in a Swedish middle-sized city. This in order to show the collective representations (collectively accepted narrations) about the suburbs. The study also shows which kind of news about the suburb the local media is publishing. The methodology is influenced by the critical discourse analysis, CDA and the sample is based on 5 debate articles, 7 letters to the newspaper and 7 leaders. It’s also based on an appraisal of 309 news articles distributed between 2006 and 2015. The study displays that the local media creates an image of the suburb as an unsafe place. The inhabitants are often styled as passive, non-reflecting and morally deviated. The study argues that the local media is creating and sustaining a moral diversity when labeling “the others”. It also argues that the local media is enforcing a dichotomization of the suburb.

This study examines Swedish party leaders’ strategies in political campaign interviews to both answer the journalist’s question and deliver own messages. The material studied consists of eight fifty minutes long interviews, each with one Swedish party leader, broadcast in the channels of the Swedish public service company Sveriges television in a series of episodes called “Val 2014 #dinröst” in the weeks before the 2014 elections. The answering turns, where the politicians both answer the question given by the journalist and give messages which the question has not explicitly asked for, were analyzed using conversation analysis. Two main findings are the “message post-expansion” and the “message embedding”, two features of the politicians’ answering turns in which they deliver own messages, sometimes with help of a “transitional phrase”. The study is theory generating in the sense that it contributes with these features. The study indicates that the Swedish party leader interview format gives the politicians possibilities to express themselves rather freely. Questions asked by the journalists set the topics but journalists seem to expect the politicians to do more than answering the question, as well as the politicians themselves seem to feel expected to present their positions after answering the question. A conclusion is also that the party leader considers her or his task in the party leader interview as two-sided: she or he shall both follow the Q-A turn-taking organization and deliver own messages. At a macro level, the study suggests that media logic has made party leaders develop strategies to maximize their usage of the party leader interview as a communication channel, and that the features of the “budskapspostinskott” and the “budskapsinbäddning” indicate that mediatization of politics is advanced. In addition, the results make it reasonable to suggest that the journalist and the party leader, from an institutionalistic perspective of mediatization of politics, can have different logics but at the same time have at least one common aim: to provide as many people as possible with a basis to take a stand on the day of the election. With this view, the journalist and the party leader co-work to contribute to a sustainable democracy. The profession dimension of media logic can, thus, in addition to scrutinizing the party leader, include helping the party leader reach the audience with understandable and clear messages. Finally, the actions of the party leaders in “Val 2014 #dinröst” can be understood as indicating that mediatization of politics has reached so far that message construction has become a natural part of the politics dimension of political logic. The construction of political messages can be said to have been triggered by media logic but, in the light of this study, have become included into the dimension of political logic which embraces the work of winning voters and gaining support for political ideas. / Den här studien undersöker svenska partiledares strategier för att i partiledarintervjuer både svara på journalistens fråga och föra fram egna budskap som journalisten inte explicit bett om att få. Empirin består av de åtta knappt femtio minuter långa partiledarintervjuerna i Sveriges televisions program ”Val 2014 #dinröst” som direktsändes under valrörelsen inför de allmänna valen i Sverige den 17 september 2014. De svarsturer i vilka politikerna både svarar på frågan och utnyttjar sin tur till att leverera egna budskap analyserades med hjälp av konversationsanalys. Studien är teorigenererande så till vida att den presenterar budskapspostinskott och budskapsinbäddningar, två konstruktioner i politikernas svarsturer som de använder för att leverera egna budskap, ibland med hjälp av en övergångsfras. Studiens slutsatser är att partiledarna i det programformat som studerats får tala relativt fritt – partiledarna kan sägas ta sig en proaktiv roll, och deras budskapspostinskott och budskapsinbäddningar tycks för både journalist och politiker ingå som en naturlig del i programformatet. En slutsats är också att partiledaren ser sig ha ett tudelat uppdrag i partiledarintervjun – att både följa frågasvarturtagningsordningen och föra fram egna budskap. På en makronivå anför studien att det är medielogiken som har gjort att partiledarna har utvecklat strategier för att maximalt kunna nyttja partiledarintervjun som kanal, och att studiens budskapspostsinskott och budskapsinbäddningar kan ses som ett indicium på att mediatization av politiken är mycket långtgående. Därutöver konstateras att journalist och partiledare utifrån ett institutionalistiskt mediatization-perspektiv kan utgå från olika logik och samtidigt ha åtminstone ett gemensamt mål: att hålla ett begripligt och levande samtal för att så många tittare som möjligt ska tillhandahållas underlag för att ta ställning på valdagen. På så sätt kan de sägas tillsammans bidra till en hållbar demokrati. Professionsdimensionen av medielogiken kan utifrån det förda resonemanget gå ut på att journalisten, utöver att granska politikern kritiskt, ska hjälpa politikern att nå ut med sina budskap på ett lättfattligt sätt. Det föreslår den här studien. Till sist kan partiledarnas ageranden i ”Val 2014 #dinröst” sägas tyda på att mediatization av politiken har gått så långt att budskapsformulering har blivit en naturlig del i politics-dimensionen av politiken. Budskapsformulering kan sägas ha triggats av medielogiken men bör i ljuset av den här studien inte längre ses som en effekt av medielogiken som står vid sidan av politikens politics-dimension utan som en numera naturlig och självklar införlivad del av den dimension av politiken som handlar om att få väljarstöd och vinna gehör för olika frågor.

nÃo hà / A relaÃÃo entre o privado e o pÃblico, potencialmente acontece nos processos comunicacionais (FLUSSER; 2007) da pÃs-modernidade (KELLNER; 2001) e contemporaneidade (AGAMBEM; 2009). Os sujeitos sociais, nestes processos, estÃo inseridos em discursos (FOUCAULT; 1970) institucionalizantes e codificantes (BOURDIEU; 1990). A fim de deliberar questÃes Ãntimas como forma de posicionamento, o sujeito relata a si (BUTLER; 2015) tentando compreender o universo moral que orbita. O Corpo (PIRES; 2005) aqui à trabalhado como fluxo dialÃgico (FLUSSER; 2014) entre teoria acadÃmica, vida e performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). A performance à o campo de conhecimento amplo de experiÃncias entre vida e arte (COHEN; 2011). A imersÃo do pesquisador como performer, aconteceu a partir de pesquisa artÃstica em autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006), body art e performance art (COHEN; 2011). Desencadeando processos autobiogrÃficos, midiÃticos (KELLNER; 2001) e corporificantes. A premissa inicial do trabalho à compreender as relaÃÃes entre sexo/gÃnero/sexualidade e seus discursos codificantes/contextuais (LAQUEUR; 2001) no universo LGBTQI+, sua midiatizaÃÃo institucional e virtual livre na Internet (CASTELLS; 2001). Ginger atravÃs de experiÃncias com corpos drag (COELHO;2012) investiu pesquisa acadÃmica e performÃtica em gÃnero queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger, entre performatividades (BUTLER; 1990), performances artÃsticas e imagens performativas (SANTOS; 2011), existiu esteticamente (FOUCAULT; 1984) como imagem poÃtica de si mesma. Este trabalho tem proposta ensaÃstica (FLUSSER; 2007) como metodologia de anÃlise. / A relaÃÃo entre o privado e o pÃblico, potencialmente acontece nos processos comunicacionais (FLUSSER; 2007) da pÃs-modernidade (KELLNER; 2001) e contemporaneidade (AGAMBEM; 2009). Os sujeitos sociais, nestes processos, estÃo inseridos em discursos (FOUCAULT; 1970) institucionalizantes e codificantes (BOURDIEU; 1990). A fim de deliberar questÃes Ãntimas como forma de posicionamento, o sujeito relata a si (BUTLER; 2015) tentando compreender o universo moral que orbita. O Corpo (PIRES; 2005) aqui à trabalhado como fluxo dialÃgico (FLUSSER; 2014) entre teoria acadÃmica, vida e performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). A performance à o campo de conhecimento amplo de experiÃncias entre vida e arte (COHEN; 2011). A imersÃo do pesquisador como performer, aconteceu a partir de pesquisa artÃstica em autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006), body art e performance art (COHEN; 2011). Desencadeando processos autobiogrÃficos, midiÃticos (KELLNER; 2001) e corporificantes. A premissa inicial do trabalho à compreender as relaÃÃes entre sexo/gÃnero/sexualidade e seus discursos codificantes/contextuais (LAQUEUR; 2001) no universo LGBTQI+, sua midiatizaÃÃo institucional e virtual livre na Internet (CASTELLS; 2001). Ginger atravÃs de experiÃncias com corpos drag (COELHO;2012) investiu pesquisa acadÃmica e performÃtica em gÃnero queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger, entre performatividades (BUTLER; 1990), performances artÃsticas e imagens performativas (SANTOS; 2011), existiu esteticamente (FOUCAULT; 1984) como imagem poÃtica de si mesma. Este trabalho tem proposta ensaÃstica (FLUSSER; 2007) como metodologia de anÃlise. / The relationship between the private and the public, potentially happens in the communicational processes (FLUSSER; 2007) of post-modernity (KELLNER; 2001) and contemporany (AGAMBEM; 2009). The social subjects, in these processes, are inserted in speeches (FOUCAULT; 1970) institutional and encoding (BOURDIEU; 1990). In order to decide issues as intimate form of positioning, the subject says to himself (BUTLER; 2015) Trying to understand the moral universe that orbits. The Body (PIRES, 2005) here is worked as a dialogical flow (FLUSSER; 2014) between academic theory, life and performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). The performance isthe field of broad knowledge of experience between life and art (COHEN; 2011). The immersion of the researcher as a performer, happened from artistic research in autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006) body art and performance art (COHEN; 2011). Unleashing autobiographical processes, media (KELLNER; 2001) and corporificantes. The initial premise of the work is to understand the relationship between sex/gender/sexuality and his speeches encoding/context (LAQUEUR, 2001) in the universe LGBTIQ+, its institutional mediatization and free virtual on the Internet (CASTELLS, 2001). Ginger through experiences with drag body (COELHO; 2012) invested academic research and performer in gender queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger between performatividades (BUTLER, 1990), artistic performances and images arts (SANTOS 2011) there has been aesthetically (FOUCAULT, 1984) as a poetic image of herself. This work has proposed test text (FLUSSER, 2007) as a method of analysis. / The relationship between the private and the public, potentially happens in the communicational processes (FLUSSER; 2007) of post-modernity (KELLNER; 2001) and contemporany (AGAMBEM; 2009). The social subjects, in these processes, are inserted in speeches (FOUCAULT; 1970) institutional and encoding (BOURDIEU; 1990). In order to decide issues as intimate form of positioning, the subject says to himself (BUTLER; 2015) Trying to understand the moral universe that orbits. The Body (PIRES, 2005) here is worked as a dialogical flow (FLUSSER; 2014) between academic theory, life and performance (GLUSBERG; 2013). The performance isthe field of broad knowledge of experience between life and art (COHEN; 2011). The immersion of the researcher as a performer, happened from artistic research in autoperformance (VIEIRA; 2006) body art and performance art (COHEN; 2011). Unleashing autobiographical processes, media (KELLNER; 2001) and corporificantes. The initial premise of the work is to understand the relationship between sex/gender/sexuality and his speeches encoding/context (LAQUEUR, 2001) in the universe LGBTIQ+, its institutional mediatization and free virtual on the Internet (CASTELLS, 2001). Ginger through experiences with drag body (COELHO; 2012) invested academic research and performer in gender queer (SALIH; 2002). Ginger between performatividades (BUTLER, 1990), artistic performances and images arts (SANTOS 2011) there has been aesthetically (FOUCAULT, 1984) as a poetic image of herself. This work has proposed test text (FLUSSER, 2007) as a method of analysis.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations and employees suddenly became increasingly reliant on digital technologies to safely continue work. In this master’s thesis, I tried to understand how such rapid change could be understood when compared to wider, more gradual processes of intensifying media reliance. This was a case study of a department within a Swedish municipality administration. Through employee interviews and a thematic analysis, and by drawing from mediatization theory and the figurational approach, I aimed to explore how a sudden increase in digital distance work had affected experiences of figurational togetherness, and how this related to wider processes of mediatization. More specifically, I assessed how practices of communication were perceived to have changed with digital distance work, and how the latter had affected aspects of power and the self.  In sum, there had been a formalization and individualization of ‘figurational togetherness’ – the social experience of being with others in one or more figurations. Communication was generally perceived to have become more formal, structured, and efficient, but also more detached than before. At the same time, digital distance work appeared to have facilitated self-empowerment and individuality. Such processes had a partial and sometimes contradictory relation to wider processes of mediatization. The findings of this study were conceptualized as a ‘loss of chaos’. Given a newly gained perspective on physical copresence, I argued that one could start to make out the attributes of its materiality. Physical space involved chance, messiness, and contingency, but also inspiration, information richness and subtle yet complex social dynamics. Such aspects of chaos did not always translate well into the digital realm, something that was attributed to the characteristics and capacities that current digital collaboration tools did and did not have. Ultimately, the argument was made that this calls for further inquiries into the materiality of digital office technologies and that of physical copresence itself.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how God and Moses are depicted in three contemporary American film adaptions of The Exodus story. The films I have analyzed are: The Ten Commandments (2006), The Bible: Exodus (2013) and Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014). For this, I have used a content analysis and Bruce Lincoln’s theory of religious maximalism and minimalism. This study has shown that the first two films are characterized by an almighty God who helps Moses from the very first step, while the third gives a more scientific explanation of e.g. the ten pledges and the crossing of the Red Sea. While God in The Bible: Exodus (2014) is also portrayed as a god who acts out of love and compassion for his people, this is not the case in the other two films which instead portray him in a much more negative light. My conclusion is therefore that these three films do not only differ in how God and Moses are depicted but that they provide us with different messages about God and religion in general.

This research examines how social networking fosters the mobility of young people in a rural Spain. Generally, rural areas have been overlooked in the discourse on Globalization and Network Society, which is the foundation of the concept of “linked city”. Although many scholars have highlighted the direct link between the increase in the modes of communication of people and the increase of any kind of interaction, face-to-face included, it is necessary to stress that most of these studies are conducted in urban context where a certain grade of efficient transport exists. This study provides an approach to the impact of mediated communication on the lives of people in villages. Based on the concept of Digital Natives this study addresses the Social Network use of young people in a determined rural area in Spain and its correlation with the aim of mobility of the respondents. The results bring to light a certain degree of correlation between the increase of interaction via the Internet and the wish of mobility. Besides, this study uncovers a transportation shortage among locations in this rural area that forces young people to reduce the face-to-face interactions around specific nodes (e.g. High School or a near big city). Finally this study stresses the need for improvement of the transportation networks in terms of cost, flexibility, functionality and reach among rural population in order to avoid a cultural, economic and social backwardness in comparison to urban environments.