Bakgrund: Flera aktörer anses vara förändringsledare respektive förändringsmottagare, såväl som att föremål för förändringsmotstånd kan tolkas olika. Detta kan i sin tur påverka hur de inblandade hanterar situationen. Primärvårdens situation under Covid-19 pandemin föranledde att tidigare konkurrerande aktörer, tvingades samarbeta för att uppnå ett gemensamt mål. Förevarande uppsats undersöker bland annat hur konkurrenter samspelar när det krävs och hur detta i sin tur kan påverka ledarskap och tidigare paradigm. Vidare utreds vilka utmaningar förändringsledare ställs inför under en omfattande förändring som orsakas av kris, i relation till den undersökta förändringens speciella förutsättningar. Uppsatsen har genomförts ur ett nyanserat perspektiv på förändringsmotstånd där alla dess orsaker och konsekvenser, positiva som negativa, belyses. Det nyanserade perspektivet på motstånd av vikt för att skapa en djupare förståelse kring förändringsledning genom fokus på hur förändringsledaren kan tolka förändringsmottagares intryck och reaktion på en förändring, samt använda förändringsmotstånd som en konstruktiv kraft.Syfte: Studiens syfte är att bidra med en ökad förståelse angående ledarskapets roll under förändringsprocesser som orsakas av kris i primärvården.Metod: Förevarande studie är en fallstudie med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi, iterativ forskningsansats samt ett hermeneutiskt forskningsperspektiv. Studiens empiri utgörs av åtta semi-strukturerade intervjuer med klusterledare från Region Stockholm.Slutsats: Uppsatsen redogör för att krisen föranlett ett paradigmskifte inom primärvården som har lett till positiva och bestående konsekvenser för vårdgivare och vårdtagare. Vidare konstateras att kriser kräver att ledare hittar en balans mellan olika ledarskapsbeteenden. Uppsatsen redogör även för att en kris ställer krav på en ökad tillgänglighet hos ledaren och det är av vikt att ledare i en krissituation förmedlar ett lugn till medarbetarna. Uppsatsen visar att en ledares inställning till förändringsmottagares åsikter är avgörande i hanteringen av förändringsmotstånd. / Background: Several actors are considered change leaders and change recipients, as well as the subject of resistance can be interpreted differently. This can affect how those involved handle the situation. The situation within primary health care during the Covid-19 pandemic necessitated that previously competing actors were forced to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal. This essay examines how competitors interact when required and how this, in turn, can affect leadership and previous paradigms. Furthermore, it investigates the challenges faced by change leaders during a comprehensive change caused by a crisis, in relation to the specific conditions of the investigated change. The essay has been conducted from a nuanced perspective on resistance to change, where all its causes and consequences, both positive and negative, are illuminated. The nuanced perspective on resistance is important for creating a deeper understanding of change management by focusing on how the change leader can interpret the impressions and reactions of change recipients to a change, and use resistance to change as a constructive force.  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of the role of leadership during change processes caused by crises in primary healthcare. Method: The present study is a case study with a qualitative research strategy, iterative research approach, and a hermeneutic research perspective. The empirical data of the study consists of eight semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders from Region Stockholm. Conclusion: The essay explains that the crisis has prompted a paradigm shift in primary care, which has led to positive and lasting consequences for healthcare providers and patients, as well as the emergence of new work methods. Furthermore, it is noted that crises require leaders to find a balance between different leadership behaviors and also explains that a crisis demands increased accessibility from leaders, and it is important for leaders in a crisis situation to convey calmness to their employees. The essay demonstrates that a leader's attitude towards the opinions of change recipients is crucial in managing resistance to change

The topic of the diploma thesis is dedicated to competence of non medical staff in the Czech Republic. The whole draft is built on analysing of the specific issues and consideration if it is possible to attein, that physicians could transmit part of their competences to non medical staff under the current law approval. In the theoretical part of the work I focus on identification of individual factors influence the work of non-medical staff and the conditions under which it is possible to perform the medical profession. Further on the system of education and competence individual profession primarily workers in intensive care. It also includes considerations for and against increasing the skills and vicarious view of selected experts. At the end of the thesis I developed a comparison between the neighboring states and the Czech Republic in the competence of selected professions. In the empirical part of the work, I work with data that I received from questionnaires. I concentrated mainly on nurses in intensive care units, and anesthesiology and resuscitation department. As well as to sites of paramedics station services in Prague (CSU crew III) Research questions aim to confirm or refute the hypotheses that I set on, if they want or not paramedical refuse the extension of his powers and at the same...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Fernando Picorelli de Oliveira Mouta.pdf: 1297486 bytes, checksum: f43cf0962b266b49b35bbaa2e2e903fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The article 170 of the Constitution makes it clear that the State did not opted for a model of total abstinence or full intervention, seeking the constitution to guarantee the role of private enterprise supervised by the government, in order for the economy to become an effective instrument to ensure its purpose, specifically the principle of the human dignity. The State, as a normative and regulating agent, perform the oversight, incentive and planning functions. On the other hand, social rights are rights that are guaranteed by various means, including the regulation of economic relations, giving everyone the benefits of life in society. Such rights, the right to health, is everyone's right and it is also a duty of the state, guaranteed through social and economic policies. To ensure the right to health for all, it was created the Unified Health System. However, in reality, the Unified Health System was not able to avoid the large concentration of establishments, structure and health professionals in the South and Southeast regions, to the detriment of other areas of the country. This was compounded by the State's abstention when it comes to planning and regulation of the medical profession, which is predominantly carried out by the Federal Medical Council and Regional Medical Councils. The "More Doctors" program, established by Law nº. 12 871 2013, aims to expand health supply in the country by creating new courses, setting new standards for medical education in the country and the promotion in the priority areas of medical improvement of Unified Health System in primary care area in health. Therefore, the "More Doctors" program, despite some flaws, is constitutional from the perspective of economic order, since it preserves the right to health by legitimate state intervention in the economic domain, and it is in line with the principle of reduction social and regional inequalities and the principle of human dignity / O artigo 170 da Constituição deixa claro que não se optou por um modelo de total abstenção ou de total intervenção do Estado, buscando a Constituição garantir a atuação da iniciativa privada, fiscalizada pelo poder público, para que a economia torne um instrumento apto a garantir os seus princípios-fins, mais especificamente o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. O Estado, ainda como agente normativo e regulador, desempenhará as funções de fiscalização, incentivo e planejamento. Por outro lado, os direitos sociais são direitos por diversos meios, dentre eles a regulação das relações econômicas, atribuir a todos os benefícios da vida em sociedade. Um desses direitos, o direito à saúde, é direito de todos e dever do Estado, garantido mediante políticas sociais e econômicas. Para garantir o direito à saúde a todos, foi criado o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Entretanto, na prática, o SUS não foi capaz de evitar a grande concentração de estabelecimentos, estrutura e profissionais de saúde nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, em detrimento das demais áreas do país. Isto foi agravado pela abstenção do Estado no que tange ao planejamento e à regulação da profissão médica, que é predominantemente realizada pelo Conselho Federal e Conselhos Regionais de Medicina. O programa Mais Médicos , instituído pela Lei nº. 12.871 de 2013, tem por objetivo expandir a oferta de saúde no país, mediante a criação de novos cursos, estabelecimento de novos parâmetros para a formação médica no País e a promoção nas regiões prioritárias do SUS de aperfeiçoamento de médicos na área de atenção básica em saúde. Desta feita, o programa Mais Médicos , apesar de algumas falhas, é constitucional sob a ótica da ordem econômica, uma vez que preserva o direito à saúde, mediante a intervenção legítima do Estado no domínio econômico, estando em consonância com o princípio da redução das desigualdades sociais e regionais e o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana

Residency models for education in the medical profession have existed for many years. Nationwide, policies are being implemented to bring this model to the field of teacher preparation. How this plays out within education programs is less researched, and there is a need to document the transition from traditional teacher education, that is, education that is based heavily in the college classroom, to a residency model, where preservice teachers spend a significant amount of time in an elementary school classroom. This paper describes how a year-long residency model is implemented and presents the changes in curriculum, scheduling and challenges encountered.

En France, au cours du processus de réforme de la médecine du travail, qui s’étend sur la première décennie des années 2000, la « pluridisciplinarité » s’impose comme une solution à une situation de crise que traverse le domaine de la prévention des risques professionnels. Elle doit remédier à la fois au déficit démographique de médecins du travail et à l’étroitesse du modèle français de prévention, jugé trop « médico-centré ». À partir du cas d’un service de santé au travail, cette recherche éclaire les enjeux de mise en œuvre d’une diversification de la main-d’œuvre des services. Elle analyse en particulier les « luttes juridictionnelles » (Abbott, 1988) qui opposent les médecins du travail aux groupes professionnels introduits au titre de la « pluridisciplinarité ». Des infirmières, des assistantes spécialisées dans la santé au travail, et des « intervenants en prévention des risques professionnels » (IPRP) viennent en effet à la fois assister le médecin sur des tâches qu’il n’a plus le temps d’accomplir et élargir son action à des domaines jusque-là peu investis par les services de santé au travail, repoussant ainsi les frontières de l’activité de ces organisations. Le dispositif « pluridisciplinaire » ne se présente pas comme un simple redéploiement de moyens mais redéfinit le contenu de l’activité de chacun. Ainsi, l’analyse des conflits occasionnés par la division du travail de prévention des « risques psychosociaux » fera apparaître, au-delà de clivages interprofessionnels, différentes conceptions de la santé au travail et de la mission de prévention. / Throughout the reform of the French occupational medical system in the first decade of the 2000s, "multidisciplinarianism" imposed itself as a solution to the ongoing crisis of professional risk prevention. It addressed both the demographic deficit of occupational doctors and the narrowness of the French prevention model, deemed too "medico-centered". Through the case of a specific occupational health service, the « SST1 », this research brings to light the stakes involved in carrying out a new policy based on workforce diversification. Namely, it analyses the « jurisdictional conflicts » (Abbott 1988) opposing occupational doctors from the newly introduced professional groups: nurses, assistants, professional risks specialists from different disciplines (ergonomists, psychologists, toxicologists…). Theses new groups both assist doctors on tasks they no longer have time to complete and enlarge their action to fields that were until then not dealt with in occupational health services, thus redefining the borders of their activity. Spreading itself beyond a simple reassignment of means, the "multidisciplinary" system reshapes the content of everyone’s activity. Therefore, an analysis of the conflicts incurred by the prevention of "psychosocial risks" will help put forward different conceptions of occupational health, and of the prevention mission, that can look further than the discrepancies between professional groups.

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Thesis (LLD (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The unique and intimate relationship that exists between a medical practitioner and his/her client is possibly one of the most important relationships that can come into being between any two people. This relationship is characterised and influenced by the qualities and attributes specific to the nature and historical development of medical care, as well as medical science in general. The doctor-patient relationship is also influenced by the social dynamics of a particular community, environmental factors, technological advances and the general social and commercial evolution of the human race. With regard to medical care and health service delivery, the doctor-patient relationship is furthermore vital to the quality of the care provided, as well as to the outcomes and relative success of the specific medical intervention or treatment. One of the distinct characteristics of the doctor-patient relationship is the power imbalance inherent in this relationship. The medical practitioner has expert knowledge and skill, while the patient finds himself or herself in an unusually dependent and vulnerable position. It is because of this important role that the doctor-patient relationship still plays in health service delivery today; the susceptibility of the relationship to a variety of influences, and the characteristic power imbalances inherent in this relationship, that a study of the doctor-patient relationship in South African medical- and health law is necessary. The characteristic power imbalances will be considered from a legal perspective in this dissertation. This study provides a comprehensive source of the doctor-patient relationship from a legal perspective. Where relevant, references are made to theories and principles from other disciplines, including sociology, economy and medical ethnomethodology. The prevalence and consequences of power imbalances in the doctor-patient relationship are identified and discussed with the aim of bringing these to the attention of both the legal fraternity, and medical practitioners. Specific problem areas are identified and solutions are offered, including the following: • The adverse consequences of power imbalances inherent in the doctor-patient relationship on the medical decision-making process are considered from various perspectives. With regard to these adverse consequences, the doctrine of informed consent is analysed and evaluated in great detail. • The influence of paternalistic notions in health service delivery; the business model of health service delivery and the effects of managed care and consumer-directed health care on the doctor-patient relationship and health service delivery in general are also analysed from a legal perspective, and specifically with regard to the power imbalances inherent in this relationship. • The role of autonomy, self-determination and dignity, as well as the principles of beneficence in medical practice, are reconsidered in an attempt to provide a solution for redressing the power imbalances inherent in the doctor-patient relationship. • The fiduciary nature of the doctor-patient relationship and the special role of trust in the relationship are emphasised throughout the dissertation as the focal point of departure in the doctor-patient relationship and the main constituent in any legal endeavor to redress the power imbalances inherent in it. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Die unieke en intieme verhouding wat bestaan tussen ‘n mediese praktisyn en ‘n pasiënt is wêreldwyd waarskynlik een van die belangrikste verhoudings wat tussen twee persone tot stand kan kom. Hierdie verhouding word gekenmerk en beïnvloed deur kwaliteite en eienskappe eie aan die besonderse aard en historiese ontwikkeling van gesondheidsorg, sowel as die mediese wetenskap in die algemeen. Die dokter-pasiënt verhouding word verder beïnvloed deur die sosiale dinamika van ‘n bepaalde gemeenskap, omgewingsfaktore, tegnologiese vooruitgang en die algemene sosiale en kommersiële ontwikkeling van die mensdom. Op die terrein van gesondheidsorg en mediese dienslewering is die dokter-pasiënt verhouding voorts ook sentraal tot die kwaliteit van die mediese sorg wat verskaf word, sowel as die uitkomste en relatiewe sukses van die spesifieke mediese behandeling. Een van die kenmerkende eienskappe van die dokter-pasiënt verhouding is die magswanbalans wat daar tussen dokter en pasiënt bestaan. Die mediese praktisyn beskik oor deskundige kennis en vaardighede, terwyl die pasiënt hom- of haarself in ‘n ongewone, afhanklike en kwesbare posisie bevind. Dit is dan veral weens die besondere rol wat hierdie verhouding steeds in hedendaagse gesondheidsorg speel, die beïnvloedbaarheid van hierdie verhouding deur ‘n verskeidenheid faktore, sowel as die kenmerkende magswanbalans inherent in die verhouding, dat ‘n ondersoek na die dokter-pasiënt verhouding in die Suid-Afrikaanse mediese reg noodsaaklik is. Hierdie kenmerkende magswanbalans sal vanuit ‘n regsperspektief verder in hierdie proefskrif ondersoek word. Hierdie studie bied ‘n omvattende bron van die dokter-pasiënt verhouding benader vanuit ‘n regsperspektief, terwyl verwysings na teorieë en beginsels van ander dissiplines soos die sosiologie, ekonomie en mediese etnometodologie ook waar nodig ingesluit word. Die voorkoms en gevolge van ‘n magswanbalans in die dokter-pasiënt verhouding word verder geïdentifiseer en bespreek ten einde dit onder die aandag te bring van beide regslui en medici. Spesifieke probleemareas wat geïdentifiseer is en die oplossings wat daarvoor aan die hand gedoen is sluit die volgende in: • Die nadelige gevolge van die bestaan van ‘n magswanbalans in die dokter-pasiënt verhouding op die mediese-besluitnemingsproses word bespreek vanuit verskillende persepktiewe. Met betrekking tot hierdie nadelige gevolge, word die leerstuk van ingeligte toestemming in besonder geanaliseer en geëvalueer. • Die invloed van ‘n paternalistiese benadering tot gesondheidsorg, die besigheids-model van gesondheidsorg, en die effek van bestuurde- en verbruikersgedrewe gesondheidsorg inisiatiewe op die dokter-pasiënt verhouding en die verskaffing van gesondheidsdienste in die algemeen word ook vanuit ‘n regsperspektief ge-analiseer. Spesifieke aandag word in dié verband gegee aan die invloede van hierdie benaderings en perspektiewe op die magswanbalans inherent aan die dokter-pasiënt verhouding. • Die besondere rol van autonomie, selfbeskikking en menswaardigheid, asook die beginsels van weldadigheid in gesondheidsorg, word heroorweeg in ‘n poging om ‘n meer gelyke distribusie van mag in die dokter-pasiënt verhouding te verseker. • Die fidusiêre aard van die dokter-pasiënt verhouding en die besondere rol wat vertroue in hierdie verhouding speel, word in hierdie proefskrif beklemtoon en word voorts as die basis van die dokter-pasiënt verhouding beskou. Vertroue, as ‘n kenmerk van die dokter-pasiënt verhouding, behoort ook die fokuspunt te wees van enige poging om die magswanbalans in die dokter-pasiënt verhouding aan te spreek.

This dissertation studies the development of a regulation of prostitution in Stockholm during the period 1812-1880. The development of the regulation system is seen in the light of an analytical framework, developed from Carole Pateman's ideas on the sexual contract, and a feministic critique and elaboration of Jürgen Habermas's ideas on the public sphere. The regulation of prostitution was a common characteristic for many metropolises in Europe during the nineteenth century, where supposedly loose and lecherous women were medically and spatially controlled to impede the spread of venereal diseases. Stockholm, and Sweden as a whole, went from a non-gendered to a gendered control of venereal disease, which eventually developed into a spatial control of public women. This study argues that the practices of a regulation system was at first part of an attempt to import what was seen as part of modernisation. Rather than to prohibit extra-marital sexual relations, these were to be controlled and supervised. Eventually the system was adapted to local circumstances in Stockholm, and a control of women's sexuality in public became part of a metropolitan modernity. In the process of the professionalisation of groups such as the police and the physicians, public women were over time perceived as a group of professional prostitutes. The possibility to live off prostitution as a transitory stage in women's lives disappeared, and prostitution became a medically and spatially controlled trade.

The role of midwife has been an integral part of the culture of childbirth in Queensland throughout its history, but it is a role that has been modified and reshaped over time. This thesis explores the factors that underpinned a crucial aspect of that modification and reshaping. Specifically, the thesis examines the factors that contributed to the statutory regulation of midwives that began in 1912 and argues that it was that event that etched the development of midwifery practice for the remainder of the twentieth century. In 1859, when Queensland seceded from New South Wales, childbirth was very much a private event that took place predominantly in the home attended by a woman who acted as midwife. In the fifty-threeyears that followed, childbirth became a medical event that was the subject of scrutiny by the medical profession and the state. The thesis argues that, the year 1912 marks the point at which the practice of midwifery by midwives in Queensland began a transition from lay practice in the home to qualified status in the hospital. In 1912, through the combined efforts of the medical profession, senior nurses and the state, midwives in Queensland were brought under the jurisdiction of the Nurses' Registration Board as "midwifery nurses". The Nurses' Registration Board was established as part of the Health Act Amendment Act of 1911. The inclusion of midwives within a regulatory authority for nurses represented the beginning of the end of midwifery practice as a discrete occupational role and marked its redefinition as a nursing specialty. It was a redefinition that suited the three major stakeholders. The medical profession perceived lay midwives to be a disjointed and uncoordinated body of women whose practice contributed to needless loss of life in childbirth. Further, lay midwives inhibited the generalist medical practitioners' access to family practice. Trained nurses looked upon midwifery as an extension of nursing and one which offered them an area in which they might specialise in order to enhance their occupational status and career prospects. The state was keen to improve birth rates and to reduce infant mortality. It was prepared to accept that the regulation of midwives under the auspices of nursing was a reasonable and proper strategy and one that might assist it to meet its objectives. It was these separate, but complementary, agendas that prompted the medical profession and the state to debate the culture of childbirth, to examine the role of midwives within it, and to support the amalgamation of nursing and midwifery practice. This thesis argues that the medical profession was the most active and persistent protagonist in the moves to limit the scope of midwives and to claim midwifery practice as a medical specialty. Through a campaign to defame midwives and to reduce their credibility as birth attendants, the medical profession enlisted the help of senior nurses and the state in order to redefine midwifery practice as a nursing role and to cultivate the notion of the midwife as a subordinate to the medical practitioner. While this thesis contests the intervention of the medical profession in the reproductive lives of women and the occupational territory of midwives, it concedes that there was a need to initiate change. Drawing on evidence submitted at Inquests into deaths associated with childbirth, the thesis illuminates a childbirth culture that was characterised by anguish and suffering and it depicts the lay midwife as a further peril to an already hazardous event that helps to explain medical intervention in childbirth and, in part, to excuse it. The strategies developed by the medical profession and the state to bring about the occupational transition of midwives from lay to qualified were based upon a conceptual unity between the work of midwives and nurses. That conceptualisation was reinforced by a practical training schedule that deployed midwives within the institution of the lying-in hospital in order to receive the formal instruction that underpinned their entitlement to inclusion on the Register of Midwifery Nurses held by the Nurses' Registration Board. The structure that was put in place in Queensland in 1912 to control and monitor the practice of midwives was consistent with the policies of other Australian states at that time. It was an arrangement that gained acceptance and strength over time so that by the end of the twentieth century, throughout Australia, the practice of midwifery by midwives was, generally, consequent upon prior qualification as a Registered Nurse. In Queensland, in the opening years of the twenty-first century, the role of midwife remains tied to that of the nurse but the balance of power has shifted from the medical profession to the nursing profession. At this time, with the exception of a small number of midwives who have acquired their qualification in midwifery from an overseas country that recognises midwifery practice as a discipline independent of nursing, the vast majority of midwives practising in Queensland do so on the basis of their registration as a nurse. Methodology This thesis explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. The historical approach underpins this research. The historical approach is an inductive process that is an appropriate method to employ for several reasons. First, it assists in identifying the origins of midwifery as a social role performed by women. Second, it presents a systematic way of analysing the evidence concerning the development of the midwifery role and the status of the midwife in society. Third, it highlights the political, social and economic influences which have impacted on midwifery in the past and which have had a bearing on subsequent midwifery practice in Queensland. Fourth, the historical approach exposes important chronological elements pertaining to the research question. Finally, it assists the exposure of themes in the sources that demonstrate the behaviour of key individuals and governing authorities and their connection to the transition of midwifery from lay to qualified. Consequently, through analysing the sources and collating the emerging evidence, a cogent account of interpretations of midwifery history in Queensland may be constructed. Data collection and analysis The data collection began with secondary source material in the formative stages of the research and this provided direction for the primary sources that were later accessed. The primary source material that is employed includes testimonies submitted at Inquests into maternal and neonatal deaths; parliamentary records; legislation, government gazettes, and medical journals. The data has been analysed through an inductive process and its presentation has combined exploration and narration to produce an accurate and plausible account. The story that unfolds is complex and confusing. Its primary focus lies in ascertaining why and how midwifery practice was regulated in Queensland. The thesis therefore explores the factors that influenced the decision to regulate midwifery practice in Queensland in 1912 and the means by which that regulation was achieved. Limitations of the study The limitations of the study relate to the documentary evidence and to the cultural group that form the basis of the study. It is acknowledged that historical accounts rely upon the integrity of the historian to select and interpret the data in a fair and plausible manner. In the case of this thesis, one of its limitations is that midwives did not speak for themselves but were, instead, spoken for by medical practitioners and parliamentarians. As a consequence, the coronial and magisterial testimonies that are employed constitute a limitation in that while they reveal the ways in which lay midwifery occurred, they relate only to those childbirth events that resulted in death. Thus, they may be said to represent the minority of cases involving the lay midwife rather than to offer a broader and perhaps more balanced picture. A second limitation is that the accounts are recorded by an official such as a member of the police or of the Coroner's Office and are sanctioned by the witness with a signature or, more often, a cross. It is therefore possible that the recorder has guided these accounts and that they are not the spontaneous evidence of the witness. Those witnesses and the culture they represent are drawn predominantly from non- Indigenous working class. Thus, a third limitation is that the principal ethnic group featured in this thesis has been women of European descent who were born in Queensland or other parts of Australia. This focus has originated from the data itself and has not been contrived. However, it does impose a restriction to the scope of the study.

5 Abstract This diploma thesis is focused on the development of lifelong education of general nurses in the Czech Republic. The duty of lifelong education and its control has been introduced with the admission of the Czech Republic into the European Union. However, the development timeline is possible to follow until the period after the Second World War. The theoretical part describes the term of non-medical occupations, nursing and the roles of general nurses. Within the concept of lifelong education and learning is pursued European development line, as well as its influence in the Czech Republic. There is also a track of professionalism within the nursing occupation, which enables general nurses to take over more responsibilities and this led to the requirement of higher education. The empirical part of the text is dedicated to the analysis of the questionnaire of my own construction, which examined rapport of lifelong learning principles by general nurses. These principles were chosen on the base of nursing strategies which were acquired by the Czech Republic. The interest of the research was to compare two groups of general nurses. The first was represented by nurses educated before adopting the law no. 96/2004, and the second group included nurses with tertiary education level. Key words: general...