Atualmente estamos atravessando um momento único na história do país. Além da estabilidade econômica que gera visibilidade e credibilidade mundial ao Brasil, estamos às vésperas de realizar o maior evento esportivo do planeta: a Copa do Mundo FIFA de Futebol. O futebol é um esporte de grande repercussão – chamado de paixão nacional no Brasil – o que gera grandes expectativas sobre o Megaevento, principalmente pela questão econômica. Além de todos os interesses que cercam a realização deste evento, os cidadãos envolvidos com o Setor Terciário (que abrange atividades comerciais, prestação de serviços, turismo e entretenimento) são os mais otimistas frente à realização do mesmo. Este setor da economia, que cada vez emprega mais pessoas, vem mudando seu perfil desde a década de 70, e a diversidade dos serviços atualmente oferecidos está diretamente relacionada com a mudança do perfil urbano das grandes cidades. A respeito disto, vários autores vêm escrevendo a respeito das modificações ocorridas na dinâmica das metrópoles, como por exemplo Ascher (2004) e Santos (1999), entre outros, que destacam em suas obras a crescente importância da tecnologia no cotidiano, as facilidades de comunicação, informação e mobilidade, o aprimoramento constante da ciência e a consequente modificação da noção de limites espaciais e temporais. Algumas obras já chegam a denominar o nível de complexidade que atingiu o Setor Terciário nas grandes metrópoles de Terciário Superior ou Quaternário, tamanho o ineditismo que foi alcançado neste aspecto atualmente. Para se referir a estes novos processos urbanos, usaremos neste trabalho a denominação Terceira Modernidade Urbana, de Ascher (2004, p. 28), para que haja um destaque deste momento frente aos anteriores. Focando os estudos em Porto Alegre, procura-se aqui encontrar as evidências desta Terceira Modernidade Urbana na capital gaúcha. E, sendo esta uma das 12 cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo no Brasil, objetiva-se verificar também como o Setor Terciário da cidade está se preparando para atender um público global, e qual a expectativa do mesmo sobre o legado que o Megaevento vai deixar para o Setor. / We are currently going through a unique moment in the country's history. Besides economic stability that generates global visibility and credibility to Brazil, we are on the verge of realizing the greatest sporting event on the planet: the FIFA World Cup. The football is a sport of great impact - called national passion in Brazil - which generates great expectations about the mega event, mainly for economic question. Besides all the interests that surround this event, citizens involved in the Tertiary Section (covering commercial activities, services, tourism and entertainment) are the most optimistic ahead to achievement the same. This section of the economy, which increasingly employs more people, is changing its profile since the 70s, and the diversity of services currently offered is directly related to the changing profile of the urban cities. In this regard, several authors have been writing about the alterations in the dynamics of metropolises such as Ascher (2004) and Santos (1999), among others, in his works that highlight the growing importance of technology in everyday life, the facilities communication, information and mobility, the constant improvement of science and the consequent modification of the notion of spatial and temporal boundaries. Some works have come to signify the level of complexity that hit the Tertiary Section in the large cities of Upper Tertiary and Quaternary, the unprecedented size has been achieved in this regard today. To refer to these new urban processes, this work will use the term Third Urban Modernity, of Ascher (2004, p. 28), to this moment to have highlighted a compared to others. Focusing on studies in Porto Alegre, seeks to find evidence of this here Third Urban Modernity in the state capital. And, this being one of 12 host cities for the World Cup in Brazil, aims to verify how well the Tertiary Section of the city is preparing to serve a global public, and what is the expectation of the same on the legacy that the mega event will leave the section.

Atualmente estamos atravessando um momento único na história do país. Além da estabilidade econômica que gera visibilidade e credibilidade mundial ao Brasil, estamos às vésperas de realizar o maior evento esportivo do planeta: a Copa do Mundo FIFA de Futebol. O futebol é um esporte de grande repercussão – chamado de paixão nacional no Brasil – o que gera grandes expectativas sobre o Megaevento, principalmente pela questão econômica. Além de todos os interesses que cercam a realização deste evento, os cidadãos envolvidos com o Setor Terciário (que abrange atividades comerciais, prestação de serviços, turismo e entretenimento) são os mais otimistas frente à realização do mesmo. Este setor da economia, que cada vez emprega mais pessoas, vem mudando seu perfil desde a década de 70, e a diversidade dos serviços atualmente oferecidos está diretamente relacionada com a mudança do perfil urbano das grandes cidades. A respeito disto, vários autores vêm escrevendo a respeito das modificações ocorridas na dinâmica das metrópoles, como por exemplo Ascher (2004) e Santos (1999), entre outros, que destacam em suas obras a crescente importância da tecnologia no cotidiano, as facilidades de comunicação, informação e mobilidade, o aprimoramento constante da ciência e a consequente modificação da noção de limites espaciais e temporais. Algumas obras já chegam a denominar o nível de complexidade que atingiu o Setor Terciário nas grandes metrópoles de Terciário Superior ou Quaternário, tamanho o ineditismo que foi alcançado neste aspecto atualmente. Para se referir a estes novos processos urbanos, usaremos neste trabalho a denominação Terceira Modernidade Urbana, de Ascher (2004, p. 28), para que haja um destaque deste momento frente aos anteriores. Focando os estudos em Porto Alegre, procura-se aqui encontrar as evidências desta Terceira Modernidade Urbana na capital gaúcha. E, sendo esta uma das 12 cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo no Brasil, objetiva-se verificar também como o Setor Terciário da cidade está se preparando para atender um público global, e qual a expectativa do mesmo sobre o legado que o Megaevento vai deixar para o Setor. / We are currently going through a unique moment in the country's history. Besides economic stability that generates global visibility and credibility to Brazil, we are on the verge of realizing the greatest sporting event on the planet: the FIFA World Cup. The football is a sport of great impact - called national passion in Brazil - which generates great expectations about the mega event, mainly for economic question. Besides all the interests that surround this event, citizens involved in the Tertiary Section (covering commercial activities, services, tourism and entertainment) are the most optimistic ahead to achievement the same. This section of the economy, which increasingly employs more people, is changing its profile since the 70s, and the diversity of services currently offered is directly related to the changing profile of the urban cities. In this regard, several authors have been writing about the alterations in the dynamics of metropolises such as Ascher (2004) and Santos (1999), among others, in his works that highlight the growing importance of technology in everyday life, the facilities communication, information and mobility, the constant improvement of science and the consequent modification of the notion of spatial and temporal boundaries. Some works have come to signify the level of complexity that hit the Tertiary Section in the large cities of Upper Tertiary and Quaternary, the unprecedented size has been achieved in this regard today. To refer to these new urban processes, this work will use the term Third Urban Modernity, of Ascher (2004, p. 28), to this moment to have highlighted a compared to others. Focusing on studies in Porto Alegre, seeks to find evidence of this here Third Urban Modernity in the state capital. And, this being one of 12 host cities for the World Cup in Brazil, aims to verify how well the Tertiary Section of the city is preparing to serve a global public, and what is the expectation of the same on the legacy that the mega event will leave the section.

<p>Why do municipalities bid for mega-events? Simply bidding for these events, such as the Commonwealth Games, the Olympic Games or a World Expo, can run into the millions of dollars. The cost of hosting such a large-scale international event now runs into the billions of dollars. It would appear to be an economic risk, yet cities, and their respective countries, around the world continue to choose this public policy path. Using urban regime theory, and focusing on the work of Stone, Stoker and Mossberger, this research investigates the actors and their motivations surrounding the Commonwealth Games bids by Melbourne, Australia for 2006, Halifax, Nova Scotia for 2014, and Hamilton, Ontario for 1994, 2010 and 2014. Civic pride, economic development, tourism growth and infrastructure improvements are all motivating factors and a mega-event is seen as a short-cut to achieving these public policy goals. We conclude that strong cooperation between the public and private sectors is necessary, as well as comparable cooperation between the upper levels of government and the host city, for a seriously competitive bid in a Western democracy, and that the weaker the cooperation, the less resolve and likelihood there is to host an expensive event at any cost. This research not only furthers political science knowledge in the sports public policy field, but also confirms the use of urban regime theory as a useful framework in comparative urban analysis as it allows us to categorize actors and motivations as we compare across municipalities.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a new perspective to the analysis of megaevent / host city relationship. The significance of the research subject depends on the interest in hosting mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the World Fairs, which generate a competition among cities. Turkish cities are recently being involved in this competition. In addition to that, mega-events have large-scale and long-term impacts on the built environment, which has not been thoroughly discussed in urban studies. The methodology which is based on a qualitative analysis comprises three steps: a historical analysis made on the Olympic host cities, and two case studies. The first case is Athens as the 2004 Olympic city, the second case is Istanbul as an Olympic bid city since 1990. This study recognizes but qualifies the concept of megaevent hosting. It is shown that mega-event hosting is a capacity-building process, whilst it has a potential to generate overdose investments problem in the built environment. The most significant conclusion of the study is that the ability of coping with this problem is correlated with the ability of absorbing the investments made.

Nessa dissertação procede-se à análise das narrativas do jornal O Globo durante a ocupação da favela da Rocinha pelas forças oficiais, em novembro de 2011. Pretende-se identificar as representações veiculadas pela mídia nesse especial momento da vida da cidade, que convive com a implantação do projeto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora UPPs e a expectativa de recepcionar, nos próximos anos, dois megaeventos esportivos internacionais: a Copa do Mundo (2014) e as Olimpíadas (2016). O mote da pesquisa foi, através da análise das representações sobre o processo de ocupação, descobrir pistas que permitissem pensar o impacto dessa medida sobre a cidade e seus habitantes. Foi possível perceber que, diferentemente do que ocorria nas últimas décadas, a violência urbana não se apresentou como questão de grande interesse para o jornal, aparecendo apenas incidentalmente como eventos pontuais em um contexto predominantemente pacífico. Prevaleceu o discurso otimista em relação à cidade e seu futuro. Nesse sentido, diversas matérias registraram o sucesso da operação policial, comemorando a substituição da política policial de confronto pelas ações de inteligência, fator que teria permitido a retomada do morro sem que um tiro sequer fosse disparado. Ênfase especial foi dada às UPPs, sistematicamente representadas de forma positiva pelo jornal, moradores, empresários e especialistas, que apontariam o projeto como fator responsável pela onda de esperança e otimismo que envolve a cidade. As UPPs seriam, ainda, o elemento que permitiria, aos cariocas, ressignificar as favelas da cidade, afastando a aura de violência a elas associadas, fazendo desaparecer o medo que esses espaços da cidade historicamente causam na população em geral, integrando as favelas na cidade formal. O processo de pacificação das favelas do Rio de Janeiro, personificado nas UPPs, seria a ponte que permitiria, à cidade, se redescobrir, se reinventar, recuperando a alegria e a auto-estima, deixando para trás as décadas de pessimismo e desesperança. Observou-se, assim, que durante o período pesquisado, a dinâmica das narrativas rompeu com o padrão anterior de representação de cidade violenta, privilegiando o discurso da cidade pacificada, embora com episódios violentos pontuais. / The research draws your attention towards the narratives of the newspaper O Globo during the occupation of the Rocinha favela by official forces in November 2011. Intended to identify what kind of representations was reported by the media at special moment of city life, which coexists with the implementation of the project of Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) and the expectation to host two international sporting mega events: World Cup (2014) and the Olympics (2016). Analyzing media representations about the process of occupation, the goal of the research was to discover clues that help to think the impact of this political measure on the city and its inhabitants. It was possible to realize that, unlike what had been happening in recent decades, urban violence not presented as a matter of great interest to the newspapers, appearing only incidentally as occasional issues in a predominantly pacific context. Optimistic speech prevailed in relation to the city and its future. Accordingly, several matters reported on the success of the police operation, celebrating the replacement of police policy of confrontation by the actions of intelligence, which would have allowed the resumption of the Hill without a shot even being fired. Special emphasis was given to UPPs, systematically represented positively by the newspaper, residents, businessmen and specialists, who pointed out the project as a factor responsible for the wave of hope and optimism that surrounds the city. The UPP would be the element that would bring new meanings to the slums of the city. The aura of violence associated with slums was away, making disappear the fear that these spaces of the city historically cause in the general population. The UPP would be responsible for integrating slums in the city. The process of pacification of Rio slums, personified in the UPPs, would be the bridge that would allow the city to rediscover, to reinvent itself, retrieving the joy and self-esteem, leaving behind decades of pessimism and hopelessness. It was observed that during the search, the dynamics of media narratives broke with the previous pattern of representation of a violent city and has opted for an optimistic speech, albeit with occasional violent episodes.

Nessa dissertação procede-se à análise das narrativas do jornal O Globo durante a ocupação da favela da Rocinha pelas forças oficiais, em novembro de 2011. Pretende-se identificar as representações veiculadas pela mídia nesse especial momento da vida da cidade, que convive com a implantação do projeto das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora UPPs e a expectativa de recepcionar, nos próximos anos, dois megaeventos esportivos internacionais: a Copa do Mundo (2014) e as Olimpíadas (2016). O mote da pesquisa foi, através da análise das representações sobre o processo de ocupação, descobrir pistas que permitissem pensar o impacto dessa medida sobre a cidade e seus habitantes. Foi possível perceber que, diferentemente do que ocorria nas últimas décadas, a violência urbana não se apresentou como questão de grande interesse para o jornal, aparecendo apenas incidentalmente como eventos pontuais em um contexto predominantemente pacífico. Prevaleceu o discurso otimista em relação à cidade e seu futuro. Nesse sentido, diversas matérias registraram o sucesso da operação policial, comemorando a substituição da política policial de confronto pelas ações de inteligência, fator que teria permitido a retomada do morro sem que um tiro sequer fosse disparado. Ênfase especial foi dada às UPPs, sistematicamente representadas de forma positiva pelo jornal, moradores, empresários e especialistas, que apontariam o projeto como fator responsável pela onda de esperança e otimismo que envolve a cidade. As UPPs seriam, ainda, o elemento que permitiria, aos cariocas, ressignificar as favelas da cidade, afastando a aura de violência a elas associadas, fazendo desaparecer o medo que esses espaços da cidade historicamente causam na população em geral, integrando as favelas na cidade formal. O processo de pacificação das favelas do Rio de Janeiro, personificado nas UPPs, seria a ponte que permitiria, à cidade, se redescobrir, se reinventar, recuperando a alegria e a auto-estima, deixando para trás as décadas de pessimismo e desesperança. Observou-se, assim, que durante o período pesquisado, a dinâmica das narrativas rompeu com o padrão anterior de representação de cidade violenta, privilegiando o discurso da cidade pacificada, embora com episódios violentos pontuais. / The research draws your attention towards the narratives of the newspaper O Globo during the occupation of the Rocinha favela by official forces in November 2011. Intended to identify what kind of representations was reported by the media at special moment of city life, which coexists with the implementation of the project of Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) and the expectation to host two international sporting mega events: World Cup (2014) and the Olympics (2016). Analyzing media representations about the process of occupation, the goal of the research was to discover clues that help to think the impact of this political measure on the city and its inhabitants. It was possible to realize that, unlike what had been happening in recent decades, urban violence not presented as a matter of great interest to the newspapers, appearing only incidentally as occasional issues in a predominantly pacific context. Optimistic speech prevailed in relation to the city and its future. Accordingly, several matters reported on the success of the police operation, celebrating the replacement of police policy of confrontation by the actions of intelligence, which would have allowed the resumption of the Hill without a shot even being fired. Special emphasis was given to UPPs, systematically represented positively by the newspaper, residents, businessmen and specialists, who pointed out the project as a factor responsible for the wave of hope and optimism that surrounds the city. The UPP would be the element that would bring new meanings to the slums of the city. The aura of violence associated with slums was away, making disappear the fear that these spaces of the city historically cause in the general population. The UPP would be responsible for integrating slums in the city. The process of pacification of Rio slums, personified in the UPPs, would be the bridge that would allow the city to rediscover, to reinvent itself, retrieving the joy and self-esteem, leaving behind decades of pessimism and hopelessness. It was observed that during the search, the dynamics of media narratives broke with the previous pattern of representation of a violent city and has opted for an optimistic speech, albeit with occasional violent episodes.

Peer reviewed literature currently provides little knowledge of how to recruit and train Doping Control Officers (DCOs) for Mega Sport Events. This study adds to the existing body of literature on creating knowledge transfer and legacy for future Mega Event Organizing Committees. A phenomenological designed study was conducted through the use of a qualitative on-line survey during the 2015 Toronto Pan American Games. A survey response rate of 58% was achieved. Survey responses by DCOs were analyzed using inductive coding to identify four main themes; i) DCO motivations, ii) training program design, iii) engagement and support, and iv) barriers to participation in the results. Recommendations include using mixed methods for future studies, provide DCOs with training and evaluation opportunities prior to the Mega Sport Event, and developing mentorship opportunities during games operations. Additional research is needed to create greater understanding of DCO motivations and perceptions beyond this study.

This Master Thesis develops the challenges of travel modeling during the Olympic and Paralympic Games, more specially for the Paris Olympics in 2024. This problem as been set by IDFM (Île-de-France Mobilités), the transport organisation authority of Paris and its region, that has therefore to deal with public travel during the Olympics. A very simplified model was already in use, but is no longer sufficient. The exceptional nature of this event, considered as a mega-event, requires a precise understanding of the subject as well as a different and adaptive modeling process. Thus, this work presents a detailed methodology for public transport travel modeling in Paris and its surroundings during the Olympics. This model will become more and more refined until the end of this mega-event, in order to present results or advert the multiple stakeholders around the topic of the Olympic Games transportation (event organizers, transport operators). The two significant parts of the model are distinguished and described: the Olympic Games related trips and the background demand, which require two very different approaches. The OG demand needs several assumptions which are often in constant evolution: the versatility of the parameters is a very important point to take into account. On the other side, the background demand prediction is a significant challenge because it differs from what is usually done. Both of these parts are adapted from the principle of the four-step transportation model and reuse parts of the IDFM model, ANTONIN 3, specifically calibrated for the Île-de-France region. It is also necessary to conceive with the will to adapt as much as possible the available transport data and the tools already in operation, such as the model already in use. Suggestions for further improvements are also mentioned to refine the results until the final day which will be possible thanks to enhancements of the input assumptions over time, such as ticketing data for instance.

The theoretical framework of accumulation by dispossession allows for a critical examination of urban development projects within neoliberalism (Harvey, 2009; Swyngedouw, Moulaert & Rodriguez, 2002). Within the same neoliberal paradigm, sports mega-events have come to play a significant role for urban regeneration and policy-making (Hall, 2006). Meanwhile attending to the well-documented cases of mass-evictions and reduction of standard housing rights as a recurrent consequence of cities hosting such events (Blunden, 2012), we believe that such a critical examination is arguably important in order to do justice to these kinds of urban regeneration projects. In this paper we analyse, by a case study approach, how mega-events amplify and accelerate the process of accumulation by dispossession. We attend to the development of the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, Barra da Tijuca, in preparation for the Rio 2016 Games, as well as the neighbouring community of Vila Autódromo. By analysing different types of source material, we discuss how the mechanisms of privatisation and entrepreneurialism are reflected in our case; understood as two important mechanisms that facilitate the process of accumulation by dispossession (Harvey, 2009).

全球化的競爭趨勢使得國家行銷發展跨越原有的疆界，轉而成為各國城市間的競爭，城市的經管理與行銷提升城市本身的競爭優勢，城市亦藉由積極參與國際性大型活動或展演拓展城市的知名度與形象，吸引實質的產業投資與引導消費等實質經濟利益，同時也能成為國外人士連結城市的管道。因此，整合城市的各個面向，例如城市品牌，城市形象、特色產業、基礎建設等，以策略性的包裝與行銷大幅提昇城市的競爭力。 臺北市經營城市行銷，首重市場定位與塑造品牌形象，統籌臺北市的政治、經濟、歷史、文化、環境等資源整合，成為城市品牌形象定位的基礎，因此積極透過城市行銷對外發展的臺北市而言，參與如奧林匹克運動會、世界博覽會等國際性大型活動的機會，藉由行銷策略組合建構城市品牌形象以利臺北市推展城市行銷是本研究的主要目的。 文獻回顧部分，探討包括城市行銷的定義與內涵，行銷策略擬定與建構城市品牌印象之相關理論，以及大型活動本質的探討與建構品牌形象之關聯。研究方法則而歸納文獻資料提示的建構城市品牌指標參考，整理歸納「構面組織」、「環境構面」、「目標市場構面」、「行銷構面」、以及「策略構面」等五個面向擬定59項評估指標製作修正式德菲法調查問卷，由10位公共行政、行銷、傳播及媒體領域之專業人士填寫調查問卷，由專家學者群體決策為基礎進行調查，最後經兩回合問卷調查後專家達成意見一致性共識作為本研究分析之基礎。 本研究透過修正式德菲法問卷的五個5個構面共59項以大型活動建構城市品牌形象之評估指標，專家小組認為利用參與大型活動建構城市品牌形象中，「組織構面」的領導者決策、策略規劃及策略執行能力為最主要關鍵，而包括城市的交通建設網絡以及城市風格等，都是影響形塑城市重要因素。而研究結果則建議建構城市品牌形象可採用地區性行銷策略，而在策略實際操作部分則延攬專業的行銷規劃團隊，以規劃主題式行銷活動，並透過新興媒體進行宣傳等方式為臺北市形塑優質的城市品牌形象。 / As a consequence of globalization, the marketing of region has grown in importance as countries, regions compete with one another to attract investment and visitors. To compete effectively, it is essential to identify the critical success factors of image branding and ensure those who are into the strategic planning. City's image branding is largely dependent on the construction, communication and management as well as the style of the city. A city's brand image provides, on one hand, the basis for developing city marketing to pursue economic development and, on the other hand, provides as a conduit for people outside the country. This study examines the effectiveness of the efforts on the image branding of Taipei based on an analysis of image branding strategies through the participation of mega events. The theoretical background from literary reviews of this study covering city marketing, city branding and image, mega events and event marketing topics, which are the conceptual but technical and structural viewpoints included. The primary city brand-driven mega events indicators would be developed by reorganizing these past researches and by dividing them into five aspects: organizational, environmental, target market, marketing, and strategies. All primary indicators are evaluated by 10 marketing, communication, media, and administrative experts to evaluate which have the most criteria toward the image branding of Taipei, and how these factors could be utilized to form the strategic framework. Based on the survey of the modified Delphi method, the result indicated that the most crucial success factor of the image branding of Taipei is organization leadership, which refer to the city governing philosophy of decision-making, strategic planning, and implementation represention the core building block of image branding. This survey points out that the convenient transportation network, unique city style and applied communication channel, such as social media, are also drawing a line determining the effect of the image branding of Taipei. Accordingly, some recommendations can be made for the use of the image branding of Taipei: diversified cultural driven assets can be attractive points; Fesvital and activities also can be applied; new style of promotiation channel such as social media can also be developed. Those are based on a combination and the components of the city's brand management.