Agarose gel was used as a template to prepare zirconium titanium mixed oxide pellets with bimodal porosity. The materials were fully characterized to assess the effect ofZr:Ti ratio on the physical properties. It was found that the metal oxide ratio had an impact on surface acidity, the number of surface hydroxyl groups, the surface area the crystallinity and the mesopore diameter. The oxides were tested for the adsorption of vanadium ions to determine which Zr mole fraction exhibited the highest loading capacity and the fastest kinetics. A comparative study demonstrated that a hierarchical pore structure had enhanced mass transport properties over a monomodal pore structure of similar Zr:Ti composition. / Three porous zirconium titanium oxides (25 mol% Zr) were synthesized using sol-gel chemistry. One of the materials was templated from agarose gel, the second was produced without the use of a template and the third was templated from stearic acid. All three materials varied in pore architecture. Surface modification was performed post-synthetically using propionic acid (a monomer), glutaric acid (a dimer) and three molecular weights of poly(acrylic acid). Higher loading within the inorganic support was obtained for the polymers than for the smaller molecules. It was found that the pore architecture had a strong bearing on the quantity of polymer incorporated into the metal oxide framework and some effect on the rate of polymer adsorption. Thus there is great value in using templates to control pore structure. The materials were subjected to irradiation with 60Co γ-rays to determine the stability of the inorganic support and the organic functionality. / Hybrid materials were prepared by coating five distinct macroporous commercial membranes with zirconium titanium oxide using sol-gel chemistry. Calcination of these templated materials produced oxide membranes which had a suite of macropore and mesopore architectures, pore volumes and surface areas. These differences in physical properties were used to conduct a fundamental study on the relationship between the mesopore size and volume and the capacity for polymer incorporation. It was found that the polymer loading capacity was highly dependent on the pore size and pore volume. As surface area increased, loading capacity decreased, indicating that much of the increased internal surface was inaccessible to the macromolecules. Thus, mesopore diameter and pore volume must be considered when designing a mesoporous solid support. / Hierarchically porous zirconium titanium oxide and carbon zirconium titanium oxide beads with adjustable meso- and macroporosity were prepared in a one-pot, engineering-friendly process. Poly(acrylonitrile) and block copolymer Pluronic F127 were used as structure directing agents. These millimeter sized spheres were fabricated through drop-wise addition of the template-metal alkoxide solution into either water or liquid nitrogen. Carbon zirconium titanium oxide beads were produced by carbonizing the beads at 550 °C in an inert atmosphere. The (carbon) zirconium titanium oxide beads were assessed for surface accessibility and adsorption rate by monitoring the adsorption of uranyl from solution. / Porous metal oxide monoliths, specifically silica, titania, zirconia and mixed oxides containing aluminum and yttrium, were prepared in a one-pot synthesis. Macroporosity was induced using the phase separation of furfuryl alcohol. These materials have a suite of mesopore and macropore structures, the domains of which can be controlled by adjusting the synthesis conditions. These conditions were studied in detail to optimize the pore interconnectivity, the monolith stability, the pore volume and the surface area.

La nanotechnologie est devenue un domaine clé de la technologie du XXIe siècle. L’important développement des approches pour la synthèse des nanoparticules (NPs) avec une composition, une taille et une forme désirées rend compte du potentiel de leur utilisation comme « blocs de construction » pour des structures de plus grande échelle. Cela permet d’envisager à la fois la fabrication de matériaux fonctionnels et de dispositifs directement à partir de colloïdes par approche ascendante et la conception de matériaux sur plusieurs échelles de grandeur. Le procédé utilise l'assemblage ou l'auto-assemblage de NPs et conduit à des matériaux avec des architectures différentes notamment 1D (bâtonnets), 2D (films) ou 3D (super-réseaux ou gels). Cependant, la plupart des assemblages 3D sont limités à l'échelle micrométrique et sont difficiles à contrôler. Pratiquement, la seule voie permettant la préparation de structures 3D macroscopiques à partir de NPs est la gélification et la préparation d'aérogels. Une voie alternative consiste à disperser les NPs dans une matrice, conduisant ainsi à un matériau composite massif, avec des NPs non agrégées distribuées de manière homogène.Le présent travail est consacré au développement de matériaux à partir de NPs d'oxydes métalliques (principalement Y3Al5O12: Ce et Li4Ti5O12) de différentes dimensions et pour diverses applications. La première partie de ce travail décrit la synthèse de NPs de YAG: Ce et de LTO par approche glycothermale. Dans le cas du YAG: Ce, les conditions de réaction ont été ajustées de façon appropriée pour obtenir des nanocristaux (NCs) non agrégés de quelques nanomètres. Des solutions colloïdales de différentes concentrations contenant de tels NCs ont été utilisées, pour la fabrication par la technique de « spin-coating », de films minces avec une épaisseur contrôlable. A l’inverse, la synthèse de LTO conduit à des NPs agrégées dans une structure hiérarchique très bénéfique pour les batteries au lithium. La grande surface spécifique et la porosité du matériau obtenu assurent en effet un échange efficace des ions lithium entre l'électrolyte et le matériau d'anode.Par ailleurs, les NCs de YAG: Ce ont été utilisés pour la préparation de matériaux monolithiques de grande taille avec une porosité et une transparence élevées. Pour cela, la solution colloïdale de NCs a été gélifiée par le changement brusque de la constante diélectrique du solvant de dispersion des NCs. Les gels ainsi obtenus ont été par la suite séchés de manière supercritique, donnant ainsi des aérogels à base de NPs de YAG:Ce, avec une porosité et une transparence élevées. La même approche s'est avérée appropriée pour d'autres systèmes à base de NPs de GdF3 ou de mélanges de NPS de YAG: Ce et de GdF3.Alternativement, les NPs de YAG: Ce ont été incorporées dans des aérogels de silice formant ainsi des aérogels macroscopiques robustes et hautement transparents présentant les propriétés des NPs incorporées. Ces aérogels composites ont été utilisés en tant que nouveaux types de capteurs pour les rayonnements ionisants de basse énergie dans les liquides ou les gaz. Leur porosité élevée permet un contact optimal entre l'émetteur radioactif et le scintillateur assurant ainsi une bonne récupération de l'énergie radioactive. / Nanotechnology has become a key domain of technology in XXI century. The great development of the synthetic approaches toward nanoparticles (NPs) with desired composition, size and shape expose the potential of their use as building blocks for larger scale structures. It allows fabrication of functional materials and devices directly from colloids by bottom-up approach, thus involving possibility of material design over several length scales. The process is referred to NPs assembly or self-assembly and leads to materials with varying architectures as for instance 1D (rods), 2D (films) or 3D (superlattices or gels). However most of 3D assemblies are limited to the micrometric scale and are difficult to control. Practically the only route allowing preparation of macroscopic 3D structures from NPs is their gelation and preparation of aerogels. As an alternative, NPs can be embedded in some matrix creating bulk composite material, with homogenously distributed non-aggregated NPs.Therefore, this work is devoted to development of materials with different dimensionalities for various applications from metal oxides NPs (mainly Y3Al5O12:Ce and Li4Ti5O12). The first part describes the syntheses of YAG:Ce and LTO NPs by glycothermal approach. In the case of YAG:Ce, the reactions conditions were appropriately adjusted in order to obtain non-aggregated nanocrystals (NCs) of few nanometers. The colloidal solution containing such NCs with different concentration was used for fabrication of thin films with controllable thickness by spin-coating method. Contrary, the synthesis of LTO led to aggregated NPs with hierarchical structuration which was highly beneficial for Li-ion batteries. The large surface area and porosity ensured efficient exchange of Li ions between electrolyte and anode material. Furthermore, the YAG:Ce NCs were used for preparation of macroscopic monoliths with high porosity and transparency. For that reason, colloidal solution of NCs was gelled by the abrupt change of solvent dielectric constant. The gels were further supercritically dried yielding YAG:Ce NPs-based aerogels with high porosity and transparency. The same approach turned o be appropriate for other systems like GdF3 or hybrid aerogels of YAG:Ce and GdF3.Alternatively, YAG:Ce NPs were incorporated into silica aerogels forming robust macroscopic and highly transparent aerogels exhibiting properties of incorporated NPs. They served for novel type of sensors for low-energy ionizing radiation in liquids and gases. Their high porosity assured well-developed contact between radioactive emitter and the scintillator ensuring good harvesting of radioactive energy.

Submitted by GUILHERME RODRIGUES DE LIMA null (guirodrigueslima@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-15T18:57:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Defesa_correção_ficha_catalografica.pdf: 3367275 bytes, checksum: 6a436d913d3a352c3a8ec8e237660a1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T17:42:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_gr_me_sjrp.pdf: 3367275 bytes, checksum: 6a436d913d3a352c3a8ec8e237660a1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T17:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_gr_me_sjrp.pdf: 3367275 bytes, checksum: 6a436d913d3a352c3a8ec8e237660a1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Transistores de filme fino (TFT) são dispositivos presentes em nosso cotidiano, usados em uma ampla variedade de aplicações, desde de processadores, registradores e monitores de tela plana. Estes dispositivos apresentam diversos benefícios, tais como: transparência, flexibilidade, rapidez, baixo custo e confiabilidade, o que faz com que tenham interesse de muitos grupos de pesquisa nas últimas décadas. Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um novo método de deposição por spray, em atmosfera ambiente e a baixa temperatura (350ºC), para produção de filmes finos de óxidos zinco (ZnO) aplicados como camada ativa em TFTs. Os filmes finos transparentes de ZnO foram depositados por solução de um precursor orgânico (acetato de zinco bi-hidratado (Zn(CH3COO) · 2H2O)) sobre substratos de Si-p/SiO2 pelo método de deposição por spray. Este método emprega uma automação própria de controle na deposição para obter filmes altamente homogêneos e reprodutivos. Um grande conjunto de parâmetros na deposição foram testados para otimização dos filmes semicondutores para TFTs, como por exemplo: distância do spray sobre a placa de aquecimento, tempo de deposição, número de camadas, concentração da solução, entre outros. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização dos dispositivos, como, mobilidade de saturação (µsat), tensão de limiar de operação (Vth) e razão entre a corrente de operação e a corrente intrínseca (ION/OFF), foram comparados para diferentes parâmetros de deposição utilizados. Esse trabalho contribui em utilizar um novo método de deposição de baixo custo, para possíveis aplicações industriais e que pode ser expandido facilmente para larga escala de produção na fabricação de outros dispositivos de filme fino, como, OTFTs (Organic Thin Film Transistors), células solares, LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays), OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes), LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) e sensores. / Thin-film transistors (TFT) are every day devices used in a wide variety of applications, like processors, recorders and flat-panel monitors. These devices that present benefits, such as transparency, flexibility, speed, lower-cost and reliability, which have attracted interest in several research groups in recent decades. The aim of this work is the development of a new method of spray deposition, in ambient atmosphere and at low temperature (350ºC), for the production of thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) applied as active layer in TFTs. The ZnO thin films were deposited from an organic solution of zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO) · 2H2O) on to Si-p/SiO2 substrates by the spray deposition method. This method employs its own automation for the deposition to obtain highly homogeneous and reproducible films. A large set of parameters in the deposition were tested for optimization of the semiconductor films for TFTs, such as: distance of the spray to the hot-plate, deposition time, number of layers, solution concentration, among others. The results obtained in the characterization of the devices, such as, mobility at saturation (μsat), threshold voltage (Vth) and on/off ratio (ION/OFF), were compared for different deposition parameters. This work contributes to the development of a novel, low-cost deposition method for possible industrial applications that can be easily expanded for large scale production of other thin film devices, such as, Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs), solar cells, LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays), OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes), LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and sensors. / CNPq: 133952/2015-0

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this work we primarily set out to investigate the technique of Aqueous Chemical Growth as a means of producing WO3 thin films that find applications in gas sensing and electrochromism. For the first time we demonstrated in this work, the heterogenous nucleation and growth of WO3 thin films on plain glass substrates and F-doped SnO2-glass substrates. This was achieved without the use of surfactants and template directing methods, using as a precursor solution Peroxotungstic Acid generated from the action of 30% H2O2 on pure W powder. The substrates used needed no surface-modification. On the plain glass substrates (soda lime silicates) a variety of micronanostructures could be observed prime of which were nanoplatelets that acted as a basic building block for the self-assembly of more hierarchical 3-d microspheres and thin films. On FTO a wide variety of micro-/nanostructures were observed dominant amongst which were urchin-like microspheres. The dominant crystallographic structure observed (through X-ray diffraction analysis, SAED, HRTEM) for the WO3 thin films on both substrate types post-annealing at 500 ˚C for a period of 1 - 2 h, was hexagonal-WO3. Next was monoclinic WO3. On rarer occasions the formation of triclinic and cubic WO3 was observed. The thin films produced showed a fairly high degree of porosity and had thicknesses in the range of 900 nm - 3.5 μm. I-V characterisation measurements using a 4-point collinear probe Keithley source alongside photoluminescence was used to establish the insulating nature of some of the films as well as their sub-stoichiometric nature. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to confirm the substoichiometric nature of some of the films.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-17T20:02:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AndrielePinheiroPinton.pdf: 1291981 bytes, checksum: c40e7459cec53dc76ef79d6ab4c4e093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AndrielePinheiroPinton.pdf: 1291981 bytes, checksum: c40e7459cec53dc76ef79d6ab4c4e093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Human skin is constantly exposed to the harmful effects of solar radiation due to the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and skin cancer is more frequent in Brazil. Another effect caused by excess sun exposure besides skin cancer is photoaging which motivates the population to use sunscreens. Sunscreens can be classified into chemical (organic) filters and/or physical (inorganic) filters. Physical UV filters are filters containing a broad spectrum that absorb, reflect and disperse UV light so they have a wider range of protection. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, classified as inert particles, are singled out as the best way to protect the skin against the harmful effects of ultraviolet UVB and UVA radiation, respectively. One of the disadvantages of these constituents is that they have white coloration on the skin, decreasing its acceptability. With the use of nanotechnology, they allow the product to form a more transparent film possible on the skin thus increasing its acceptability. In this work, the physico-chemical characteristics and the ability to form a core-shell system between TiO2 and ZnO were constructed and evaluated by constructing a nanostructured system for the absorption and scattering of UV radiation. Samples of titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide coated with silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and zinc, zinc oxide and the TiO2 / SiO2/ZnO compound were synthesized. The analysis of X-ray diffraction that allowed the observation of the crystalline phase of the oxides, was used the UV/VIS spectrophotometry to analyze in which UV/VIS region the oxides are absorbing, the diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry technique in which it was observed The region in which TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2, defining the SiO2 critical thickness, and the transmission electron microscopy for visualization of the TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2layers. The studies were complemented with the evaluation of the photostability of the materials. The material is promising for an effective and safe sunscreen, whereby toxicity testing as well as assessing the permeation profile are required. / A pele está em constante exposição aos efeitos nocivos das radiações solares devido a presença de radiação ultravioleta (UV), sendo o câncer de pele muito frequente no Brasil. Outro efeito causado pelo excesso de exposição solar além do câncer de pele é o fotoenvelhecimento o que motiva a população a utilizar protetores solares. Os filtros solares podem ser classificados em filtros químicos (orgânicos) e/ou filtros físicos (inorgânicos). Os filtros UV físicos são filtros contendo um amplo espectro que absorvem, refletem e dispersam a luz UV por isso têm uma gama mais ampla de proteção. O dióxido de titânio e o óxido de zinco, classificados como partículas inertes, são apontados como a melhor maneira de proteger a pele contra os efeitos nocivos das radiações UVB e UVA, respectivamente. Uma das desvantagens destes constituintes é que apresentam coloração branca sobre a pele, diminuindo sua aceitabilidade. Com o auxílio da nanotecnologia, é possível que o produto forme uma película mais transparente sobre a pele aumentando assim sua aceitabilidade. Nesse trabalho, foram produzidos e avaliados as características físico-químicas e a capacidade de formação de um sistema core-shell entre TiO2 e ZnO, construindo um sistema nanoestruturado para a absorção e espalhamento da radiação UV. Foram preparadas amostras de dióxido de titânio, dióxido de titânio recoberto com dióxido de silício, óxido de zinco, dióxido de titânio e zinco, óxido de zinco e o composto TiO2/SiO2/ZnO. As análises de difratometria de raios X que permitiram a observação da fase cristalina dos óxidos. Além disso empregou-se a espectrofotometria no UV/VIS para analisar em qual região UV/VIS que os óxidos estão absorvendo, enquanto que a técnica de espectrofotometria de reflectância difusa em que foi utilizada para observar a região em que o TiO2 e TiO2 SiO2 absorvem, definindo a espessura crítica de SiO2. Ainda, e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foi utilizada para a visualização das camadas de TiO2 e TiO2 SiO2. Os estudos foram complementados com a avaliação da fotoestabilidade dos materiais. O material é promissor para a preparação de um filtro solar eficaz e seguro, sendo necessária para essa condição a realização de testes de toxicidade, bem como avaliar o perfil de permeação.

Orientador: Annette Gorenstein / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:58:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SouzaJunior_EdvaldoAlvesde_D.pdf: 2701192 bytes, checksum: 949e8dd1afc482f52e573f2b9fbca63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O pentóxido de vanádio é um dos compostos de intercalação mais conhecidos na área de baterias de lítio. Dada sua estrutura lamelar, íons de lítio podem ser inseridos e extraídos de forma reversível, o que torna o pentóxido de vanádio promissor para uso como catodo. No entanto, o armadilhamento de parte dos íons de lítio a cada ciclo de carga e descarga provoca a perda gradativa da capacidade. A incorporação de íons metálicos na estrutura do V2 >O5 é uma das alternativas para melhorar seu desempenho nos ciclos de carga e descarga. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que o óxido de cobre nanoparticulado é capaz de fornecer alta capacidade de carga em processos reversíveis de inserção e extração de íons lítio. Esta tese se propõe estudar a inserção/extração de íons de lítio em filmes finos de óxidos de cobre-vanádio objetivando sua aplicação em catodos de microbaterias. Um conjunto de amostras foi obtido iniciando-se com o pentóxido de vanádio, e através de acréscimos de cobre e decréscimos de vanádio, atingindo o óxido de cobre II. Óxidos bronzes, complexos, mistos e puros foram obtidos. As amostras foram depositadas através da técnica de sputtering. Na caracterização das amostras foram utilizadas técnicas de difração de raios-X, retroespalhamento Rutherford, emissão de fotoelétrons de raios-X, absorção de raios-X (XANES) e microscopia de força atômica. A inserção de íons de lítio foi realizada através da cronopotenciometria. Cada classe de óxidos apresentou características eletroquímicas próprias. Óxidos de cobre apresentaram uma capacidade de inserção de carga quatros vezes maior que a capacidade do pentóxido de vanádio (109 µAh/cm 2-µm). Bronzes de vanádio apresentaram maior estabilidade entre todos óxidos, e melhor capacidade, quando comparado com o V2 O5. A introdução de átomos de vanádio na matriz CuO permitiu a formação de óxidos mistos com maior estabilidade eletroquímica quando comparados à filmes CuO / Abstract: In the field of lithium batteries, vanadium pentoxide is one of the most studied intercalation compound. Due to its lamellar structure, lithium ions can be reversibly inserted and extracted, and the material is a promising candidate for use as a cathode. However, trapping of part of the lithium ions in each charge/discharge cycle causes a gradative loss of capacity. The incorporation of metallic ions in the V22O5host structure is one of the alternatives to improve its cycling behavior. On the other hand, it was recently demonstrated that nanosized copper oxide is capable of providing high charge capacity in reversible lithium insertion/extraction processes. The aim of the present work is to study the insertion/extraction of lithium ions in thin films of copper-vanadium oxides for application as cathode in microbatteries. A range of samples was produced, starting from pure vanadium pentoxide. By increasing the amounts of copper and decreasing the amount of vanadium in the film, the copper oxide II composition was attained. Different classes of oxides, such as bronzes, complex oxides, mixed oxides and the pure oxides were obtained. The samples were deposited by sputtering. The characterization was performed using X-Ray diffraction, Rutherford Backscattering spectrometry, X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy, X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (mainly XANES) and Atomic Force Microscopy. The electrochemical behavior was analyzed mainly by chronopotentiometry. Each class of oxides presented distinct electrochemical properties. Copper oxide films presented an insertion capacity four times greater than the capacity of the vanadium pentoxide films (109 µAh/cm 2-µm). Vanadium bronzes presented the best stability among all of the investigated materials, and a higher capacity in comparison to vanadium pentoxide. The insertion of vanadium atoms in the CuO structure allowed the obtention of mixed oxides films with higher electrochemical stability if compared to pure CuO films / Doutorado / Superfícies e Interfaces ; Peliculas e Filamentos / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-15T19:31:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caroline Winter - 2016.pdf: 7433726 bytes, checksum: bf2a1b900a9af4a614fcafcacca772fa (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-28T12:15:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caroline Winter - 2016.pdf: 7433726 bytes, checksum: bf2a1b900a9af4a614fcafcacca772fa (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T12:15:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caroline Winter - 2016.pdf: 7433726 bytes, checksum: bf2a1b900a9af4a614fcafcacca772fa (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The members of flavonoids and chalcones family have attracted great interest because of their pharmacological applications as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenicagents, and are commonly synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation between acetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives. This reaction is usually catalyzed under homogeneous conditions which present, however, several drawbacks such as catalyst recovery and waste disposal problems. This work proposes the use of a variety of heterogeneous catalysts to achieve good results for condensation Claisen-Schmidt reaction in terms of conversion and chalcones selectivity, when compared to the homogeneous catalysis. Two groups of catalysts were tested: metal oxides and activated carbons. Magnesium oxide catalysts were prepared by hydrothermal treatment and magnesium, niobium, lanthanum and titanium oxides by rehydration of commercial precursors, all methods followed and not followed by cesium impregnation. The activated carbons used as catalysts were Babassu, Bahia Coconut, ox bone and Dendê, raw and treated with sodium hydroxide. The catalysts were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, determination of the specific superficial area by the adsorption/desorption of N2 at 77 K method, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3. The basic sites of carbons were quantified by Boehm Method. Finally, the performance of the catalysts was evaluated on the Claisen-Schmidt reaction between Acetophenone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, and the conversion was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The best catalyst was treated babassu activated carbon, whose conversion achieved was 92,38%. / Os membros da família das chalconas e flavonóides têm despertado um grande interesse devido às suas aplicações como agentes farmacológicos, antibacterianos, anti-inflamatórios e anticarcinogênicos, sendo comumente sintetizados via condensação de Claisen-Schmidt entre derivados de acetofenona e de benzaldeído. Esta reação é catalisada normalmente sob condições homogêneas, que apresentam, no entanto, vários inconvenientes, tais como a recuperação do catalisador e problemas de destinação de resíduos. Neste trabalho foi proposto o uso de uma série de catalisadores heterogêneos para se alcançar bons resultados para a reação de condensação de Claisen-Schmidt, em termos de conversão e seletividade de derivados de chalconas, quando comparados à catálise homogênea. Foram testados dois grupos de catalisadores: óxidos metálicos e carvões ativados. Prepararam-se catalisadores de óxido de magnésio por tratamento hidrotérmico e óxidos de magnésio, nióbio, lantânio e titânio por reidratação de precursores comerciais, todos os métodos seguidos e não seguidos por impregnação de césio. Os carvões ativados utilizados como catalisadores foram de babaçu, coco da Bahia, osso de boi e dendê brutos e tratados com hidróxido de sódio. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, análise termogravimétrica, análise térmica diferencial, determinação de área superficial específica por análise textural de adsorção/dessorção de N2 a 77 K, espectroscopia de infravermelho, difração de raios X e dessorção à temperatura programada de CO2 e NH3. Os sítios básicos dos carvões foram quantificados pelo método de Boehm. Finalmente, o desempenho dos catalisadores foi avaliado na reação de Claisen-Schmidt entre Acetofenona e 4-Nitrobenzaldeído, sendo a conversão quantificada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O melhor catalisador foi o de carvão de babaçu tratado, cuja conversão alcançada foi de 92,38%.

Les procédés XTL de production de carburants de synthèse basés sur la réactionFischer-Tropsch ainsi que les centrales IGCC représentent des alternatives attractives à la productiond'énergie future. Ces deux technologies mettent en oeuvre des gaz de synthèse contenant des impuretésdont H2S. Afin de protéger les unités de la corrosion et les catalyseurs Fischer-Tropsch del'empoisonnement, il est nécessaire de désulfurer ce gaz à l'aide d'oxydes métalliques, tel que ZnO, qui sesulfurent de façon quasi irréversible. Cette étape peut engendrer de larges quantités de déchets solides.La régénération in-situ par voie oxydante des matériaux sulfurés a pour but de permettre le retour à laphase oxyde puis à sa réutilisation. C’est une voie prometteuse vers un procédé plus efficient. Cependantla formation de sulfates réfractaires durant la régénération impose une importante élévation de latempérature afin de pouvoir les décomposer. La recherche de solution conduisant à un abaissement de latempérature de régénération est donc nécessaire. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes proposés d'étudierles phénomènes physico-chimiques mis en jeu lors de la sulfuration et de la régénération d'oxydessimples et composés. Les oxydes simples étudiés ont été sélectionnés à la suite d’une étudethermodynamique puis expérimentale. L’identification des réactivités singulières de ZnO et MoO3 aconduit à la formulation d’oxydes composés. En particulier, l’oxyde mixte ZnMoO4 est régénérable dès500°C. Des caractérisations in-situ ont mis en évidence les rôles de la texture du solide sulfuré et desphases contenant du molybdène dans le processus de régénération. Enfin, une étude réalisée avec unsolide mis et forme et sur banc de perçage a permis d’aboutir à l’élaboration de règles de design dusolide. / Metal oxide based materials are commonly used for the final desulphurization of syngas in IGCC andFisher-Tropsch based XTL processes. The formation of large amount of solid waste is a major issue forthis process. The in-situ oxidative regeneration is a promising way to avoid the waste formation and toenhance process efficiency. However, the formation of refractory metal sulphates during the regenerationprocess requires an increase of the regeneration temperature, in order to decompose the species and toallow the sorbent regeneration. In this work, we have studied the use of composed metal oxides todecrease the regeneration temperature, and the related physic-chemical phenomena involved.Thermochemical and experimental studies on various single oxides outlined the specific reactivity ofZnO and MoO3 phases. Consequently a more thorough study on ZnO and MoO3 composed metal oxideswas performed. In particular, it was shown that ZnMoO4, zinc molybdate phase can be regenerated attemperature as low as 500°C. This low regeneration temperature was explained by the sulphided solidtexture and the oxidation of the molybdenum species. Finally a shaped ZnMoO4 was synthesized andtexted on a lab-scale breakthrough experimental device to validate the concept and give guideline for thedesign of industrial regenerable sorbent.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de la réduction de CO 2 et H 2 O en CO et H 2 au moyen de cycles thermochimiques. Ces cycles utilisent des oxydes métalliques pour réaliser ces réductions en deux étapes, permettant de diminuer la température nécessaire. Dans une première étape endothermique, l’oxyde métallique est réduit à haute température (>1200°C) grâce à un apport d’énergie solaire concentrée. Dans une seconde étape exothermique réalisée à plus basse température (<1200°C), cette espèce réduite est ré-oxydée en présence d’eau ou de CO 2 , produisant H 2 ou CO et régénérant l’oxyde métallique pour un autre cycle. Le mélange de H 2 et CO (syngas), ainsi produit uniquement grâce à de l’énergie solaire peut ensuite être transformé en carburant liquide conventionnel par un procédé catalytique de type Fischer-Tropsch. Cette étude s’intéresse particulièrement aux cycles à base d’oxydes volatiles, ZnO/Zn et SnO 2 /SnO, dont le produit de la première étape de réduction est sous forme gazeuse à la température de réaction, puis se condense sous forme de nanoparticules. Tout d’abord, des moyens et méthodes ont été développés pour l’étude de la cinétique des réactions de réduction à hautes températures, en particulier une méthode inverse utilisant la mesure en ligne de l’oxygène produit dans un réacteur solaire, et un dispositif de thermogravimétrie solaire. Par ailleurs, différents moyens de diminuer la température des réactions de réduction ont été étudiés, à savoir la diminution de la pression et l’emploi d’un agent réducteur carboné. L’impact de la diminution de la pression sur la cinétique de réduction a été quantifié pour SnO 2 et ZnO.Une étude de l’évolution physico-chimique de poudres de SnO durant la deuxième étape d’oxydation du cycle a ensuite été réalisée, montrant l’importance de la réaction de dismutation de SnO en Sn et SnO 2 sur la réactivité des poudres dans la gamme de température étudiée. / This PhD thesis focuses on the study of the CO2 and H2O reduction into CO and H2 using thermochemical cycles. These cycles use metal redox pairs for stepwise reduction at lower temperature. The first step consists of the endothermic high temperature reduction of the metal oxide (>1200°C) using concentrated solar energy. The second step, operated at a lower temperature (<1200°C), uses the reduced specie to reduce CO2 or H2O, yielding CO or H2 and regenerating the metal oxide. The CO and H2 mixture (syngas), produced using solar energy, can then be converted into liquid fuel using a conventional Fischer-Tropsch catalytic process. The study considers more specifically the volatile oxide cycles, ZnO/Zn and SnO2/SnO, for which the reduced specie is obtained in gaseous phase at the reaction temperature, and is then condensed as nanoparticles. First, means and methods for studying the kinetics of reduction reactions at high temperatures were developed, namely an inverse method based on the online analysis of O2 production in a solar reactor and a solar-driven thermogravimeter. In addition, the study of reduced pressure operation and the use of a carbonaceous reducer were considered as efficient means to decrease the operating temperature and to promote a fast reaction. The impact of reduced pressure was quantified for SnO2 and ZnO reduction. A study of the evolution of the morphology and chemistry of the SnO powder during the second oxidation step was then conducted, emphasizing the importance of SnO disproportionation on the powder reactivity.

Este trabalho consiste na análise da modificação superficial da liga armazenadora de hidrogênio, MmNi3,4Co0,8Al0,8, através de óxidos de Cobre, Níquel e Cobalto, utilizando-se para tanto o método sol-gel. As técnicas de caracterização usadas para o recobrimento obtido, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Redução Térmica Programada (RTP), permitiram a observação de uma \"rede\" formada pelos óxidos presentes nos recobrimentos que proporcionam a aglomeração das partículas da liga, sem contudo, impedir a interação de hidrogênio com o material. O estudo do comportamento eletroquímico do recobrimento foi realizado pelas técnicas de Voltametria Cíclica , Ciclos Galvanostáticos de Carga e Descarga e Espectroscopia de Impedância. Foi possível verificar que a camada de óxidos formada pelo recobrimento através do método sol-gel melhora o desempenho da liga: em relação a sua capacidade de descarga que é significativamente aumentada, principalmente no recobrimento por óxido de cobalto e também em relação a proteção contra a pulverização do material, que proporciona maiores números de ciclos de carga e descarga / This work consists in the analysis of the surface modification of the hydrogen storage alloy, MmNi3,4Co0,8Al0,8, threugh Copper, Nickel and Cobalt oxides, using for this the sol-gel method. The characterization techniques used for the obtained surfase modification (SEM and TPR) allowed the observation of a \" net \" formed by the presents oxides in the surface modification that provides the gathering of the alloys particles, without however, to harm the hydrogen interaction with the material. The study of the electrochemical behavior of the surface modification was carried out by the techniques of Cyclic Voltammetry, Charge/Discharge cycles and Electrochemical Impedance. It was possible to verify that the oxides of layer formed by the surface modification for the sol-gel method improves the alloy performance: in relation to its discharge capacity that is significantly increased, mainly in the surface modification by oxide of cobalt, and also in relation to the protection against the deterioration of the material, that provides higher numbers of cycles charge and discharge