Urbanisering är en trend som har ökat och förväntas att fortsätta öka. 85 % av den totala befolkningen förväntas att leva i stadsområden 2050. Således ökar betydelsen av godstransporter i stadsområdet och godsrelaterade beslut blir alltmer avgörande vilket ställer krav på lösningar som tar hänsyn till både den ekonomiska och sociala betydelsen av gods. Dagens godstransporter inom stadsområdet bidrar till luftföroreningar och skadliga utsläpp, buller, negativa effekter på stadens infrastruktur samt utgör en trafikfara för människorna som vistas i stadskärnan. Det finns därför ett behov av att ökad godstransport inte påverkar livskvalitet, hälsa och det globala klimatet. Emellertid är merparten av godstransporter ineffektivt lastade vilket skapar onödig närvaro av godstrafik. Stadslogistik fokuserar på effektiv transportering av gods med hänsyn till den totala sociala kostnaden med kontinuerliga och långsiktiga åtgärder för ett hållbart samhälle och samtidigt använda resurser effektivt. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka mikro-konsolidering för godstransporter i Borås innerstad och vidare identifiera framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar för en lyckad implementation av mikro-konsolidering. Resultatet presenterar kritiska framgångsfaktorer och deras betydelse för olika intressenter tillsammans med utmaningar och förutsättningar som behöver beaktas vid en implementation av mikro-konsolidering. Framgångsfaktorerna kan delas in i tre kategorier: finansiella, praktiska och sociala framgångsfaktorer. De finansiella framgångsfaktorerna berör hur mikro-konsolidering kan bli ekonomiskt självförsörjande samt hur verksamheten kan finansieras och ägas. De praktiska faktorerna berör hur den operativa verksamheten hanteras och slutligen presenteras de sociala faktorerna som innefattar samarbete och engagemang mellan involverade intressenter. Slutligen presenteras en mer specifik sammanfattning av potentiella utmaningar och rekommendationer för Borås Stad och vilka fördelar en mikro-konsolidering ger samtliga intressenter i stadsområdet. / Urbanization is a trend that has increased and is expected to continue to increase. 85% of the total population is expected to live in urban areas in 2050. Thus, the importance of freight transport in the urban area increases and goods-related decisions are becoming increasingly important, which imposes solutions that take into account both the economic and social significance of goods. Today's freight transport in the city area contributes to air pollution, harmful emissions, noise, adverse effects on the city's infrastructure and poses a traffic hazard for people staying in the city center. Therefore, there is a need that increased freight transport does not affect quality of life, health and the global climate. However, the majority of freight transport is inefficiently loaded, creating unnecessary presence of freight traffic. City logistics focuses on efficient transport of goods while taking into account the total social cost with continuous and long-term measures for a sustainable society while effectively utilizing resources. The purpose of the thesis work is to investigate micro-consolidation for freight transport in Borås inner city and further identify success factors and challenges for successful implementation of micro-consolidation. The result presents critical success factors and their importance to different stakeholders along with challenges and conditions that need to be considered in the implementation of micro-consolidation. Success factors can be divided into three categories: financial, practical and social success factors. The financial success factors highlight how micro-consolidation can be economically self-sufficient and how the business can be financed and owned. The practical factors mention how the operational activities are managed. Furthermore, the social factors present cooperation and commitment between stakeholders as success factors. Finally, a more specific summary of potential challenges and recommendations for Borås Stad is presented and what benefits a micro-consolidation brings to all stakeholders in the city area.

Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction as an alternative official method for analysis of polymers migration. The objective this study was to compaire the official methods with solid-phase microextraction (SPME)for the analysis of compounds migrating from cross-linked polyethylene into water. A medium polarity polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB)was proved most efficient for the SPME extraction. However, when applied to water samples in contact with polyethylene, SPME proved to be immensely more sensitive and have a greater extraction range than liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). It was proved the migration of Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl). Concentration of this compound 0,6-0,15mg/l.It was proved the migration of Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl).

Både från politiskt och akademiskt håll betonas betydelsen av matematiskt partikulärspråk för barnsmatematiska kunskapsutveckling. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att studera hur förskolelärare och barn konstruerar matematiska begrepp i en förskolekontext. Arbetet tar avstamp i sociokulturellt och kulturanalytisk teori. Data har konstruerat genom att jag som forskare har följt och samtala med en lärare i förskolans verksamhet. Det empiriska materialet har dokumenterats med fältanteckningar och filminspelningar, totalt omfattar filmmaterialet ca 8 timmar. Resultaten beskriver en kultur där kroppen använd likt en servo genom att förstärka kommunikationen kring matematiskt partikulärspråk. Vidare konstrueras kulturen i två skilda typer av aktiviteter, ordnade och oordnade, där den förstnämnda är olika planerade aktiviteter där lärarens vilja sätter ramarna medan den sistnämnda är aktiviteter där barns vilja styr och läraren följer. De ramar som läraren sätter upp varierar men omfattar alltid att barnen tillåts att misslyckas. Vidare konstrueras ordnade aktivitet som mer betydande än oordnade på avdelningen medan samtidigt som de konstrueras som lika betydande i förhållandet till hemmen. I kulturen konstrueras det matematiska partikulärspråket som tillhörande lärarna medan det informella matematiska språket konstrueras som tillförande barnens. Tid är en viktig del av kulturen del genom att läraren och barn använder den som ett verktyg för att få sin vilja igenom och dels för att den konstrueras som överordnad barns och lärarens viljor. Olika kulturella artefakter som är representationer av tid, som klockan, konstrueras som tillhörande lärarna och som inte tillhörande barnen. Vidare diskuteras vilka kvalitativa effekter resultaten kan få för barnens kunskapsutveckling. / Both political and academical sources emphasizes the importance of a particular language for mathematics when it comes to the mathematical knowledge of children. The purpose of the study is to study how preschool teachers and children construct mathematical concepts in a preschool context. The study takes off in sociocultural and culture analytical theory. Data have been constructed through the method of me, in the role of the researcher, talking to a preschool teacher employed at a preschool. The empirical material have been documented with field notes and movie recordings, it includes about eight hours of movie material. The result describes a culture where the body acts as a servo to strengthen the communication around the particular language of mathematics. The culture is further constructed in two separate activities, ordered and unordered, where the former is different activities where the will of the teacher sets the boundaries, whereas thelatter are activities where the will of the child leads and the teacher follows. The boundaries the teacher employs varies, but always allows the child to fail. The ordered activities are further built asof higher importance in the class, but at the same time to have equal importance at home. In the culture the particular mathematical language is built as belonging to the teachers, whereas the informal mathematical language is built as belonging to the children. Time is an important part of the culture, partly since both the teacher and the children use it as a tool to enforce their will, and partly since it's built as superior to children's and teachers wills. Different cultural artifacts as representations of time, like the clock, is built as belonging to the teachers and not belonging to the children. Further discussed is what qualitative effects the results may have for the children's knowledge

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Die Arbeit analysiert das Lasermikrosintern von Metallen in seiner Gesamtheit durch kalkulierbare Modelle und Formulierungen. Hierfür wird der Sintervorgang in relevante Prozessschritte untergliedert. Die darauf aufbauenden Berechnungen der Prozessparameter werden in Form analytischer Ansätze und durch numerische Simulation analysiert. Anfänglich werden die Modelle der Einzelschritte und deren Resultate werden auf Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Daten und Beobachtungen geprüft. Hierbei dienen die Modelle, Algorithmen und analytischen Beziehungen als nachhaltiges Instrumentarium für Analysen und Beschreibungen dieses und ähnlicher Prozesse. Mithilfe der entwickelten Algorithmen werden die bisherigen Vorstellungen zum Prozessmechanismus verifiziert, korrigiert, ergänzt und offene Fragen zur Prozessmechanik beantwortet. Abschließend werden die mechanistischen Modelle der Einzelschritte zur Diskussion experimenteller Ergebnisse und beobachteter Prozessphänomene in Form einer Gesamtinterpretation der betreffenden Lasermikrosinterregime zusammengeführt. Zunächst werden die Prozessbedingungen und Prozessbeschreibungen sowie die Modelle zur Strahlungsabsorption in Pulvern in Arbeiten fremder Autoren vorgestellt. Zur Beschreibung der Ursache und Wirkung laserinduzierter Plasmen, ein besonders beim Lasermikrosintern bedeutsames Phänomen, wird auf eigene frühere Arbeiten zurückgegriffen. Aus den besonderen Bedingungen des Lasermikrosinterns wird die formale Gliederung des Prozessverlaufs in drei separate Dissipationsphasen abgeleitet. Die drei relevanten Reaktionsphasen sind hierbei, die Absorption der Strahlung, die Wärmeausbreitung und Schmelzerzeugung sowie die Wärmeleitung im Pulverbett. Die ablaufenden Einzelmechanismen als Folge der gepulsten Laserstrahlung werden durch geeignete Näherungen beschrieben und berechnet. Die Resultate werden mit grundlegender Aussage mit experimentellen Beispielen verglichen und verifiziert. Die Betrachtung unterschiedlicher Regime des Lasermikrosinterns erfolgt, gestützt auf die Ergebnisse der Kalkulationen der energetisch-thermodynamischen Synthese. Es werden Aussagen zu den regimespezifischen Prozessmerkmalen getroffen und mit den Beobachtungen verglichen. Oder, es werden regimespezifische Beobachtungen mit Hilfe der im vorhergehenden Abschnitt entwickelten prozessanalytischen Werkzeuge interpretiert. Auswirkungen von Parametervariationen auf den Gesamtprozess werden im Hinblick auf das Optimierungspotential diskutiert.

Different tracing techniques of the subperiosteal and endosteal contours (manual, automatic, semi-automatic) or their combinations taken along femoral length in adult individuals can produce different values of cross-sectional geometric (CSG) parameters. Various tracing techniques are widely used in CSG studies of non-adult individuals as well, however, the accuracy of CSG parameters estimated along femoral diaphysis is not yet known for non-adult individuals. In this study, we investigate whether the manual tracing of the subperiosteal and endosteal contours taken at 80% of the femoral diaphyseal length in non-adult individuals can be replaced by another type of tracing in relation to CSG parameters estimation. We examine the effect of anatomical localization on accuracy of the CSG parameters estimated in non-adult individuals femora. We digitized the subperiosteal and endosteal contours in the micro-CT scans from femoral diaphyseal cross-sections in Early Medieval sample of non-adult individuals (N = 46). The digitization and computation of CSG parameters were made in Fiji software with EPJMacro implementation. The assessment of estimates' accuracy was expressed by percentage prediction error (%PE) and limits of agreement. Five percent of CSG parameter obtained from manually traced contours was...

This thesis deals with optical design of f-theta lens for purposes of precision micromachining using a laser beam. Optical design consists of creating a nominal design according to specifications given by Meopta – optika s.r.o company and a tolerance analysis, which describes manufacturability of given design. Specifications given are most importantly diffraction limited image quality, correction of distortion throughout the field and telecentricity of systém in image space. F-theta lens in this thesis was created using an optical design software called Zemax.

The aim of this thesis was to prepare hyaluronic acid micro- and nanoparticles based on electrostatic interactions with oppositely charged molecules. Following parameters were monitored: correlation function behavior, the particle size and zeta potential value. At the beginning, it was necessary to study the behavior of hyaluronan in solution by dynamic light scattering measurement. Micro- and nanoparticles were prepared by mixing different volume ratios of negatively charged hyaluronan and positively charged polyarginine or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Micro- and nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous solution as well as in 0,15 M sodium chloride solution (physiological solution). In the case of the hyaluronan solution a polydisperse character of hyaluronan was detected. It was found that the dissolution of hyaluronan in the physiological solution gives us the smaller particle size in opposite to particle size obtained from the same concentrations of hyaluronan dissolved in water. Furthermore, it was found that systems composed of hyaluronan and polyarginine create particle size of about 100 nm. Whereas systems consisting of cetyltrimethylaminoum bromide and hyaluronan form larger particles, in units of hundreds of nanometers, the particle size in physiological solution were smaller than the same systems dissolved in aqueous solution.

Master's thesis is aimed at the use of given type of laser in the solar cells manufacturing. The first part of thesis is focused on photovoltaic theory, lasers and photovoltaic applications of solid-state lasers. Second part of thesis is practical realization of theoretical analysis. The evaluation of laser usability for variety of applications on solar cells and recommendation for entry settings on laser.

This thesis describes the operation , characteristics and operating conditions of microgrid with energy storage , provides insight into the benefits of using listed concepts . The first part deals with the description of microgrid systems, distribution and shows examples of its use. The second part describes individual elements of the storage systems, energy production and energy transformation used in microgrids . The third part describes the work with PSCAD software. The main goal is to design a micro grid model in PSCAD and validate its function.