O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influencia da proximidade entre miniimplantes autoperfurantes e as raizes dentarias sobre a estabilidade destes dispositivos de ancoragem. A amostra consistiu de 40 mini-implantes inseridos entre as raizes do primeiro molar e segundo pre-molar superiores de 21 pacientes, como recurso de ancoragem para retracao anterior. A largura do septo no local de insercao (LSI) e a menor distancia da cabeca do mini-implante a raiz dentaria (MDR) foram mensuradas nas 40 radiografias pos-cirurgicas. Sob este aspecto, os miniimplantes foram divididos em duas categorias de grupos: de acordo com a largura do septo no local de insercao, grupos G1L (LSI3mm) e G2L (LSI>3mm), e de acordo com a proximidade do mini-implante a raiz adjacente, grupos G1P (MDR0mm) e G2P (MDR>0mm). A estabilidade dos mini-implantes foi avaliada mensalmente pela quantificacao do grau de mobilidade, e a partir desta variavel foi calculada a proporcao de sucesso. Tambem foi avaliada a influencia das seguintes variaveis sobre o grau de estabilidade: caracteristica do tecido mole no local de insercao, o grau de sensibilidade, a quantidade de placa, a altura de insercao e o periodo de observacao. As duas categorias de grupos foram comparadas quanto ao grau de mobilidade e proporcao de sucesso por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney e do teste Exato de Fisher, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a influencia das demais variaveis sobre a estabilidade deste sistema de ancoragem atraves do teste t e do teste do Qui-quadrado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que não houve diferenca estatisticamente significante para o grau de mobilidade e proporção de sucesso entre os mini-implantes inseridos em septos do grupo G1L e G2L. A proximidade entre os mini-implantes avaliados e as raizes dentarias adjacentes (grupos G1P e G2P) tambem nao influenciou na estabilidade e proporcao de sucesso deste sistema de ancoragem. A proporcao de sucesso total encontrada foi de 90% e nenhuma variavel demonstrou estar relacionada ao insucesso dos miniimplantes. No entanto, observou-se maior sensibilidade nos pacientes cujos miniimplantes apresentavam mobilidade, e que a falha destes dispositivos de ancoragem ocorria logo apos sua insercao. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the proximity between self-drilling miniscrews and dental roots on the stability degree. The sample consisted of 40 miniscrews inserted in the interradicular septum between maxillary second premolars and first molars to provide skeletal anchorage for anterior retraction. The forty post-surgical radiographs were used to measure the septum width in the insertion site (SWI) and the smallest distance between miniscrew head and dental root (SDR). In this regard, the miniscrews were divided in two categories of groups: according to the septum width in the insertion site, groups G1W (SWI 3mm) and G2W (SWI>3 mm), and according to the miniscrew dental root proximity, groups G1P (SDR0mm) and G2P (SDR>0mm). The mobility degree (MD) was monthly quantified to determine miniscrew stability, and the success rate of these devices was calculated. This study also evaluated the influence of following variables on the stability degree: soft tissue characteristics in the insertion site (attached gingiva, mucogingival junction and alveolar mucosa), sensitivity degree during miniscrew load, plaque amount around miniscrew, insertion height, and total evaluation period. All the groups were compared regarding mobility degree and success rate using t test and Fisher exact test, respectively. The results showed no significant difference in mobility degree and success rate between groups G1W and G2W. The miniscrew dental root proximity did not influence the stability and success rate of this anchorage system when G1P and G2P were compared. The total success rate found was 90% and no variable was associated with the miniscrew failure. Nevertheless, the results showed that greater patient sensitivity degree was associated to the miniscrews mobility and the failure of these anchorage devices happened in a short time after their insertion.

A Síndrome de Fragilidade (SF) e a Doença de Parkinson (DP) podem ser expressões comuns do envelhecimento. Há abundância de evidências relatando a importância da fragilidade como causa significativa de morbidade e mortalidade entre os idosos. Especificamente em países subdesenvolvidos, como o Brasil, onde a SF tem, possivelmente, maior prevalência, o conceito de fragilidade pode ser uma ferramenta importante para a identificação rápida e eficiente de pacientes com risco aumentado de desenvolver doenças graves e irreversíveis, ou mesmo morte. Não há estudos observacionais que detalhem a relação da SF e a DP. Para mensurar a SF, estudamos 90 pacientes com DP e usamos os critérios de Fried desenvolvidos em 2001, abrangentes, sensíveis e de fácil aplicação, levando em consideração cinco fatores: velocidade de marcha, atividade física, exaustão física, força de apreensão da mão dominante e perda de peso não intencional. Mensuramos a severidade e evolução da DP através da escala Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), amplamente usada na literatura. Acrescentamos a estas escalas o teste Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) para melhor acompanhar a cognição. Mensuramos, então, estas três escalas, no início do estudo, após 3 meses e, finalmente, ao final do estudo, após 6 meses, entre 2 de janeiro de 2016 e 10 de julho de 2016 (183 dias). Valorizamos a comparação entre o momento incicial e final do estudo. Nesta tese procuramos observar pacientes com DP e a prevalência da SF e estudar características desta coorte que possam ter influência no aparecimento e evolução do fenótipo da SF. Procuramos avaliar correlações possíveis entre estas características, que possam ajudar a entender a SF e seus determinantes. Nesta coorte, obtivemos correlação positiva entre a idade destes pacientes e o aumento da prevalência de pacientes frágeis e pré-frágeis. O mesmo pôde ser observado em relação à escolaridade, ou seja, pacientes com menos anos de escolaridade apresentaram fenótipo pré-frágil ou frágil em maior proporção. Observamos correlação positiva e significativa entre a escala UPDRS aferida no momento inicial e o fenótipo de fragilidade ao final do estudo. Com o objetivo de aprofundar esta relação encontramos, especificamente, dentre as 4 partes da escala UPDRS, correlação específica e significativa entre a primeira parte (aspectos não motores da DP) e a evolução para fragilidade após 6 meses. Encontramos associação também entre o MEEM aferido no momento inicial e a progressão para SF ao final do estudo, achado que ajuda a corroborar a relação entre a primeira parte da escala UPDRS e a SF. Além disto, encontramos associação entre o tempo de caminhada no momento inicial do estudo e a evolução para SF e pior avaliação na escala UPDRS após 6 meses. Em associação a este achado, a presença de atividade física na rotina destes pacientes mostrou ter um efeito protetor em relação à SF. Foi significativo notar que as escalas UPDRS no primeiro momento e após 6 meses não mostraram alterações estatisticamente significativas em suas médias, de 71,20 e 70,91, respectivamente. Concluímos, assim, que devem haver fatores intrínsecos à DP com repercussão importante na evolução destes pacientes para SF. Pensamos que estes fatores estão reunidos dentro da parte I da escala UPDRS e do MEEM com estreita relação ao hábito de exercitar-se. Os fatores cognitivos, principalmente, de difícil mensuração e com ampla repercussão na vida destes pacientes, devem ser melhor estudados e valorizados em trabalhos prospectivos futuros sobre a DP e a SF / Frailty Syndrome (SF) and Parkinson\'s disease (PD). Frailty and DP may be common expressions of aging. There is an abundance of evidence reporting the importance of frailty as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Specifically in underdeveloped countries, such as Brazil, where SF is possibly more prevalent, the concept of frailty can be an important tool for the rapid and efficient identification of patients at increased risk of developing serious and irreversible diseases, or even death. There is a lack of observational studies that detail the relationship between SF and PD. To measure SF, we studied 90 patients with Parkinson\'s Disease and used the Fried criteria developed in 2001, comprehensive, sensitive and easy to apply, taking into account five factors: andwalking speed, physical activity, physical exhaustion, dominant hand grasping force and unintentional weight loss. We measured the severity and progression of PD through the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), widely used in the literature. We added to these scales the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) to better monitor cognition. We then measured these three scales at baseline, after 3 months, and finally at the end of the study, after 6 months, between January 2, 2016 and July 10, 2016 (183 days), giving priority for the period between the first moment and the last one of the study. In this thesis, we sought to observe patients with PD and the prevalence of SF and to study characteristics of this cohort that may influence the appearance and evolution of the SF phenotype. We tried to evaluate possible correlations between these characteristics, which may help to understand SF and its determinants. In this cohort, we had a positive correlation between the age of these patients and the increase in the prevalence of frail and pre-frail patients. The same could be observed in relation to schooling, that is, patients with less years of schooling presented a pre-frail or frail phenotype in greater proportion. We observed a positive and significant correlation between the UPDRS scale at baseline and the frailty phenotype at the end of the study. In order to deepen this relationship, we found, specifically among the 4 parts of the UPDRS scale, a specific and significant correlation between the first part (non-motor aspects of PD) and the evolution to frailty after 6 months. We also found an association between the MMSE measured at baseline and progression to SF at the end of the study, a finding that helps to corroborate the relationship between the first part of the UPDRS scale and SF. In addition, we found an association between the walking speed at the initial time of the study and the evolution to SF and worse evaluation on the UPDRS scale after 6 months. In association with this finding, the presence of physical activity in the routine of these patients showed to have a protective effect in relation to SF. It was significant to note that the UPDRS scales at the first moment and after 6 months did not show statistically significant changes in their means of 71.20 and 70.91, respectively. We conclude, therefore, that there must be intrinsic factors to PD with important repercussion in the evolution of these patients for the development of SF. We believe that these factors are brought together in Part I of the UPDRS and the MMSE with a close relationship to the practice of exercising. Cognitive factors, especially those that are difficult to measure and with a great repercussion in the life of these patients, should be better studied and evaluated in future prospective studies on PD and SF

The aim of this report is to give a description of a diploma work of 20 points that has been performed during the spring 2006 at Ericsson AB in Borås. The report accounts for the problem and procedure during the diploma work. The software used for this project was embedded in a radio link. The RAM in this radio link was divided into several regions where two were used for memory allocation. The current allocation of memory in the radio link was not optimized with regards to performance, security and memory use and the configuration used made it difficult to determine the memory use of the system and the actual memory need. Furthermore, no garbage collection existed; this resulted in fragmentation and reduction in performance arising over time. The objective of the diploma work was to optimize the allocation of memory in the radio link's software and being able to measure the processor load and memory use. The project was managed according to a work method where UML-diagrams were used and the project deliverables were defined according to a process specification from Ericsson AB. The project was time-limited and has been performed in ten weeks by two students. The project was divided up in three iterations, each iteration consisting of a number of tasks. A milestone is set after each at which the intended tasks are validated and done with. An application fulfilling these requirements was developed, using C#.NET and Visual studio 2005, and that presents its results graphically. It is applicable in development, error search and verification of the radio link's software. ANSI-C and x86-assembler were used for development and modification of the software that is being executed in the radio link. Due to secrecy policies at Ericsson AB the report has been censored and the removed sections replaced with […]. / Uppsatsnivå: C

Recentemente, muitas mudanças vêm ocorrendo na forma como a energia elétrica é gerada e distribuída, criando com isso oportunidades de utilizar os recursos disponíveis in loco de forma mais eficiente, atuando juntamente com sistemas centralizados convencionais, para o atendimento das necessidades energéticas. Neste contexto, as minirredes de energia são consideradas pontos chaves para melhorar a confiabilidade e a qualidade da energia, aumentar a eficiência do sistema elétrico como um todo, viabilizar aos consumidores finais a possibilidade de uma certa independência da rede e uma participação mais ativa no mercado de energia elétrica. No entanto, a aplicação de tais topologias ainda não superou todas as barreiras para que todos os benefícios possam ser apreciados. Há ainda perguntas a serem respondidas sobre como lidar com as especificidades e os aspectos operacionais de minirredes, tanto em operação normal quanto em operação anômala, que são fundamentais para a sustentabilidade de longo prazo dos sistemas. Este trabalho discute aspectos relacionados à operação de minirredes, tanto em sistemas isolados quanto em sistemas conectados à rede da concessionária. No caso de sistemas isolados, a abordagem leva em consideração os riscos associados aos projetos voltados para eletrificação rural e discute questões não restritas ao projeto inicial, mas também à operação destes tipos de sistemas. No caso de sistemas conectados, são discutidas tendências relacionadas às topologias de utilização destes sistemas para operação conjunta com a rede elétrica. Um algoritmo para controle de minirredes em diferentes níveis hierárquicos é proposto. Este algoritmo serve como base para o controle da plataforma de interação de agentes distribuídos, montada no Laboratório de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos da Universidade de São Paulo para testes em equipamentos reais e para a formação de recursos humanos. / Recently, many changes are taking place in the way energy is generated and distributed, thus creating opportunities to utilize the resources available on site more efficiently, working along with conventional centralized systems, to meet energy needs. In this context, mini-grids are considered key points to improve the reliability and power quality, increase the efficiency of the electric system as a whole, enable end consumers to have a certain independence from the grid and a more active participation in the electricity market. However, the application of such topologies has not yet overcome all barriers so that all their benefits can be appreciated. There are still questions to be answered on how to deal with the specificities and operational aspects of micro-grids in both normal and anomalous operation, which are fundamental to the long-term sustainability of power systems. This work discusses aspects related to micro-grids in both isolated and grid-connected operation modes. In the case of isolated systems, the approach takes into account the risks associated with rural electrification projects and discusses issues not restricted to the design, but also to the operation of these types of systems. In the case of grid-connected systems, trends related to the topologies to be used for joint operation with the power grid are discussed. An algorithm to control micro-grids at different hierarchical levels is proposed. This algorithm serves as a basis for the control of the platform for the interaction of distributed agents assembled at the Laboratório de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos of the Universidade de São Paulo to be used for tests on real equipment and for capacity building.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar minicomprimidos de besilato de anlodipino para liberação imediata. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de pré-formulação de amostras do fármaco provenientes de diferentes fornecedores. Os resultados indicaram que o ativo é de alta solubilidade, de acordo com o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças nas estruturas cristalinas das matérias-primas estudadas. Em seguida, foi feito um estudo de velocidade de dissolução intrínseca (VDI) do besilato de anlodipino, utilizando planejamento fatorial fracionado (33-1) cujas variáveis foram o meio de dissolução, velocidade de rotação e pressão de compactação. Verificou-se, que a VDI do besilato de anlodipino é afetada principalmente pelo meio de dissolução. Por fim, nove lotes de minicomprimidos (F1 a F9), contendo o fármaco para liberação imediata, foram produzidos de acordo com um planejamento fatorial completo 32, no qual foi avaliado o impacto do diluente e do desintegrante nas características físicas da formulação e na dissolução do ativo. Os resultados indicam que o diluente influencia no peso médio e relação diâmetro / espessura das formulações, o que é evidenciado pelas diferentes propriedades plásticas da celulose microcristalina e do fosfato de cálcio diidratado. Por outro lado, a eficiência de dissolução é uma resposta influenciada pelo uso do desintegrante. Considerando as recomendações da OMS para dissolução de medicamentos contendo fármacos de classe I ou III do Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica, tal resultado indica que, somente com o uso de crospovidona ou croscarmelose, é possível alcançar uma liberação de 85% da dose em não mais do que 15 minutos, mesmo se tratando de um fármaco de alta solubilidade. / The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize immediate release mini-tablets containing amlodipine besylate. Accordingly, a pre-formulation study of samples of the drug from different suppliers was carried out. The results indicate that the active ingredient is highly-soluble, as defined by the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Furthermore, no differences in the crystalline structures of the raw material in question were encountered. Subsequently, a study of the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of amlodipine besylate was carried out using a fractional factorial design (33-1), whose variables were the dissolution medium, rotation speed and compaction pressure. We ascertained that the IDR of amlodipine besylate is mainly affected by the dissolution medium. Finally, nine batches of mini-tablets (F1 to F9) containing the drug for immediate release were produced in accordance with a complete factorial design (32), in which the impact of the diluent and the excipient on the physical characteristics of the formulation and on the dissolution of the active ingredient was assessed. The results indicate that the diluent influences the average weight and the diameter / thickeness ratio of the formulations, which is evidenced by the different plastic properties of microcrystalline cellulose and calcium phosphate dihydrate. On the other hand, dissolution efficiency is influenced by the use of the disintegrant. Considering WHO recommendations for the dissolution of medications containing class I or III drugs of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, this result indicates that it is possible to attain 85% of the dosage dissolved in less than 15 minutes only with the use of crospovidone or croscarmellose, even for a highly-soluble drug.

Introduction : La résistance aux antibiotiques est une menace de santé, il est donc urgent de développer de nouveaux antibactériens. CIN-102, est un nouvel antibactérien développé par une industrie pharmaceutique. Il possède un large-spectre d’action et aucune résistance n’a été développée jusqu’à présent. Parmi les possibles applications thérapeutiques du CIN-102, notre recherche s’est focalisée sur les Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques de l’Intestin (MICIs). Plusieurs facteurs contribuent à l’étiologie des MICIs. Les bactéries intestinales jouent un rôle important dans ces maladies et une augmentation de la charge bactérienne est observée pendant l’inflammation. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été : la caractérisation de l’activité antibactérienne du CIN-102, l’analyse de l’activité antibactérienne des agents anti-inflammatoires et antibiotiques utilisés en cas de MICI et la fabrication des formulations à ciblage colique pour le CIN-102. Le but est de diminuer la charge bactérienne colique par moyen du CIN-102 et améliorer, de cette façon, l’état de l’inflammation.Méthodes: La Concentration Minimale Inhibitrice (CMI), l’Effet Post-Antibiotique (EPA) et le temps de réduction logarithmique du CIN-102 ont été déterminés pour des bactéries aérobies et anaérobies. Les interactions entre le CIN-102 et des antibiotiques sur le marché ont été évaluées. La CMI de l’acide 5-aminosalicylique (5-ASA), GED-0507-34 et antibiotiques ont été déterminées pour des souches anaérobiques. Par rapport aux formulations à libération prolongée : des mini-granules contenant le CIN-102 ont été fabriqués par extrusion-sphéronisation puis pelliculés avec des mélanges de polymères insolubles et polysaccharides. Parallèlement, des mini-comprimés de CIN-102 ont été fabriqués par compression directe. La libération du CIN-102 in vitro, a été mesurée dans des milieux simulant l’estomac et l’intestin grêle. L’efficacité des systèmes à libération prolongée a été évaluée dans un modèle de colite chez la souris. Des prélèvements de selles et tissus coliques ont été soumis à des études bactériologiques. L’expression des cytokines a été mesurée à partir des tissus coliques.Résultats et discussion : Le large-spectre d’action du CIN-102 a été confirmé. Toutes les souches ont été inhibées par le CIN-102. CIN-102 présente un EPA et un temps de réduction logarithmique court. Il présente des interactions synergiques avec plusieurs antibiotiques, notamment la colistine et les aminoglycosides, en les rendant actifs contre des bactéries multirésistantes. Ces résultats in vitro doivent être poursuivis par des études chez l’animal. Des agents anti-inflammatoires utilisés contre les MICIs ne possèdent pas d’activité antibactérienne. Par ailleurs, les antibiotiques testés n’ont pas un large-spectre d’action contre des bactéries anaérobies généralement retrouvées dans l’intestin. Cela confirme le besoin d’un antibiotique à large spectre capable de réduire des charges bactériennes en cas d’inflammation. Dans ce but, des formulations capables de délivrer CIN-102 au niveau du colon ont été étudiées. La libération du CIN-102 des mini-granules pelliculés et mini-comprimés a été réduite dans des milieux simulant l’estomac et l’intestin grêle. Des souris atteintes de colite et traitées avec les formulations du CIN-102 ont eu une diminution des diarrhées et du sang dans les selles. Les concentrations d’entérobactéries adhérentes à la muqueuse colique et dans les selles ont été significativement réduites chez les souris traitées avec le CIN-102. Ces résultats montrent que ces formulations peuvent délivrer CIN-102 dans le tractus gastro-intestinal inferieur, et que la diminution d’entérobactéries semble réduire les symptômes de la colite.Conclusion : CIN-102 est un nouvel antibactérien a large-spectre et des formulations à libération prolongée peuvent délivrer cet agent dans le colon, diminuant la charge d’entérobactéries qui pourrait influencer l’état de l’inflammation. / Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to public health and new antimicrobials are urgently needed. CIN-102, a new antibacterial agent which resembles cinnamon essential oils composition, was developed by a pharmaceutical company. CIN-102 had a broad-spectrum of action and resistance was not developed until now. Between all the possible therapeutic applications for CIN-102, a future utilization against Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) is aimed. IBD are chronic pathologies with a multifactorial etiology. In this context, enteric bacteria are well-known to have an important role, and higher bacterial concentrations are found in the intestine under inflammatory conditions. The objectives of this work were: to characterize the bacteriological activity of CIN-102, to analyze the bacteriological activity of anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics used in IBD and to fabricate multiparticulate CIN-102 pharmaceutical forms for colonic targeted drug release. The idea is to use CIN-102 to reduce colonic bacterial loads and improve the state of intestinal inflammation. Methodology: The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), the Post-Antibiotic Effect (PAE) and the logarithmic reduction time of CIN-102 were determined against several aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates. The interactions between CIN-102 and commercialized antibiotics were evaluated. The MIC of 5-aminosalicilyc acid, GED-0507-34 and antibiotics were determined for anaerobic bacterial isolates. Concerning sustained released formulations: CIN-102 pellet cores were fabricated by extrusion-spheronization and subsequently coated with blends of insoluble polymers and natural biodegradable polysaccharides. CIN-102 mini-tablets were fabricated by direct compression. In vitro drug released was measured in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The efficacy of best sustained release formulations was assessed in a murine model of colitis. Samples of luminal contents and sections of the colon were taken to perform a bacteriological analysis. Expression of cytokines was analyzed from colonic tissues.Results and discussion: The broad-spectrum activity of CIN-102 was confirmed. All aerobic and anaerobic strains were susceptible to CIN-102. Furthermore, CIN-102 had an important PAE and exerted a fast logarithmic reduction of bacterial inoculum. It interacts synergistically with several antibiotics, mostly with colistin and aminoglycosides, restoring the antibiotic activity against multi-resistant bacteria. The promising in vitro activity of CIN-102 has to be further confirmed by animal studies. Anti-inflammatory agents used against IBD were not provided of antibacterial activity and neither of the antibiotics tested possessed a broad-spectrum of action against anaerobic isolates commonly found in the intestine. These results confirm the need of a broad-spectrum antibiotic capable of reduced increased bacterial loads during inflammation. Following this aim, oral dosage forms able to deliver CIN-102 into the colon were studied. Concerning the sustained release forms, in vitro CIN-102 release from coated-pellets and mini-tablets was reduced in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Colitic mice treated with CIN-102 controlled release formulations had less diarrhea and bloody stools. Furthermore, the concentrations of enterobacteria in colonic tissue and stool were significantly reduced in CIN-102 treated mice. These results show that sustained release formulations can effectively deliver CIN-102 in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract, where the reduction of enterobacteria seems to ameliorate the course of colitis.Conclusion: CIN-102 is novel broad-spectrum antibacterial and sustained release formulations can effectively deliver this agent into the colon, reducing bacterial loads which might influence the state of intestinal inflammation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar minicomprimidos de besilato de anlodipino para liberação imediata. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de pré-formulação de amostras do fármaco provenientes de diferentes fornecedores. Os resultados indicaram que o ativo é de alta solubilidade, de acordo com o Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica. Além disso, não foram encontradas diferenças nas estruturas cristalinas das matérias-primas estudadas. Em seguida, foi feito um estudo de velocidade de dissolução intrínseca (VDI) do besilato de anlodipino, utilizando planejamento fatorial fracionado (33-1) cujas variáveis foram o meio de dissolução, velocidade de rotação e pressão de compactação. Verificou-se, que a VDI do besilato de anlodipino é afetada principalmente pelo meio de dissolução. Por fim, nove lotes de minicomprimidos (F1 a F9), contendo o fármaco para liberação imediata, foram produzidos de acordo com um planejamento fatorial completo 32, no qual foi avaliado o impacto do diluente e do desintegrante nas características físicas da formulação e na dissolução do ativo. Os resultados indicam que o diluente influencia no peso médio e relação diâmetro / espessura das formulações, o que é evidenciado pelas diferentes propriedades plásticas da celulose microcristalina e do fosfato de cálcio diidratado. Por outro lado, a eficiência de dissolução é uma resposta influenciada pelo uso do desintegrante. Considerando as recomendações da OMS para dissolução de medicamentos contendo fármacos de classe I ou III do Sistema de Classificação Biofarmacêutica, tal resultado indica que, somente com o uso de crospovidona ou croscarmelose, é possível alcançar uma liberação de 85% da dose em não mais do que 15 minutos, mesmo se tratando de um fármaco de alta solubilidade. / The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize immediate release mini-tablets containing amlodipine besylate. Accordingly, a pre-formulation study of samples of the drug from different suppliers was carried out. The results indicate that the active ingredient is highly-soluble, as defined by the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Furthermore, no differences in the crystalline structures of the raw material in question were encountered. Subsequently, a study of the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of amlodipine besylate was carried out using a fractional factorial design (33-1), whose variables were the dissolution medium, rotation speed and compaction pressure. We ascertained that the IDR of amlodipine besylate is mainly affected by the dissolution medium. Finally, nine batches of mini-tablets (F1 to F9) containing the drug for immediate release were produced in accordance with a complete factorial design (32), in which the impact of the diluent and the excipient on the physical characteristics of the formulation and on the dissolution of the active ingredient was assessed. The results indicate that the diluent influences the average weight and the diameter / thickeness ratio of the formulations, which is evidenced by the different plastic properties of microcrystalline cellulose and calcium phosphate dihydrate. On the other hand, dissolution efficiency is influenced by the use of the disintegrant. Considering WHO recommendations for the dissolution of medications containing class I or III drugs of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, this result indicates that it is possible to attain 85% of the dosage dissolved in less than 15 minutes only with the use of crospovidone or croscarmellose, even for a highly-soluble drug.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:42:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magda de Oliveira Guimaraes.pdf: 1995947 bytes, checksum: 6ed0f7473be10653b08f19364baccfe5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / Based on the study of the book O Tempo e o Vento , by Erico Verissimo, the present dissertation analyses and discusses the transcreation of this book, a printed media, into an audiovisual media, the homonymous television adaptation made by TV Globo broadcasting company in 1985. This subject of study is placed in the Interdisciplinary Program in Contemporary Culture and Arts, for it employs knowledge of diverse areas, such as written language and audiovisual media, and evaluates the transposition of erudite culture (the book) into mass culture (the television). This study evaluated the first ten years of TV Globo s broadcasting of mini-series (1982-1991), establishing the themes of the TV shows regarding the current Brazilian cultural problems and the reasons behind the choice of a given theme for production. The historical issues presented by the TV show and the adapted book were studied, and the different issues involved in their fruition were observed, such as the amount of time spent by viewers, the place and time, the prior formation (study level, and the preference for passively watching the TV show or actively reading the book). The mini-series chosen was the first big production made by TV Globo in order to celebrate its 20th anniversary: entitled O Tempo e o Vento , this adaptation, homonymous to the trilogy written by Verissimo, depicts the first volume of the trilogy, called O Continente launched in 1949 by Globo Publishing House. One chapter of the book Ana Terra was selected, which is about the story of Pedro Missioneiro and Ana Terra. Using tenets of content analysis developed by Laurence Bardin, two ambivalent nuclei were chosen (life and death), from which 85 passages of the written text containing behaviors and feelings corresponding to the nuclei were selected. Based on these data, the inclusions and exclusions, artistic creation and differences between the original and the adapted work were analyzed. It was seen that the items that presented more occurrences were fear (18), which belongs to the death nucleon, with 36 inclusions in the mini-series, as opposed to life, which had only 26 inclusions, happiness being the item with more occurrences (only 6). Therefore, the adaptation maintained the climate of tension similar to the book, and a harmonious and edifying climate was not found. / Este trabalho apresenta a análise e discussão sobre a transcriação da mídia impressa, o livro, para a mídia audiovisual, a televisão, a partir do estudo do texto de Erico Verissimo O Tempo e o Vento , adaptado para a minissérie homônima, transmitida pela TV Globo em 1985. Esse tema se insere no programa interdisciplinar com linha de pesquisa Cultura e Artes na Contemporaneidade, pois utiliza o conhecimento de áreas distintas, como a linguagem escrita levada para a linguagem audiovisual, analisando a transposição da cultura erudita para a de massas do livro para a televisão. O trabalho teve por objetivos realizar um levantamento dos dez primeiros anos de transmissão das minisséries na TV Globo (1982-1991), onde foram apontadas as temáticas dos programas quanto aos problemas culturais brasileiros contemporâneos e as razões pelas quais determinado tema é escolhido para a produção. Estudaram-se aspectos históricos, no contexto brasileiro, sobre os programas seriados apresentados pela televisão e o livro com a literatura seriada, sendo observados os diferentes aspectos de fruição das duas mídias, como o tempo despendido, local, horário, formação anterior para fruição como a alfabetização, e a preferência pela passividade em ouvir a narração ou a atividade em realizar a leitura. A minissérie escolhida foi a primeira grande produção realizada pela TV Globo em 1985 para comemorar os 20 anos da emissora: com o título O Tempo e o Vento , homônima ao livro, nome dado à trilogia idealizada pelo autor, a adaptação corresponde ao volume 1 chamado O Continente lançado pela Editora e Livraria do Globo, em 1949. Para condensar o estudo foi necessário realizar um recorte, sendo eleito o capítulo Ana Terra , homônimo à parte da minissérie sobre a narrativa de Pedro Missioneiro e Ana Terra. Através da análise de conteúdo proposta por Laurence Bardin, foram eleitos dois núcleos considerados ambivalentes morte e vida e selecionadas 85 passagens do texto escrito que continham comportamentos, sentimentos e sensações que refletissem os núcleos. A partir desses dados, foram analisados as inclusões, exclusões, criação artística e o deslocamento entre a obra original e a adaptada. Da análise foi possível concluir que os itens que mais tiveram ocorrências foram o medo (18), pertencente ao núcleo morte , com 36 inclusões na minissérie, em oposição à vida , que obteve somente 26 inclusões, sendo o item alegria com maior número de ocorrências apenas 6. Assim, a obra em sua recriação manteve um clima de tensão semelhante ao observado no livro, no qual não há observações de um clima harmônico e edificante.

Recentemente, muitas mudanças vêm ocorrendo na forma como a energia elétrica é gerada e distribuída, criando com isso oportunidades de utilizar os recursos disponíveis in loco de forma mais eficiente, atuando juntamente com sistemas centralizados convencionais, para o atendimento das necessidades energéticas. Neste contexto, as minirredes de energia são consideradas pontos chaves para melhorar a confiabilidade e a qualidade da energia, aumentar a eficiência do sistema elétrico como um todo, viabilizar aos consumidores finais a possibilidade de uma certa independência da rede e uma participação mais ativa no mercado de energia elétrica. No entanto, a aplicação de tais topologias ainda não superou todas as barreiras para que todos os benefícios possam ser apreciados. Há ainda perguntas a serem respondidas sobre como lidar com as especificidades e os aspectos operacionais de minirredes, tanto em operação normal quanto em operação anômala, que são fundamentais para a sustentabilidade de longo prazo dos sistemas. Este trabalho discute aspectos relacionados à operação de minirredes, tanto em sistemas isolados quanto em sistemas conectados à rede da concessionária. No caso de sistemas isolados, a abordagem leva em consideração os riscos associados aos projetos voltados para eletrificação rural e discute questões não restritas ao projeto inicial, mas também à operação destes tipos de sistemas. No caso de sistemas conectados, são discutidas tendências relacionadas às topologias de utilização destes sistemas para operação conjunta com a rede elétrica. Um algoritmo para controle de minirredes em diferentes níveis hierárquicos é proposto. Este algoritmo serve como base para o controle da plataforma de interação de agentes distribuídos, montada no Laboratório de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos da Universidade de São Paulo para testes em equipamentos reais e para a formação de recursos humanos. / Recently, many changes are taking place in the way energy is generated and distributed, thus creating opportunities to utilize the resources available on site more efficiently, working along with conventional centralized systems, to meet energy needs. In this context, mini-grids are considered key points to improve the reliability and power quality, increase the efficiency of the electric system as a whole, enable end consumers to have a certain independence from the grid and a more active participation in the electricity market. However, the application of such topologies has not yet overcome all barriers so that all their benefits can be appreciated. There are still questions to be answered on how to deal with the specificities and operational aspects of micro-grids in both normal and anomalous operation, which are fundamental to the long-term sustainability of power systems. This work discusses aspects related to micro-grids in both isolated and grid-connected operation modes. In the case of isolated systems, the approach takes into account the risks associated with rural electrification projects and discusses issues not restricted to the design, but also to the operation of these types of systems. In the case of grid-connected systems, trends related to the topologies to be used for joint operation with the power grid are discussed. An algorithm to control micro-grids at different hierarchical levels is proposed. This algorithm serves as a basis for the control of the platform for the interaction of distributed agents assembled at the Laboratório de Sistemas Fotovoltaicos of the Universidade de São Paulo to be used for tests on real equipment and for capacity building.

En tant que laboratoire national pour la métrologie des rayonnements ionisants, le Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel met au point les méthodes de mesures absolues pour établir les références dosimétriques. Il dispose, entre autres, de références dans des faisceaux de rayons X utilisés en radiothérapie et ayant une taille de champ comprise entre 10 et 2 cm de côté. Afin de s’approcher des plus petits champs utilisés en clinique, la miniaturisation des détecteurs absolus n’étant pas possible, il est proposé dans cette thèse de remplacer la dose absorbée en un point par le produit dose surface (PDS). L’applicabilité du PDS mesuré à l’aide de dosimètres dont la surface sensible est plus grande que celle du champ de rayonnement a été vérifiée. Ainsi, un calorimètre graphite avec une surface sensible de 3 cm de diamètre a été conçu, construit et testé. En vue du transfert des références dosimétriques à l’utilisateur, une chambre d’ionisation de même diamètre a elle aussi été réalisée et testée. Son coefficient d’étalonnage en termes de PDS a été déterminé dans des faisceaux circulaires de 2, 1 et 0.75 cm de diamètre avec une incertitude type inférieure à 0.7 %. La distribution relative de la dose absorbée dans l’eau en deux dimensions a été mesurée au moyen d’un dosimètre diamant, d’une chambre d’ionisation PinPoint et de films gafchromiques, pour lesquels un protocole de lecture spécifique a été mis au point. Les résultats dans le faisceau de 2 cm de diamètre ont montré un bon accord entre les approches en termes de PDS et de dose absorbée dans l’eau en un point, après application des facteurs de correction obtenus au moyen de simulations Monte Carlo et des mesures de distribution de dose. Les coefficients d’étalonnage de la chambre d’ionisation de grandes dimensions établis dans les champs de 1 et 0.75 cm de diamètre sont compatibles aux incertitudes près mais s’écartent de -2.6 % de celui établi dans le champ de 2 cm de diamètre. L’utilisation du PDS nécessite donc une surface de détection notablement plus grande que la section du mini-Faisceau. / The French primary standard dosimetry laboratory “Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel” is in charge of the establishment of dosimetric standards for ionizing radiation beams. Absolute dose measurements are thus available for X-Ray beams used in radiotherapy for field sizes between 10 and 2 cm. Since the miniaturization of absolute dosimeters is not possible for smaller field sizes, a dose area product (DAP) has been suggested as a substitute to the absorbed dose at a point.In order to measure a DAP with dosimeters which sensitive surface is larger than the beam, a graphite calorimeter with a sensitive surface of 3 cm diameter was designed, built and tested. An ionization chamber with the same diameter was realized and tested to transfer the dosimetric references to the end users. Its calibration factor in terms of DAP was determined in circular beams of 2, 1 and 0.75 cm diameter with an uncertainty smaller than 0.7 %. The two-Dimension relative dose distribution was measured thanks to a diamond dosimeter, a PinPoint ionization chamber and gafchromic films, using a specific protocol.Both approaches, respectively based on a PDS and an absorbed dose to water at a point, were in good agreement in the 2 cm beam. Correction factors determined from Monte Carlo simulations and measured dose distributions were needed for this comparison. The calibration factor of the large ionization chamber in the 1 and 0.75 cm diameter beams were in good agreement within the uncertainties but a gap of -2.6 % was found with the one established in the 2 cm diameter beam. As a result, the DAP can be used if the sensitive surface is much larger than the beam section.