Desinformation har genom alla tider varit en del av samhället och har genom historien haft avgörandet betydelse för händelser som utspelat sig. Idag är desinformation ett ytterst aktuellt ämne som genom nyhetsflödets ökande tempo med digitaliseringen, samt AIs förmåga att producera manipulerade bilder är det ett område som är viktigt att studera. Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka om det fanns någon korrelation mellan den svenska befolkningens känsla av inkludering kopplad till deras attityd mot desinformation. Vidare undersöktes det om det fanns något samband kopplade till intersektionella faktorer som kön och ålder. Undersökningen hade en kvantitativ ansats genom insamlandet av enkäter, som sedan sammanställdes. Resultatet visade att inget samband mellan känslan av inkludering och attityd till desinformation, samt mellan desinformation kopplat till kön eller ålder kunde fastställas. Slutsatsen som kan dras är att bristen på signifikanta resultat kan tillskrivas antingen en missad korrelation som inte fångades i denna studie eller det faktum att desinformation är en så genomgripande samhällsfråga att den ses negativt av de flesta individer, vilket gör det svårt att hitta signifikanta skillnader mellan olika grupper. En separat undersökning fann dock visst samband mellan konspiratoriska övertygelser och individer inom den politiska högern, vilket tyder på ett potentiellt samband mellan politiska ideologier och attityder till desinformation. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att utforska denna aspekt. / Disinformation has always been a part of society and throughout history has been decisive for events that unfolded. Today, disinformation is an extremely current topic that, through the increased pace of the news flow with digitization, and AI's ability to produce manipulated images is the most current area to study. The purpose of the survey was to investigate whether there was any correlation between the Swedish population's sense of inclusion linked to their attitude towards desinformation. Furthermore, the paper explored whether there was any relationship linked to intersectional factors such as gender and age. The survey was a quantitative survey through the collection of questionnaires, which were then compiled. The result showed that no relationship between the feeling of inclusion and attitude to disinformation, as well as between disinformation linked to gender or age could be established. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the lack of significant results can be attributed either to a missed correlation that was not captured in this study or to the fact that disinformation is such a pervasive societal issue that it is viewed negatively by most individuals, making it difficult to find significant differences between different groups. However, a separate survey found some association between conspiratorial beliefs and individuals on the political right, suggesting a potential link between political ideologies and attitudes toward disinformation. Further research is needed to explore this aspect.

The importance of information literacy has become increasingly evident in the expansive information environment of social media platforms. Anyone can share information, which also leads to the spread of misinformation. For instance, many individuals share information about ADHD diagnoses, often claiming that certain behaviors are definitive signs of having ADHD. In this qualitative study we first use the walkthrough method to observe the platform’s information architecture, drawing on affordance theory and how it can affect user’s interaction and interpretations on the platform. Secondly, we conduct semi-structured interviews to examine how users interactions and interpretations are influenced by their source criticism skills, grounded in information literacy. The results from the walkthrough method show that the platform’s affordances related to interaction and interpretation, such as comments, are easy to find and use. It is also evident that there is a choice about which features are more prominent than others. It also shows that the short-form content and scrolling-function make it easy for users to consume a large amount of information in a short time. The clearest result from the interviews is that respondents interpretate information about ADHD on TikTok, to be general and primarily interact with content that is entertaining and fun. The study has led to several conclusions. Two of them are firstly, that functions on TikTok are strategically placed to affect how users interact with the content. Secondly, that users' approach to information literacy affects whether users find the information reliable, which in turn affects how they interact with it.

Barn och unga som inte närvarar i skolans undervisning, anses av många som ett växande samhällsproblem. Närvaroproblem är det begrepp som vi valt för att benämna problematisk skolfrånvaro. Syftet med denna uppsats är att belysa hur närvaroproblem kan yttra sig. Uppsatsen undersöker vad som kan orsaka närvaroproblem, vilka konsekvenser det kan få för barn och unga samt hur orsakerna och konsekvenserna kan tänkas förebyggas. Detta kommer undersökas genom fenomenografi. Materialet som undersöks är tre podcastavsnitt och ett videoreportage. I uppsatsen kunde flertalet orsaker bakom skolfrånvaro återfinnas, några av de huvudsakliga var mental ohälsa, neuropsykiatriska funktionsnedsättningar och livsförändringar. De konsekvenser som hittades var bland annat förstärkt mental ohälsa, försämring av social samvaro samt svårigheter att få insatser. Några viktiga beståndsdelar som ledde till förbättrat mående och närvaro var bland annat individualiserade insatser, motiveringsarbete och små undervisningsgrupper.

Introduktion: Kommunikation om vaccinets effekter är av stor folkhälsovetenskaplig relevans. På det svenska onlineforumet Flashback diskuterar användare huruvida vaccin gör människor sjuka. Dagligen förekommer desinformationsspridning både medvetet och omedvetet på internet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur desinformation relaterad till hälsoinformation om vaccin diskuteras på Flashback Forum. Metod: Livsberättelser i tråden på forumet utgör den narrativa analysen och som tillsammans med en diskursanalys tolkas vad som framförs i diskussionerna mellan användare. För att gå ett steg längre i diskursanalysen, som härrör Foucaults teori om maktrelationer, har analysfrågor använts som grundar sig i vad som är det representerade problemet i diskussionerna som förs. För att fastställa vilka dilemman som framställs, vad gäller hälsoinformation och vaccin på Flashback, användes en tematisk analys. Därefter analyseras vilka antaganden som framförs, vilken orsak som ligger till grund i problemet och till sist vad som lämnas outtalat och underförstått i diskussionerna. Resultat: Det framkom fem teman i diskussionerna, vilka utgör läkemedelsindustrin, desinformationsspridning, autism/adhd, vetenskapliga studier samt hälsofarliga ämnen. Främsta resultatet handlade om outtalade rädslor vilket kan bero på låg hälsolitteracitet hos användare. Slutsats: När data analyserats och resultatet framträdde framkom en förståelse i att diskussionerna om hälsoinformation och vaccin på Flashback snarare handlade om missinformation och inte desinformationsspridning. Vilket betyder att användare omedvetet sprider information om vaccin och dess effekter som inte är evidensbaserade. / Introduction: Communication and discussion about the effect of vaccines are of great interest from the perspective of public health science. On the Swedish online forum Flashback, users discussed whether vaccines are the cause of sickness. Everyday, misinformation is spread both consciously and unconsciously online. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how misinformation, related to vaccine health information, is discussed on the Flashback forum. Method: The narrative analysis consists of life stories discussed on the forum. Together with a discourse analysis, this is the basis of the interpretation of what is presented in the discussions between users. The discourse analysis is derived from Foucault’s theory of power relations, and, to take the discourse analysis one step further, analysis questions, concerning the problem represented in the discussions, have been used. A thematic analysis was used in order to determine which dilemmas, regarding health information and vaccines on Flashback, are presented. Further, an analysis was performed regarding which assumptions were made, what the cause of the problem is and lastly, what was left unspoken and assumed in the discussions. Results: Five themes emerged in the discussions. These were the pharmaceutical industry, the spread of disinformation, autism/adhd, scientific studies and unhealthy substances. The main finding/result was about unspoken fears, which may be due to low health literacy among users. Conclusion: When the data was analyzed and the results emerged, it became apparent that the discussions about health information and vaccines on Flashback were about misinformation rather than the spread of disinformation. This means that users are unknowingly spreading information about vaccines and their effects that are not evidence-based.

The spread of disinformation in Sweden is not a new phenomenon and has long been considered a problem for the Swedish Social Services. Though in recent years, misinformation and rumours about the Social Services have increased. The main narratives revolve around the Social Services allegedly kidnapping children of foreign descent without the support of LVU (Care of Young Persons Act) and are commonly referred to as the LVU campaign. Previous research primarily focuses on the portrayal of the Social Services by traditional media, creating a knowledge gap regarding the Social Services and social media. The aim of this study is to examine and increase understanding of discourses about the Social Services among users on the social media platform Flashback. By using a thematic analysis method, we have reduced and sorted the posts found in our Flashback forum of choice. The thematic analysis method enabled the construction of different themes that appeared frequently in the forum. Subsequently, a critical discourse analysis was applied to the material to identify the discourses that emerged in the forum. The critical discourse analysis includes a three-dimensional model and several concepts used to conduct the analysis. The main findings of the study shows that discussions among users on Flashback can involve several different aspects, and users have varying perspectives on the Social Services. This means that the portrayal of the Social Services on Flashback becomes complex as both positive and negative opinions are constantly expressed, along with different problem representations. The Social Services are often described negatively, and when multiple users agree with each other, the negative image of the Social Services becomes a "truth". Positive and negative discourses are also expressed in the Flashback forum, and these are constantly in opposition to each other. In the negative discourses, there is also an expression of fear towards the Social Services and the removal of children, which can be problematic as it may deter people from seeking the care they need.