As renewable energy becomes increasingly cost competitive and Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) push states to produce more and more of their steadily growing power demands from renewable sources, the need to solve the problems associated with renewable penetration becomes a priority. The intermittent nature of solar and wind power generation require additional cost that inhibit their implementation as penetration levels grow. Reliability remains power utilities' top priority while they struggle to upgrade their systems. Old generation facilities will be decommissioned, renewable energy projects will come on line and transmission upgrades become inevitable. Variability on the grid is currently mitigated through the use of Operational Reserves. These units are costly and utilities are currently looking for ways to reduce the amount of reserves required. Balancing Area cooperation is currently being considered by many as the most economical and environmentally conscience method to mitigate variability. Many aspects of Balancing Area cooperation will be discussed along with the motivations for their implementation. A 22.5 square mile area of land in Clovis, NM will be the home of the Tres Amigas project designed to unite the three asynchronous grids of our Nation with the purpose of improving reliability and reducing cost through the exchange of power and ancillary services such as VAR support and Operating Reserves. This paper will investigate the implications of this project on the Operational Reserves required to mitigate variability due to increasing renewable energy penetration by enabling Balancing Areas to cooperate across regions that are currently not assessable.

Thesis ( M.Sc. ( Computer Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Dynamic spectrum access enabled by cognitive radio networks is envisioned to address the problems of the ever-increasing wireless technology. This innovative technology increases spectrum utility by allowing unlicensed devices to utilise the unused spectrum band of licenced devices opportunistically. The unlicensed devices referred to as secondary users (SUs) constantly sense the spectrum band to avoid interfering with the transmission of the licenced devices known as primary users (PUs).Due to some environmental challenges that can interfere with effective spectrum sensing, the SUs have to cooperate in sensing the spectrum band. However, cooperative spectrum sensing is susceptible to the spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack where selfish radios falsify the spectrum reports. Hence, there is a need to design a defence scheme that will defend the SSDF attack and guaranty correct final transmission decision. In this study, we proposed the integration of the reputation based system and the qout-of-m rule scheme to defend against the SSDF attack. The reputation-based system was used to determine the trustworthiness of the SUs. The q-out-of-m rule scheme where m sensing reports were selected from the ones with good reputation and q was the final decision, which was used to isolate the entire malicious nodes and make the correct final transmission decision. The proposed scheme was implemented in a Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network (CRAHN) where the services of a data fusion centre (FC) were not required. The SUs conducted their own data fusion and made their own final transmission decision based on their sensing reports and the sensing reports of their neighbouring nodes. Matlab was used to implement and simulate the proposed scheme. We compared our proposed scheme with the multifusion based distributed spectrum sensing and density based system schemes. Metrics used were the success probability, missed detection probability and false alarm probability. The proposed scheme performed better compared to the other schemes in all the metrics. / CSIR, NRF and, University of Limpopo research office

Esta dissertação analisa a recepção do duty to mitigate the loss pelo Direito Civil brasileiro. Instituto com maior desenvolvimento nos países que adotam o sistema da common law, preceitua que a inobservância da mitigação pelo credor em face de um inadimplemento, seja evitando ou minimizando o prejuízo, faz com que ele não seja ressarcido do dano sofrido, pois referida conduta estava ao seu alcance. O estudo faz a contraposição dos conceitos de dever jurídico e ônus, extraindo-se a natureza jurídica do duty to mitigate the loss a partir da boa-fé. Posteriormente, são estabelecidos os seus pressupostos de existência, o que se convencionou chamar de pressuposto de exigibilidade processual e é feito um confronto com demais institutos de Direito Civil que possuem características semelhantes ou que podem se relacionar com a norma de mitigação. Parte-se, então, para o desenvolvimento do que se chamou de regra de aferição da razoabilidade, como meio de padronizar a verificação da medida que se pode considerar razoável para o credor adotar diante da incidência do duty to mitigate the loss. Logo após, é feito um levantamento jurisprudencial para avaliação da aplicação da norma de mitigação pelos tribunais brasileiros. Por fim, é analisada a presença do duty to mitigate the loss na Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Contratos de Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (CISG) e em iniciativas internacionais. / This dissertation analyzes the reception of the duty to mitigate the loss by the Brazilian Civil Law. Institute with further development in countries that adopt the common law system, states that the failure of mitigation by the creditor in case of breach, either avoiding or minimizing the damage, causes him to not be reimbursed for the damage suffered, because that conduct was within his reach. The study contrasts the concepts of duty and burden, extracting the legal nature of the duty to mitigate loss from the good faith. After, it is established their assumptions of existence, the so-called assumption of procedural enforceability and it is made a confrontation with other institutes of civil law that have similar characteristics or can relate to the standard mitigation. The next step is the development of what was called reasonableness admeasurement rule, as a means to standardize the verification of measures that can be considered reasonable for the creditor to take on by the incidence of the duty to mitigate loss. Immediately after, a survey is made for judicial review of the implementation of mitigation standard by Brazilian courts. Finally, it is analyzed the presence of the duty to mitigate the loss in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and international initiatives.

Vem har nytta av en siffra?– En fallstudie av ett förbättringsarbete med syfte att förbättra och kvalitetssäkra smärtbehandling för palliativa patienter i regionsansluten specialiserad hemsjukvård.   Bakgrund: Palliativ vård, vård i livets slut, ändrar fokus från bot till lindring. Det viktigaste målet för palliativ vård är symtomlindring och smärta är det symtom som har störst betydelse för livskvalitet. Numeric Rating Symptom Scale, NRS, har visat sig underlätta utvärdering och kvalitetssäkring av smärtbehandling.   Syfte: Förbättringsarbetets mål var att förbättra smärtbehandlingen för inskrivna patienter. Studiens syfte har varit att hitta motiverande faktorer samt undersöka medarbetarnas upplevelse av förbättringsarbetet.   Metod: Nolans modell för förbättring och PDSA-hjul enligt Deming, fiskbensdiagram och 5p-kartläggning av mikrosystemet har använts i förbättringsprojektet. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data har inhämtats till studien av förbättringsarbetet. Intervjuer har utförts och analyserats med innehållsanalys.   Resultat: NRS fanns dokumenterat för utvärdering av smärtbehandling i 15 % av patientbesöken och enhetens medelvärde för NRS per vecka var 4 eller lägre. Studien visar att medarbetarna har kunskap om hur NRS ska användas och mäta men att förståelse för varför och för vem skull detta är viktigt saknas.   Slutsats:Deltagande i detta förbättringsarbete har ökat kunskapen bland medarbetarna. Diskussioner visar på ett skifte från individ till system och en förflyttning av fokus mot patientens behov och involvering samt förståelse för målet med vård utförd av arbetsplatsen. / Does the number count? – A case study of an improvement project focusing pain management routine in specialized palliative care.   Background:Palliative care, end-of-life care, change focus from cure to comfort, ease and relieve symptoms. Management of symptoms are important palliative care and pain have a big effect on patient’s quality of life. Numeric Rate Symptom Scale, NRS, have proved to help medical units to evaluate pain management.   Purpose:  The aim of the improvement work was to improve pain management routine for patients. The purpose of the study was to find motivating factors and to find how employees ‘experiences the improvement initiative.    Method: Nolan´s model of improvement with PDSA cycles from Deming, Ishikawa diagram and description of micro system 5p wereused for the improvement project. The study was based on a qualitative and quantitative data collections. The interviews were analysed by content analysis.    Results:NRS are used in 15 % of evaluation of pain management and the average NRS where 4 or less. Data from the study shows knowledge among employees´about how to use NRS and what NRS is made to display but lack knowlegde of why and for whom.   Conclusions: This project created common learning through participation in the improvement project. Focus are starting to change and more discussions shifting from individual to system level about patient involvement and consensus on aim of care.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da teoria da avoidability ou duty to mitigate the loss à luz do Direito Brasileiro. Sua escolha decorreu do fato de o ordenamento pátrio, diferente de outros tantos, não prever a existência expressa de um dever ou mais propriamente de um ônus de o contratante inadimplido adotar as medidas razoáveis ao seu alcance para reduzir as perdas e danos causados pelo inadimplemento do outro contratante. Do estudo do direito estrangeiro, procurou-se compreender as principais características do instituto, bem como as críticas feitas a ele, para que sua estrutura e suas possíveis objeções pudessem também ser examinadas sob a perspectiva do direito nacional. Demonstrado que o problema da redução dos prejuízos pelo próprio credor da indenização não poderia ser satisfatoriamente resolvido ao menos não integralmente sob a perspectiva da causalidade concorrente, e que não haveria nenhum óbice intransponível à adoção da regra, passou-se a avaliar se ela já seria uma leitura possível do princípio da boa-fé objetiva. A conclusão alcançada com base na doutrina, e posteriormente confirmada com o posicionamento jurisprudencial, mostrou-se positiva. Demonstrou-se, portanto, que a mitigação de danos pelo credor é um ônus decorrente da cláusula geral que impõe aos contratantes o dever de agir com probidade e boa-fé, dever esse que não é afetado sequer pelo inadimplemento da prestação principal pela contraparte, sob pena de o exercício do direito de indenização tornar-se abusivo. A ausência de uma regra expressa que imponha ao contratante inadimplido o ônus de mitigar seu próprio prejuízo não impede, pois, o reconhecimento da regra no Direito Brasileiro, de modo que sua positivação expressa, embora disponível, traria como única vantagem a maior clareza sobre as regras de responsabilidade contratual, com a facilitação apenas relativa do processo decisório nesses casos. / The purpose of this work was to study the theory of avoidability or the duty to mitigate the loss in light of the Brazilian law. Its choice arose from the fact that the domestic legal system, different from many others, does not set forth the express existence of a duty or more properly of a burden of the breached against party to adopt the reasonable measures available to him/her in order to reduce the losses and damages caused by the breach by the other contracting party. The study of the foreign law was sought to allow the understanding of the main characteristics of the rule, as well as the criticisms raised against it, so that its structure and its main objections could similarly be assessed under the perspective of the national law. Once demonstrated that the problem of the reduction of losses by the creditor himself/herself could not be satisfactorily resolved at least not totally based on the joint causation and that there was no unbridgeable obstacle to the adoption of the rule, it was then evaluated whether it was already a possible construction of the principle of good faith. The conclusion reached based on the literature and afterwards confirmed by the case law was positive. It was evidenced, therefore, that the mitigation of damages by the creditor is a burden arising from the general clause that poses on the contracting parties the duty to act with correctness and good faith, duty which not affected even by the breach of the main obligation by the counterpart, under the consequence of the right to damages being exercised abusively. The lack of a express rule that poses a burden on the breached against party to mitigate his/her own losses does not prevent, thus, the recognition of such a rule in the Brazilian legal system, meaning that its formal adoption, although unessential, would only bring the advantage of more clarity on the rules of damages arising from the breach of contract, with a mere relative facilitation of the decision process on these cases.

Submitted by Tomas Barros Martins Comino Comino (tomascomino@hotmail.com) on 2015-03-31T21:56:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao UPLOAD.pdf: 1077138 bytes, checksum: 863caeac5a0a10d25b9351f92d298894 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-31T22:14:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao UPLOAD.pdf: 1077138 bytes, checksum: 863caeac5a0a10d25b9351f92d298894 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T12:35:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versao UPLOAD.pdf: 1077138 bytes, checksum: 863caeac5a0a10d25b9351f92d298894 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Firstly, the paper briefly describes the common law tradition, setting the duty to mitigate the loss into the context of its own. Then, the paper draws the general lines that identify the mitigation doctrine in common law jurisdictions. Attention is given to the justifications of the duty to mitigate the loss and the roles it plays, including in the cases subject to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). In its context, the duty to mitigate the loss is primarily justified by causation and functions as a limit to compensation; it is not a 'duty'; it is applicable to the plaintiff; reasonableness of the mitigation steps and reimbursement of expenses are essential features to the mitigation doctrine. Secondly, the paper studies the duty to mitigate the loss in Brazil, from selected works of commentators and from decisions of the Superior Court of Justice and various state courts. Research has shown that the duty to mitigate the loss, under the equivalent name of 'mitigation doctrine', entered into Brazil by the work of commentators but little reflected in court decisions. Deprived of this earlier influence, the duty to mitigate the loss returned to Brazil through an 'enunciado' of the Federal Council of Justice, submitted in a document whose content is subject to criticism in this work, especially on the matter of the close connection between the duty to mitigate the loss and good faith (in its objective sense). Once the Superior Court of Justice invoked the 'enunciado' and the document in which it is based to decide a specific case, the duty to mitigate the loss rapidly expanded in Brazil. In São Paulo, it has gained the status of principle and aphorism. In the Superior Court of Justice, it has been considered a sub-principle of good faith and has been applied to adjective and substantive criminal cases. Comparatively, the common law notion of the duty to mitigate the loss is quite different to the Brazilian notion of it. This work indicates these differences and concludes with a classification of the roles that the duty to mitigate the loss plays in Brazil and with a draft proposal aimed at modifying the current version of the 'enunciado' of the Federal Council of Justice. / Primeiramente, o trabalho descreve sinteticamente a tradição common law, inserindo o o duty to mitigate the loss em contexto próprio. Então, traça as linhas gerais que, naquele cenário, conformam o instituto. Atenção é dada aos fundamentos do duty to mitigate the loss e às funções por ele desempenhadas, inclusive nos casos subordinados à United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). No contexto próprio, o duty to mitigate the loss tem por fundamento primeiro a causation e funciona como um limitador do quantum indenizatório; não trata de um 'dever'; cabe ao demandante; tem na razoabilidade das medidas mitigadoras e no reembolso das despesas incorridas características essenciais. Em segundo lugar, a dissertação investiga o duty to mitigate the loss no Brasil, a partir da doutrina selecionada e de decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e de diversos tribunais estaduais. As pesquisas demonstram que o duty to mitigate the loss, sob o nome de mitigation doctrine, ingressou no Brasil pela doutrina, mas desta forma repercutiu pouco nos tribunais. Desprovido desta influência doutrinária anterior, o duty to mitigate the loss retornou ao Brasil por meio de enunciado do Conselho da Justiça Federal, proposto em documento cujo conteúdo é objeto de reflexões neste trabalho, notadamente na questão da íntima relação entre o duty to mitigate the loss e a boa-fé objetiva. A partir do leading case no Superior Tribunal de Justiça, que adotou o enunciado e o documento que lhe serviu de proposta, o duty to mitigate the loss expandiu rapidamente no Brasil. Em São Paulo, foi alçado à princípio e brocardo. No Superior Tribunal e Justiça, foi considerado sub-princípio da boa-fé e aplicado em questões adjetivas e substantivas criminais. Comparativamente, o duty to mitigate the loss no Brasil guarda remotas semelhanças ao instituto homônimo da common law. Este trabalho aponta as diferenças entre os intitutos e concluí com a sistematização das funções que o duty to mitigate the loss desempenha no Brasil, formulando proposta para a reedição de enunciado do Conselho da Justiça Federal.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de compreender o instituto denominado duty to mitigate the loss, desenvolvido no direito inglês e positivado no direito internacional privado pela Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre a Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (Convenção de Viena de 1980) e, posteriormente, incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico interno pelo Decreto Presidencial nº 8.327, de 16 de outubro de 2014, em razão da adesão do Estado brasileiro à referida convenção das Nações Unidas. Ao mesmo tempo, o presente estudo dirige-se à análise da compatibilidade desse instituto estrangeiro com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial com o direito do trabalho, o que se faz a partir da análise das decisões proferidas no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho brasileira pelos Tribunais Regionais que compõem a jurisdição trabalhista de primeira instância e as decisões finais dadas pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. / This research was developed in order to understand the institute called "duty to mitigate the loss", developed in English law and established in private international law by the United Nations Convention on the International Sale and Purchase of Goods (1980 Vienna Convention) And subsequently incorporated into the domestic legal system by Presidential Decree no. 8,327 of October 16, 2014, due to the adhesion of the Brazilian State to said United Nations convention. At the same time and mainly, the present study is directed to the analysis of the compatibility of this foreign institute with the Brazilian legal system and, in particular, its application in national labor law, which was done from its application in the field of labor justice by the regional courts that make up the labor jurisdiction of first instance, and the final word speak about by Superior Labor Court of Brazil.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de compreender o instituto denominado duty to mitigate the loss, desenvolvido no direito inglês e positivado no direito internacional privado pela Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre a Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (Convenção de Viena de 1980) e, posteriormente, incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico interno pelo Decreto Presidencial nº 8.327, de 16 de outubro de 2014, em razão da adesão do Estado brasileiro à referida convenção das Nações Unidas. Ao mesmo tempo, o presente estudo dirige-se à análise da compatibilidade desse instituto estrangeiro com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial com o direito do trabalho, o que se faz a partir da análise das decisões proferidas no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho brasileira pelos Tribunais Regionais que compõem a jurisdição trabalhista de primeira instância e as decisões finais dadas pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. / This research was developed in order to understand the institute called "duty to mitigate the loss", developed in English law and established in private international law by the United Nations Convention on the International Sale and Purchase of Goods (1980 Vienna Convention) And subsequently incorporated into the domestic legal system by Presidential Decree no. 8,327 of October 16, 2014, due to the adhesion of the Brazilian State to said United Nations convention. At the same time and mainly, the present study is directed to the analysis of the compatibility of this foreign institute with the Brazilian legal system and, in particular, its application in national labor law, which was done from its application in the field of labor justice by the regional courts that make up the labor jurisdiction of first instance, and the final word speak about by Superior Labor Court of Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da teoria da avoidability ou duty to mitigate the loss à luz do Direito Brasileiro. Sua escolha decorreu do fato de o ordenamento pátrio, diferente de outros tantos, não prever a existência expressa de um dever ou mais propriamente de um ônus de o contratante inadimplido adotar as medidas razoáveis ao seu alcance para reduzir as perdas e danos causados pelo inadimplemento do outro contratante. Do estudo do direito estrangeiro, procurou-se compreender as principais características do instituto, bem como as críticas feitas a ele, para que sua estrutura e suas possíveis objeções pudessem também ser examinadas sob a perspectiva do direito nacional. Demonstrado que o problema da redução dos prejuízos pelo próprio credor da indenização não poderia ser satisfatoriamente resolvido ao menos não integralmente sob a perspectiva da causalidade concorrente, e que não haveria nenhum óbice intransponível à adoção da regra, passou-se a avaliar se ela já seria uma leitura possível do princípio da boa-fé objetiva. A conclusão alcançada com base na doutrina, e posteriormente confirmada com o posicionamento jurisprudencial, mostrou-se positiva. Demonstrou-se, portanto, que a mitigação de danos pelo credor é um ônus decorrente da cláusula geral que impõe aos contratantes o dever de agir com probidade e boa-fé, dever esse que não é afetado sequer pelo inadimplemento da prestação principal pela contraparte, sob pena de o exercício do direito de indenização tornar-se abusivo. A ausência de uma regra expressa que imponha ao contratante inadimplido o ônus de mitigar seu próprio prejuízo não impede, pois, o reconhecimento da regra no Direito Brasileiro, de modo que sua positivação expressa, embora disponível, traria como única vantagem a maior clareza sobre as regras de responsabilidade contratual, com a facilitação apenas relativa do processo decisório nesses casos. / The purpose of this work was to study the theory of avoidability or the duty to mitigate the loss in light of the Brazilian law. Its choice arose from the fact that the domestic legal system, different from many others, does not set forth the express existence of a duty or more properly of a burden of the breached against party to adopt the reasonable measures available to him/her in order to reduce the losses and damages caused by the breach by the other contracting party. The study of the foreign law was sought to allow the understanding of the main characteristics of the rule, as well as the criticisms raised against it, so that its structure and its main objections could similarly be assessed under the perspective of the national law. Once demonstrated that the problem of the reduction of losses by the creditor himself/herself could not be satisfactorily resolved at least not totally based on the joint causation and that there was no unbridgeable obstacle to the adoption of the rule, it was then evaluated whether it was already a possible construction of the principle of good faith. The conclusion reached based on the literature and afterwards confirmed by the case law was positive. It was evidenced, therefore, that the mitigation of damages by the creditor is a burden arising from the general clause that poses on the contracting parties the duty to act with correctness and good faith, duty which not affected even by the breach of the main obligation by the counterpart, under the consequence of the right to damages being exercised abusively. The lack of a express rule that poses a burden on the breached against party to mitigate his/her own losses does not prevent, thus, the recognition of such a rule in the Brazilian legal system, meaning that its formal adoption, although unessential, would only bring the advantage of more clarity on the rules of damages arising from the breach of contract, with a mere relative facilitation of the decision process on these cases.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de compreender o instituto denominado duty to mitigate the loss, desenvolvido no direito inglês e positivado no direito internacional privado pela Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre a Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (Convenção de Viena de 1980) e, posteriormente, incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico interno pelo Decreto Presidencial nº 8.327, de 16 de outubro de 2014, em razão da adesão do Estado brasileiro à referida convenção das Nações Unidas. Ao mesmo tempo, o presente estudo dirige-se à análise da compatibilidade desse instituto estrangeiro com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial com o direito do trabalho, o que se faz a partir da análise das decisões proferidas no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho brasileira pelos Tribunais Regionais que compõem a jurisdição trabalhista de primeira instância e as decisões finais dadas pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. / This research was developed in order to understand the institute called "duty to mitigate the loss", developed in English law and established in private international law by the United Nations Convention on the International Sale and Purchase of Goods (1980 Vienna Convention) And subsequently incorporated into the domestic legal system by Presidential Decree no. 8,327 of October 16, 2014, due to the adhesion of the Brazilian State to said United Nations convention. At the same time and mainly, the present study is directed to the analysis of the compatibility of this foreign institute with the Brazilian legal system and, in particular, its application in national labor law, which was done from its application in the field of labor justice by the regional courts that make up the labor jurisdiction of first instance, and the final word speak about by Superior Labor Court of Brazil.