South America and the Andes harbour a rich biodiversity. High levels of in-situ speciation, survival of relict lineages into modern times, and mixing of biotas (Gondwanian and North American), have been demonstrated to contribute to the extant biodiversity. Here I examined the four species in the shorebird family Thinocoridae (seedsnipes) as a test case of complementary hypotheses about the origins of this diversity: 1) that some lineages arose from cold-adapted Antarctic ancestors (post-Gondwana), and 2) that the Andes have promoted diversification through vicariance and via the creation of novel alpine niches. First, I reviewed the tectonic and environmental history of the Andes, and the major biogeographic patterns in South America. Second, I reviewed Antarctic and Southern Hemisphere paleoenvironments, putative refugia, colonisation routes, molecular and biogeographic studies, and found strong evidence supporting the role of Antarctica as a source of global cold-hardy biodiversity. Third, I developed universal protocols to purify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Using these methods, I uncovered nuclear pseudogenes, true mtDNA heteroplasmy, and possible hybridisation between seedsnipe lineages. Fourth, I investigated geographic patterns in seedsnipe morphology in four species. I also investigated the relationships of ecogeographic variables related to cold on morphology. I found strong and significant regional differences particularly in the smaller Thinocorus species, including an effect of the high Central Andes. Altitude, latitude, and wind (the effect of cold) have shaped seedsnipe morphology; Thinocoridae as a group generally support Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules. Fifth, based on phylogeographic and phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA and hemoglobin sequences, a putative southern origin for seedsnipes was supported, and an early origin in alpine habitats is suggested. Sixth, I compared data on Andean uplift and glaciation in South America, and found concordance between seedsnipe diversity, known areas of endemism in other taxa, and paleoenvironmental history. Finally, I briefly examined molecular evolution in hemoglobins and mtDNA and found preliminary evidence of adaptations to high altitude (hemoglobins) and to cold (mtDNA and hemoglobins). In summary, an Antarctic ancestor for seedsnipes, pre-adapted for life in the Andes, is supported. Antarctica may have contributed a great proportion of cold-hardy biodiversity to the South and globally. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-17 23:30:31.324

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Mound building was a common practice in the Midwestern United States among the Adena and Middle Mississippian tribes from approximately 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. Though they varied greatly in size, shape, and complexity between cultures, the mounds served a common purpose as means to bury the deceased. Mounds representing both cultures have been found dispersed throughout Indiana, in areas such as Randolph County, Henry County, Madison County, Knox County, and Vanderburgh County.Of particular interest in this investigation is an Adena burial plot, known as Windsor Mound, which is 2000 yrs old and located in neighboring Randolph County. An amateur excavation of the mound from 1986 to 1988 unearthed the fragmented remains of 44 individuals and several artifacts, all of which were loaned to the Ball State University Anthropology Department. Documentation of the excavation was poor and the exact location of artifacts and remains within the mound were not recorded, leaving anthropologists with many unanswered questions that could only be answered through genetic analysis. Pressing questions were the degree to which the 44 individuals were related and which of the five Native American lineages (haplotypes) they belonged to.For this analysis, dentin was recovered from the teeth of three Native American individuals exhumed from Windsor Mound. Two of the individuals (87.17.5 and 87.17.10) were found in the lower mound portion (70 B.C.), while the third individual (87.17.22) was found in the upper mound cap (1180 A.D.). Ancient DNA (aDNA) was extracted from each dentin sample, yielding an average of 0.072 ug/mg of dentin. A highly polymorphic portion of the mitochondria) DNA control region (nt 16,049 - nt 16,221) termed hypervariable region 1 (HVI) was amplified via PCR to generate 172 bp amplicons which were cloned into a plasmid vector. Following a transformation, 10 clones from each individual were sequenced and aligned to identify consistent mutations, as opposed to random post-mortem damage that may have occurred.Sequencing of the HVI region for Individual 87.17.5 revealed a T —~ C base substitution at nt 16,189, a C — T substitution at nt 16,192, and a deletion at nt 16,203. Identical mutations were seen in Individual 87.17.22 from the upper mound cap. The alignment for Individual 87.17.10 revealed a unique T --~ C mutation at nt 16,126 as well as the deletion at nt 16,203. A literature search revealed that the substitution at nt 16,189 is specific to Native American 1-laplogroups B and X. Haplogroup B first appeared in central Asia 60,000 yrs ago while Haplogroup X appeared in western Asia 30,000 yrs ago. The substitution at nt 16,192 is indicative of East Asian origin and specific to Japanese populations. To our knowledge the deletion at nt 16,203 has not been reported before in a Native American, thus its presence was thought to indicate kinship between the individuals. However, an alignment of the ancient consensus sequences to that of the three investigators revealed that the deletion was present in two of the modern samples and was not novel. Nothing is known about the substitution at nt 16,126. Further sequencing downstream of nt 16,221 is needed to identify additional mutations characteristic of Haplogroup B or X and a novel kinship marker. / Department of Biology

Orientador: Adriane Pinto Wasko / Resumo: O Brasil apresenta umas das maiores diversidades de avifauna do mundo, sendo estimada a ocorrência de 1.919 espécies distribuídas em todo seu território. Entretanto, a destruição de habitats, poluição e captura excessiva, muitas vezes associadas ao comércio ilegal, têm levado a um declínio no número de indivíduos desse grupo animal. Uma das formas de combater esse tipo de crime ambiental e de reverter ou minimizar seus efeitos concerne à implementação de um banco de dados forenses com registros de ocorrências e informações biológicas sobre os animais apreendidos e desenvolvimento de ações de conscientização da população sobre esta problemática. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver estratégias multidisciplinares para a proteção jurídica à conservação biológica de aves oriundas do tráfico de animais. Amostras de DNA de aves comercializadas ilegalmente e encaminhadas ao Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (CEMPAS), mantido pela Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual Paulista, foram utilizadas para geração de perfis genéticos sexo-específicos, por meio da amplificação de segmentos dos genes CHD-Z e CHD-W (Chromo Helicase DNA Binding). Adicionalmente, perfis de duas subespéciesde papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva aestiva e Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx foram gerados por meio da amplificação e sequenciamento nucleotídico de segmentos dos genes mitocondriais citocromo C oxidase subunidade I (COI) e citocrom... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil has one of the largest avifauna diversity in the world, with estimated 1,919 species distributed throughout its territory. However, habitat destruction, pollution and over-harvesting, often associated with illegal trade, have led to a decline in the number of individuals of this animal group. One possible approach to combat this type of environmental crime and to reverse or minimize its effects concerns the implementation of a forensic database with records of occurrences and biological information about the captured animals and the development of actions to raise population awareness about this problem. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop multidisciplinary strategies for the legal protection to the biological conservation of birds originated from the animal traffic. DNA samples of illegally traded birds, that were sent to the Center for Medicine and Research in Wild Animals (CEMPAS) maintained by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the São Paulo State University, were used to generate sex-specific genetic profiles, through the amplification of segments of the CHD-Z and CHD-W (Chromo Helicase DNA Binding) genes. In addition, profiles of two subspecies of the Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva aestiva and Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx) were generated, through amplification and nucleotide sequencing of segments of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (CYB) and a segment of the 5S ribosomal DNA gene (... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-08-29T21:44:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Taisa Manuela Bonfim Machado. Migração estrutura populacional Tese 2012.pdf: 1095441 bytes, checksum: 16e3cea3a6b286c226470a459e5720fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-29T21:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taisa Manuela Bonfim Machado. Migração estrutura populacional Tese 2012.pdf: 1095441 bytes, checksum: 16e3cea3a6b286c226470a459e5720fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / A migração é o fator evolutivo capaz de dispersar a diversidade genética entre populações, inserindo novas características fenotípicas e genotípicas. A dinâmica matrimonial, juntamente como a estrutura da população são fatores que podem alterar a frequência destas características. Exemplo dessas características são as doenças genéticas, onde a frequência e distribuição destas auxilia na compreensão da influência de fatores evolutivos em uma população. No município de Monte Santo, localizado no interior da Bahia, foram encontradas doenças genéticas com elevada frequência, como mucopolissacaridose do tipo VI e fenilcetonúria. Existem evidências que algumas doenças mostram associação entre a raça e o risco de sua ocorrência. Dados moleculares mostraram que na Bahia a contribuição africana é de 47,2%, entretanto, dados baseados em classificação fenotípica apontam para o aumento da contribuição europeia com o afastamento do litoral. Para inferir a origem de algumas doenças genéticas em Monte Santo foram analisados marcadores informativos de ancestralidade autossômicos (AT3-I/D, APO, PV92 e SB19.3 genotipados por PCR; GC*1F e GC*1S por PCR/RFLP; e os marcadores FYnull, CKMM e LPL por PCR em tempo real) e marcadores uniparentais do mtDNA (sequenciamento da região HVS-I) e do cromossomo Y (marcador YAP por PCR; DYS 199, 92R7 e M207 por PCR/RFLP; e M60, PN2, PN3, M34, M89, M9 por sequenciamento). Assim, através da identificação da origem desses marcadores foi possível inferir a contribuição das populações que formaram a população de Monte Santo, e a origem de algumas das alterações gênicas responsáveis pelas doenças genéticas aqui estudadas (síndrome de Treacher Collins, hipotireoidismo congênito, fenilcetonúria, mucopolissacaridose tipo VI, surdez hereditária não sindrômica e osteogênese imperfeita). Os dados do cromossomo Y e dos autossômicos apontam para maior contribuição europeia, e os resultados dos marcadores mitocondriais para elevada contribuição africana e ameríndia. A elevada contribuição europeia tanto paterna quanto autossômica sugere origem europeia para as mutações c.35delG e R252W, responsáveis por aproximadamente 24% dos casos de surdez hereditária não sindrômica e por todos os casos de fenilcetonúria, respectivamente. A mucopolissacaridose do tipo VI tem como causa a mutação p.H178L, a presença desta alteração apenas em pacientes brasileiros, que compartilham o mesmo haplótipo intragênico sugere origem autóctone. Além de marcadores moleculares também foram analisados os tipos de casamentos (endogâmicos, exogâmicos e entre imigrantes) e sua frequência no município. Foi observada elevada frequência de casamentos endogâmicos e baixa taxa de migração, sugerindo crescimento populacional interno. Além disso, a maioria da população reside em povoados, cujo tamanho varia de 113 a 582 pessoas por povoado. Nesta cidade 80% da população tem renda mensal equivalente a meio salário mínimo, o que explica a baixa taxa de migração por ausência de atrativos econômicos. Avaliando os casamentos dentro das genealogias dos afetados é possível observar que a maioria deles é filho de pais consanguíneos. Estes resultados mostram que o elevado grau de endogamia e endocruzamento assim como possível efeito fundador e deriva genética estão associados ao aumento da frequência e manutenção das doenças genéticas neste município. / Migration is the evolutionary factor able to disperse the genetic diversity among populations, inserting new phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The dynamic of marriage and population structure are factors that may maintain or eliminate these characteristics. Examples of these traits are genetic diseases, where the frequency of these helps in understanding the evolutionary factors influence in a population. In Monte Santo city, situated in county of Bahia, were found genetic diseases with high frequency such as mucopolysaccharidosis type VI and phenylketonuria. It has been shown that some diseases have an important racial factor in determining risk of its occurrence. Molecular results show that in Bahia the African contribution is 47.2%. However, phenotypic classification data show an increase of European contribution with the distance from the coast. To infer the origin of some genetic disease in Monte Santo were analyzed autosomal ancestry informative markers (AT3-I/D, APO, PV92 and SB19.3 genotyped by PCR, GC*1F and GC*1S by PCR/RFLP and FYnull, CKMM and LPL genotyped by real time PCR) and uniparental markers of mtDNA (sequencing of the HVS-I region) and the Y chromosome (YAP marker by PCR; DYS199, 92R7 and M207 by PCR/RFLP, and M60, PN2, PN3, M34, M89, M9 by sequencing). Thus, by identifying the origin of these markers was possible to infer the contribution of the populations that formed Monte Santo, and the origin of some genetic mutations responsible for genetic diseases studied here (Treacher-Collins syndrome, congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, mucopolysaccharidosis type VI, hereditary non-syndromic deafness and osteogenesis imperfecta). The Y chromosome and autosomal results indicate greater European contribution, and the results from mtDNA show high contribution of African and Amerindian contribution. The high European contribution both paternal and autosomal suggests European origin for the c.35delG and R252W mutations, responsible for approximately 24% of cases of hereditary non-syndromic deafness and all phenylketonuria cases, respectively. The mucopolysaccharidosis type VI is caused by p.H178L mutation, the presence of this mutation only in Brazilian patients, who share the same intragenic haplotype suggest an autochthonous origin. In addition to molecular markers were also analyzed the types of marriages (endogamic, exogamous and between immigrant) and how often they occur in the city. We observed a high frequency of endogamic marriages and low migration rates, suggesting internal population growth. The population of Monte Santo is characterized by division into villages, where the majority of the population, the number of inhabitants varies from 113 to 582 people per village. In this city 80% of the population has income equivalent to half the minimum wage, which reinforces the absence of compelling economic and low migration rate. Evaluating the marriages inside the genetic diseases pedigree families can be observed that most of those affected are children of consanguineous parents. These results suggest that the high degree of inbreeding as well as the occurrence of founder effect and genetic drift were associated with increased frequency and maintenance of genetic diseases in the city.

Les mitochondries sont des organites essentiels pour la production d'énergie cellulaire grâce à la synthèse d'ATP au cours des étapes de phosphorylations oxydatives (OXPHOS). Les complexes de la chaine respiratoire sont en partie codés par le génome mitochondrial (ADNmt), dont la structure est très sensible aux facteurs exogènes ou endogènes. De nombreuses mutations de l'ADNmt sont associées à des dysfonctionnements de la chaine respiratoire conduisant à des pathologies. La production d’Espèces Oxygénées Réactives (EOR) mitochondriale est la principale source de dommages à l’ADNmt. Une voie de réparation particulière, le système de réparation par excision de bases (BER) est mis en oeuvre dans ce cas. Nous avons, au cours de notre étude, analysé le système BER mitochondrial chez la drosophile. Dans une première approche, nous avons caractérisé de manière globale par une technologie de puces à ADN un ensemble de glycosylases et endonucléases impliquées dans la voie BER mitochondriale et comparé leur variation au cours du vieillissement. Cette étude a été complétée par une analyse transcriptionnelle sur des modèles de drosophiles mutantes pour des enzymes spécifiques de la voie BER, ceci afin de déterminer les éventuelles interactions transcriptionnelles entre les acteurs de cette voie. L’ARNm de Parp présentait de fortes variations dans les différents contextes mutants testés. C’est une molécule essentielle de la réparation BER. Elle a fait l’objet dans un deuxième temps, d’une étude plus approfondie. Dans le modèle des cellules S2, PARP bien que majoritairement nucléaire est également présent dans la mitochondrie. Le comportement différentiel des deux variants ARNm de Parp a pu être mis en évidence lors de stress cellulaires. Les isoformes protéiques de PARP observées dans nos études apparaissent différentes de celles habituellement décrites dans la littérature. Cet aspect a été discuté. / Mitochondria are key organelles mainly devoted to energy production through ATP synthesis. Such a function is permitted by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) within mitochondria inner membrane. Key components of the OXPHOS processes are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is particularly sensitive to exogenous or endogenous insults. As a result, mtDNA mutations are often correlated with OXPHOS dysfunction leading to diseases. ROS production in mitochondria is the main source of mtDNA damage. Such DNA damages are mainly taken over by BER systems within mitochondria. In this study, we focused on this peculiar mitochondrial DNA repair system in Drosophila. In a first step, we analysed in a comprehensive manner through microarray, most glycosylases and endonucleases involved in mitochondrial BER and compared their evolution during aging. Using mutant flies for specific BER enzymes, we started to decipher some of the transcriptional interactions between key BER actors. In a second step, Parp molecule was further studied due its changes in all mutant contexts and for its importance in several cellular processes. We described its nuclear but also its mitochondrial location in S2 cells. Interestingly, two Parp mRNA variants were observed showing distinct regulations following stress induction. However, PARP protein isoforms observed in this study were different compared to what was described in literature. This discrepancy is discussed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A Mata Atlântica brasileira concentra uma das maiores diversidades biológicas da Terra com cerca de 7% das espécies animais e vegetais do planeta. Esse bioma abriga atualmente mais de 50% das espécies de anuros do Brasil (c.a. 500 espécies), mas sofre intensa perda e fragmentação de habitat. Um dos principais fragmentos da Mata Atlântica, a Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) abriga vasta anurofauna, com cerca de 71 espécies já descritas. Acredita-se, porém, que muitas ainda precisam ser identificadas e estudadas. A identificação de espécies baseada em caracteres moleculares vem se mostrando uma alternativa para dar suporte à identificação morfológica, e dentro deste contexto os genes de DNA mitocondrial, como o 16S, são utilizados para a realização de barcode. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a metodologia de identificação molecular de espécies (DNA barcode) na comunidade de anfíbios anuros da REGUA utilizando o gene mitocondrial 16S. Para isso, foram coletados tecidos de 99 indivíduos, entre adultos e girinos de 23 espécies, agrupados em seis famílias distintas. Desses 99 indivíduos, 88 foram amplificados corretamente para o gene em referência e foram realizadas, com sucesso, a determinação de espécies de 84 anuros (95,45%) da REGUA. As espécies de Scinax albicans, Scinax flavoguttatus e Hylodes charadranaetes, cujas identificações haviam sido determinadas com base em critérios morfológicos, agruparam em clados de mesmo gênero, porém de espécies diferentes quando analisadas pelas metodologias neighbor-joining e maximum-likelihood. Além de altos valores de distância intraespecífica (2,18%, 3,49% e 3,77%, respectivamente) e distâncias interespecíficas nulas (0%) temos a indicação de possíveis equívocos em determinações de espécies feitas exclusivamente por critérios morfológicos. Nesse caso, as discordâncias morfológica e molecular são exclusivamente de girinos, demonstrando a dificuldade na identificação morfológica e a escassez de chaves de identificação dessas espécies em estágio larval. Os resultados mostram que o gene mitocondrial 16S teve seu uso na identificação de anuros da REGUA confirmada e apontam que, em casos de estudos com indivíduos em estágios larvais, como em girinos, a metodologia de barcode, quando complementada a identificação morfológica, suporta a correta identificação das espécies de anfíbios anuros. / The Brazilian Atlantic Forest focuses one of the greatest biological diversity of the Earth with about 7% of the planet's animal and plant species. This biome is currently home to more than 50% of anurans species from Brazil (c.a. 500 species), but it suffers severe loss and fragmentation of habitat. One of the main fragments of the Atlantic Forest, the Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) houses a wide anuran fauna, with about 71 species had already described. It is believed, however, that lots of them still need to be identified and studied. The identification of these species based on molecular characters has proven to be an alternative to support a morphological identification, and in this context the mitochondrial DNA genes, such as 16S are used to perform barcode. The goal of this study was to test the methodology for molecular identification (DNA barcode) in anurans of REGUA community using 16S mitochondrial gene. For this, tissues of 99 individuals, including adults and tadpoles of 23 species, grouped into six different families were collected. Of these 99 individuals, 88 were amplified correctly to the reference gene and were successful determination of 84 species of anurans (95.45%) of the REGUA. Scinax albicans, Scinax flavoguttatus and Hylodes charadranaetes species whose identifications had been determined based on morphological criteria, grouped into clades of the same gender, but different species when analyzed by methodologies neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood. In addition to high intraspecific distances (2,18%, 3,49% and 3,77% respectively) and interspecific distances to nil (0%), we have an indication of possible mistakes of species determinations made by a morphological criterion. In this case, the morphological and molecular disagreements are exclusively on tadpoles, demonstrating the difficulty of morphological identification and the shortage of identification of these species larval stage. The results show that the 16S mitochondrial gene had its use in identifying the anurans REGUA confirmed and indicate that the case studies with individuals in larval stages, as in tadpoles , the methodology of the barcode when complemented morphological identification, supports the correct identification of species of anurans amphibians .

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A chegada dos primeiros habitantes há cerca de 15.000 anos e de colonos portugueses e escravos africanos, desde o século 15, em sucessivas migrações na América do Sul, levaram à formação de populações miscigenadas com raízes consideravelmente diversificadas. É notável a heterogeneidade populacional decorrente dessas migrações e do processo de amalgamento de indígenas a partir dos contatos entre os diferentes grupos étnicos, iniciados com a colonização da América pelos europeus. A despeito da elevada miscigenação, ainda se pode encontrar no Brasil populações que, majoritariamente, mantém a identidade genética dos seus ancestrais mais remotos. O objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar a ancestralidade da população de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas, com fortes traços fenotípicos ameríndios, e da tribo indígena Terena de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para isto, foram estudados marcadores uniparentais paternos ligados à região não recombinante do cromossomo Y e maternos presentes na região controle do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). Em relação à herança paterna, foram genotipados 31 indivíduos de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, sendo que os Terena já haviam sido estudados sob este aspecto. Quanto ao mtDNA, foram estudados 76 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e 51 Indivíduos do sexo masculino de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro e dos Terena, respectivamente. A análise de marcadores Y-SNPs possibilitou a caracterização de 55% dos cromossomos Y dos indivíduos de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro como pertencentes ao haplogrupo Q1a3a*, característico de ameríndio. Através do mtDNA, foi verificado que o haplogrupo A é o mais frequente nas duas populações, com percentuais de 34% e 42% em Santa Isabel do Rio Negro e na tribo Terena, respectivamente, observando-se no tocante à ancestralidade materna a não ocorrência de diferenciação genética significativa entre as duas populações. Por outro lado, a análise do cromossomo Y revelou a ocorrência de distância genética significativa entre elas, o que pode ser resultante da diferença entre os tamanhos das amostras populacionais ou refletir diferenças entre rotas migratórias dos ameríndios anteriormente à colonização. Os resultados mostram ainda que os genomas mitocondriais autóctones foram melhor preservados, e que novos haplogrupos do cromossomo Y foram introduzidos recentemente na população ameríndia. É, portanto, possível concluir que a população de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro e a tribo indígena Terena apresentam um significativo grau de conservação da ancestralidade ameríndia, apesar do longo histórico de contato com europeus e africanos, os outros povos formadores da população brasileira. / The arrival of the first inhabitants approximately 15.000 years ago and Portuguese settlers and Africans slaves since the 15th century in successive migrations in South America, lead to the formation of a mixed population with considerable diverse background. It is remarkable that population heterogeneity derives from this migrations and from the indigenous amalgamation process after contacts between different ethnic groups, started with Americas colonization by Europeans. Despite of the high genetic heterogeneity, populations that majority keep the genetic identity from their most remote ancestors can still be found in Brazil. The purpose of this research was characterizing the ancestry of the population of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas, with strong Amerindian phenotypic features, and of the indigenous tribe Terena, from Mato Grosso do Sul. We studied paternal uniparental markers linked to no-recombinant region of Y chromosome and maternal markers present in the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Thirty one individuals from Santa Isabel do Rio Negro were genotyped for paternal inheritance. Genotype information of paternal markers from the Terena tribe was already available from a previously study. MtDNA markers were studied in 76 individuals from Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, both male and female, and in 51 male individuals from Terena tribe. Analysis of Y-SNPs markers allowed characterization of Q1a3a* haplogroup, typical of Amerindian, in 55% of Y chromosomes from individuals of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro . By mtDNA markers this study established that haplogroup A is the most common in both populations, occuring in 34% of individuals from Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and 42% of individuals from the Terena tribe. This observation suggests that regarding maternal ancestry, there is no occurrence of significant genetic differentiation among the two populations. On the other hand, Y chromosome analysis revealed occurrence of significant genetic distance between this populations, which can be a result of the difference among populations sample sizes, or can reflect differences between Amerindians migratory routes previously to colonization. The result also shows that autoctones mitochondrial genomes were better preserved, and new Y chromosome haplogroups were introduced recently in Amerindian population. Therefore, it is, possible to conclude that Santa Isabel do Rio Negro population and Terena indigenous tribe show significant degree of Amerindian ancestry conservation, despite of the long historic contact with European and African, the others people formers the Brazilian population.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lavagnini_tc_me_jabo.pdf: 549020 bytes, checksum: e38c026a1cc6fc8bb5122d61b6349138 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os crisopídeos são insetos com grande potencial para uso em programas de controle biológico de pragas agrícolas. Populações de Chrysoperla externa apresentam ampla distribuição geográfica, abrangendo desde o sul dos Estados Unidos até o sul da América do Sul, ocorrendo em diferentes ambientes. Contudo, há relativamente poucos estudos buscando compreender a estrutura genética de agentes de controle biológico, especialmente insetos predadores. Desta forma, os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar geneticamente as populações de C. externa por meio de sequências do gene mitocondrial COI e compreender sua estrutura populacional nos municípios amostrados no Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, indivíduos adultos foram coletados em pomares de citros, e da região torácica foi extraído o DNA total. O gene COI foi amplificado por meio da técnica de PCR e as amostras foram purificadas e sequenciadas. As populações de C. externa analisadas apresentaram elevada diversidade genética, bem distribuída entre os municípios amostrados. Esta homogeneização pode ser decorrência de fluxo gênico, ação antrópica, correntes de ar, proximidade das fazendas com matas nativas e elevado potencial reprodutivo de C. externa. A partir dos resultados obtidos é possível inferir que o agroecossistema, por ser um ambiente homogêneo, esteja contribuindo para a perda de estruturação que havia entre estas populações quando elas viviam em ecossistemas nativos, sendo assim, é fundamental que as populações de C. externa sejam estudas neste ambiente, para que possam ser compreendidas em seu habitat de origem e sem a influência da ação antrópica / The green lacewings are insects with great potential for use in programs of biological control of agricultural pests. Populations of Chrysoperla externa are widely distributed geographically, being found from the southern United States until the southern South America, occurring in different environments. However, there are relatively few studies trying to understand the genetic structure of biological control agents, especially predatory insects. Thus, the main objectives of this work were to characterize genetically the populations of C. externa through COI mitochondrial gene sequences and to understand its population structure in sampled municipalities in the State of São Paulo. For this purpose, adult individuals were collected in citrus orchards, and from its torax were extracted the total DNA. The COI gene was amplified by PCR and the samples were purified and sequenced. The populations showed high genetic diversity, well distributed among the municipalities. This homogenization may be due to gene flow, human action, action of winds, proximity of farms to native forests, and high reproductive potential of C. externa. From the results, is possible to infer that the agroecosystem, a homogeneous environment, may be contributing to the loss of structure that existed among the populations when they lived in native ecosystems, and therefore, the populations of C. externa must be studied in this environment, so they could be understood in its natural habitat and without the influence of the human action

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalcanteneto_a_dr_jabo.pdf: 4939501 bytes, checksum: 3f74c1d904d705f2ad4cef0bc2ccbc70 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com os objetivos de elucidar a origem genética do suíno casco-de-burro e de contribuir para sua conservação, realizou-se uma caracterização genética em 110 animais, oriundos das regiões Nordeste (NE), Centro-Oeste (CO) e Sudeste (SE), usando-se duas classes de marcador molecular e análises citogenéticas. Foram encontrados 13 haplótipos mitocondriais entre os cascos-de-burro, sendo que apenas um foi comum às três subpopulações (NE, CO e SE). O valor médio da diversidade haplotípica e o da nucleotídica na população total foram 0,61 e 0,05 respectivamente. Por meio do DNA mitocondrial, as subpopulações de casco-de-burro apresentaram menor distância genética da população da raça portuguesa bísara. No entanto o haplótipo mais frequente nos cascos-de-burro e o único comum a todas as subpopulações pertence à raça ibérica. A variabilidade genética média obtida por meio dos 25 microssatélites na população total foi: número de alelo = 9,8; conteúdo de informação polimórfica = 0,73; heterozigose esperada = 0,69; heterozigose observada = 0,58; consaguinidade (Fis) = 0,15; e apenas seis loci apresentaram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Considerando-se a divisão da população nas três subpopulações que, por meio do DNA nuclear, estiveram mais próximas da população duroc e da bísara , os valores observados para os índices de fixação foram: 0,10 para Fis, 0,09 para Fst e 0,18 para Fit. Os cascos-de-burro possuem o número diploide 2n = 38, não sendo verificado miscigenação com o javali. Os resultados demonstram origem genética ibérica para os cascos-de-burro, com posterior introgressão alélica das raças internacionais importadas no século passado / With the purpose of elucidating the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs and to contribute to their conservation, 110 animals from Northeast (NE), Central- West (CW), and Southeast (SE) Brazil were characterized using two molecular marker classes and cytogenetic analysis. A total of 13 mitochondrial haplotypes was found, but only one was common to the three subpopulations (NE, CW, SE) of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs. The total population presented mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity values of 0.61 and 0.05, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that the Brazilian Mulefoot pig subpopulations presented the shortest genetic distance from the Portuguese Bísara breed. However, the most frequent haplotype found in the Brazilian Mulefoot population, and the only one common to all subpopulations belongs to the Ibérica breed. The mean genetic variability of the total population, obtained using 25 microsatellites, was: allele number = 9.8; polymorphic information content = 0.73; expected heterozygosity = 0.69; observed heterozygosity = 0.58; inbreeding = 0.15; and only six loci displayed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Considering the three studied subpopulations which were closer to the Bísara and Duroc populations, based on nuclear DNA the values observed for the fixation indexes were: 0.09 for Fis, 0.10 for Fst, and 0.18 for Fit. Brazilian Mulefoot pigs have a diploid number of 2n = 38, which indicates that there is no interbreeding with wild boars. The results demonstrate that the genetic origin of Brazilian Mulefoot pigs is Iberian, with later allele introgression from foreign breeds imported during the 20th century