The purpose of this work is the design and experimental verification usability testing methodology of mobile contactless NFC payments. Given that this is the very innovative and flexible region (m-commerce and the usability of mobile devices) we need to develop a methodology to adapt the methods and usability testing standards for the specifics of mobile devices. The benefit of this work is to link the usability and m-commerce and the creation of a methodology for mobile devices usability testing. This work can be beneficial for companies that decides to enter the mobile payments market (as for instance a firm MOPET CZ rather unexpectedly made with the mobito project) and also for companies that are already dealing with m-commerce. This work can be also useful as a matrix for creating own testing methodology for mobile devices, even for other purposes.

For the first time ever, mobile payments in Sweden have overtaken cash as the preferred method of payment when it comes to monthly payments. With cashless payments growing in Sweden and all over the world it is clear that mobile payment methods are going to increase in our everyday lives. As elders tend to have more difficulties learning and understanding software, it is not unlikely that this will affect the adoption of mobile payment methods. As cash is rapidly disappearing as a payment method in Sweden it is important to gain insight into which factors affect the acceptance of mobile payment methods among senior citizens, as they are the most frequent users of cash today. This is a qualitative case study where five seniors have been interviewed about their opinions on mobile payments based on a theoretical model of mobile adoption consisting of eleven variables. The interviews came to center around the Swedish mobile payment application Swish as it was the only mobile payment service that the participants were aware of and had experience using. The study’s goal is to gain knowledge of what variables are of importance to the senior consumers when deciding whether or not to adopt a mobile payment system. The main findings of the study are that the variables: social influence, attractiveness of alternatives and trust are the variables that have been seen to affect the senior citizens' adoption of mobile payment the most.

Rapid technological progress has transformed our daily activities. One of these is how we pay for goods. Mobile payment is a payment option with great potential, but it is still struggling to become part of individuals' daily life. Previous research shows that adoption and acceptance of mobile payment vary widely between different countries. It is important to understand the determinants of mobile payment adoption, as cultural differences between countries may be one of the primary reasons for the different degrees of user mobile payment adoption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors, which influence user adoption of mobile payment in one Asian country, China, and one European country, Sweden. In addition, the aim of the study is to explore the difference in mobile payment adoption from the cultural point of view at an individual level. In this study, two research questions are proposed: what influences user intention to adopt mobile payment in the context of China and Sweden, and how does an individual culture influence user adoption of mobile payment in the context of China and Sweden. The research was conducted with a combination of an extended UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) model with the added concept of Perceived Information security and Hofstede's cultural theory. Altogether, it was studied how these concepts influence Behavioural intention.  Based on the literature review of mobile payment adoption by users and Hofstede's culture theory, this study uses qualitative research to interpret the phenomenon on a deeper level with the intention of explaining it. Through observation, interviews, and questionnaires, several conclusions were drawn. The analysis of the results showed that the proposed research model applies to China and Sweden. Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence have influenced the user mobile payment adoption in both studied countries, and Perceived Information Security has a strong influence on users in Sweden. The results also show that Power Distance, Collectivism, and Masculinity have a strong moderating effect on the behavioural intention of users in China, while Collectivism and Femininity have a strong moderating effect on the behavioural intention of users in Sweden. On this basis, it is suggested that cultural factors be incorporated into the research model of technology acceptance, and further research should be conducted in different countries to provide different perspectives.

(in English): Thesis deals with the phenomenon of m-commerce. History section briefly describes the evolution and significant moments for further development of this segment and its subsequent adaptation. It also discusses the types of transactions that are carried out through mobile devices and also about technologies that allow for a gradual transformation of these devices into multifunctional objects. The fourth chapter deals with the evaluation of practical research, which was carried out by me. The research was focused on the typology of purchases that are realized by Czech users through their mobile devices (smartphones and tablets) in relation to mobile smartphone platform, which they own.

Abstract Contactless mobile payments are a payment method done with a mobile phone and a contactless technology. Instead of paying with cash, a payment card or a cheque, a user can tap its mobile phone onto a terminal to pay. Across the globe, several markets have been embracing the need for new payment methods. In Asia, contactless mobile payments have been used since 2004. In some of the African countries, due to an insufficient banking industry, mobile payments have been the only electronic payment method. However, in Europe contactless mobile payments are still in their initial phase. The benefits of contactless mobile payments are that they are easier to use, faster and more secure. However, there are some implications. Firstly, the lack of standardisations regarding how the technology will work has led to an undefined ecosystem consisting of many stakeholders with different motives. Secondly, in order for contactless mobile payments to break significant ground the users need to change their existing payment methods and habits. This is a time consuming process, which will require consistency and patience. The research purpose of this thesis has been to define the contactless mobile payment ecosystem with its future potential on the European market. The research paradigm has been of an interpretive nature where the researchers’ interpretations on the information have been in focus. In order to answer the research purpose, an action research has been conducted, including an analysis the of Porter’s Five Forces model applied on the current contactless mobile payment ecosystem with its various stakeholders, the attendance at the annual NFC Congress in Austria as well as an experimental case study on Google. 3The findings of the action research have resulted in new definition of the current contactless mobile payment stakeholder ecosystem. In this new definition of the ecosystem, the user has been defined as the strongest force, hence has been placed in the centre encircled by mobile network operators, banks, merchants and transit authorities. In the ecosystem handset manufactures, operating system providers, technology vendors, cash handling organisations, card networks, POS terminal manufactures and governmental bodies have also been represented. The vision of the case study on Google has been to present a market entry strategy for how Google could enter the European market of contactless mobile payments. The research resulted in a proposition that Google would enter the market in the following order; the UK, France, Turkey, Russia, Germany, Spain and Italy. The conclusions of the research have been that contactless mobile payments will cut across an entire ecosystem, but that the ecosystem at the moment is not fully defined. To achieve a competitive position, a stakeholder has to deliver an outstanding user experience that is interoperable within the whole European market. Key­words: Contactless mobile payments, near field communication (NFC), mobile payment ecosystem, payment ecosystem, Google, Android

Background: Emerging in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic profoundly changed consumer behaviour leading to social distancing and mitigating physical contact. Statistics show an increased use of contactless and mobile payment usage and adoption during the pandemic. It is unclear how valid previous models on mobile payment adoption explain adoption behaviour in emergency situations. While there are few studies approaching the adoption behaviour during the pandemic, there is also little previous research on mobile payment adoption prior to the pandemic in Germany. Purpose: The present thesis intends to advance several previously researched technological adoption frameworks to focus on and measure consumers’ perception of mobile payment technology adopting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, our model provides a basis to understand mobile payment adoption in Germany during the pandemic. Method: Based on hypotheses derived from an adapted UTAUT2 model, we conducted quantitative deductive research reaching 258 questionnaire participants based in Germany. The empirical data was analysed through structural equation modelling. Conclusion: The findings show that Performance Expectancy still represents the primary driver of intention to adopt mobile payments during the pandemic, yet it is strongly supported by the initially contextualised Contamination Avoidance element and complemented by Habit, Effort Expectancy. Practitioners benefit from the study to better tailor campaigns in accordance with the main driver of adoption behaviour, while our findings contribute new insights into technology adoption in Germany during emergency situations.

The study aims to examine the current phenomena where consumers in Sweden increasingly choose mobile payment services as a payment method instead of using cash or credit cards. The study wants to answer the question “how does the increasing use of mobile payment services affect the consumer/user’s consumption and why do we choose the software as a payment method?” The study explains the main functions and characteristics of the top four mobile payment services in Sweden, but applies a case study on the most popular mobile payment service: Swish. The characteristics and functions that is examined is therefore delimited to Swish; but the linkages drawn from the why the consumer use mobile payment services, to a consumer’s consumption choices can of course generally apply to several mobile payment services.The study is divided into parts and chapters to increase reading comprehension, understanding of structure and fast identification of relevant and needed information.

There are various large competitors, dominating the digital payment market. These competitors acquire most of the customers, maintaining their dominant influence in the market by charging customers and merchant’s fees for mobile payments. The purpose of this study is to investigate and develop a payment system that connects various payment applications and bank services. This system is developed with the help of blockchain and open banking technology. The blockchain system is utilized as a secure universal database, while the open banking technology is used for transactions. This study proposes an architecture for a multi-sided payment platform. The architecture follows the microservice design pattern which allows the components of the system to be individually developed and maintained. A prototype system was developed as a proof of concept for the architecture, proving the possibility of a multisided payment platform. The “ICA Handla” payment application and Nordea (open banking) system were used to connect to the prototype through gateway programs. The purpose of gateway programs is to connect a mobile payment application or a bank service with the blockchain system. The multi-sided payment application creates opportunities in the digital payment market. / Det finns flera dominerande konkurrenter på den digitala betalningsmarknaden. Dessa företag har en majoritet av kunderna och upprätthåller sitt dominerande inflytande på marknaden genom att ta avgifter från kunder och handlare för mobila betalningar. Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla ett betalningssystem som ansluter olika betalningsapplikationer och banksystem med hjälp av blockkedjeteknik och öppen bankteknologi. Blockkedja-systemet används som en säker universell databas, medan den öppna banktekniken används för transaktioner. Denna studie utvecklade en arkitektur för en gemensam betalningsplattform. Arkitekturen följer ett mikro-tjänst designmönster vilket tillåter systemets komponenter att utvecklas och underhållas individuellt. En prototyp utvecklades som en konceptvalidering för arkitekturen, vilket bevisar möjligheten till en gemensam betalningsplattform. Betalningsapplikationen “ICA Handla” och Nordea öppen bankteknologi är anslutna till prototypsystemet via ett gateway program. Syftet med gateway programmet är att ansluta mobila betalningsapplikationer eller banktjänster med en blockkedja-system. Den gemensamma betalningsapplikationer skapar möjligheter på den digitala betalningsmarknaden.

The financial services division has been significantly impacted by the emergence of mobile payments, which can be attributed to the fast progressions in mobile technology and the widespread adoption of smartphones. The present research investigates critical factors prompting the adoption of mobile payment services in developed and developing countries, namely Sweden, Estonia, Germany, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. This research aims to explain the resemblances and gaps in the adoption of mobile payments in developed and developing nations. The detailed analysis of the related past studies has identified organization, trust and security, financial inclusion, consumer preferences, and government support as the primary determinants that impact mobile payment adoption. The present investigation is based on the Technology Acceptance Model, including the extended model of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2. Developed economies such as Sweden, Estonia, and Germany have the infrastructure to implement mobile payment alternatives effectively. The widespread adoption of mobile payments in these countries can be recognized by several factors, such as governmental initiatives that promote digitalization, a well-established financial framework, and consumer knowledge of various payment modalities. While implementing mobile payment services in developing nations like Pakistan and Sri Lanka presents distinctive obstacles. A significant portion of the general public lacks access to banking services, insufficient digital infrastructure, and reduced trust in technology exists. The anticipated surge in mobile payment adoption within emerging markets can be attributed to the widespread availability of smartphones and governmental efforts to broaden access to Mobile payment services. This research enhances our comprehension of the factors and barriers that constrain the implementation of mobile payment services. This research is useful for policymakers, banks, and technology firms as they develop strategies to expand mobile payment options.

本研究運用質性研究方法，加以個案研究方式，對於第三方支付模式和實體信用卡虛擬化之非第三方支付模式進行個案分析，以探討在超競爭下，行動支付業者如何透過競爭以及合作策略，形成行動支付生態系統發展模式。本研究所得結論如下： 一、中國和肯亞等開發中國家之金融體系尚不發達，交易雙方出現信任缺口，銀行服務並不健全，金融資源分配不均，因此透過破壞傳統支付體系架構，發揮網路外部性之雙邊市場效應，打造出第三方支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到普惠金融發展目標。 二、歐美日等已開發國家之金融體系已臻健全，金融匯兌服務普及，金融監理重視市場公平與金融穩定，因此未破壞傳統支付體系架構，而是透過跨產業競合方式修改現有支付面前端程序，型塑出實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式之行動支付生態系統，以達到優化金融服務目標。 綜合上述結論，可歸納出二項管理意涵：第一項為在金融服務普及率較低的體系，傾向於發展填補信任缺口之第三方支付模式，而在金融服務普及率較高的體系，則傾向於發展提高安全性之實體信用卡虛擬化支付模式。第二項為企業藉由競合策略，既爭取價值也創造價值，其中爭取價值的本質是競爭，而創造價值的本質則是合作，以達到雙贏。 台灣傳統金融服務與超商密集度高，客戶需求被高度重視及滿足，銀行、超商與第三方支付業者形成跨產業競合關係，發展出多元支付方式，因此建構使用單一裝置即可提供多元支付功能之行動支付平台，可做為台灣行動支付生態系統健全發展之解決方案。具體建議為尋求跨產業競合，金融監管持開放態度，培訓金融科技人才，加強資訊安全，以建構完善的行動支付生態系統。 / In the view of hyper-competition, sustainable competitive advantage does not exist, and only by constant innovation in order to obtain a series of short-term competitive advantage. However, business ecosystem could clarify the competition and cooperation relationship between businesses. In this study, qualitative research and case study methodologies are used to find the adoptable mobile payment ecosystem. The third-party payment would fill the trust gap between the parties. Therefore, developing countries should adopt third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to achieve financial inclusion. The non-third party payment would improve the security of cardholder transactions and reduce the risk of banking. Therefore, developed countries should adopt non-third party mobile payment ecosystem, in order to optimize financial services. The above conclusions can be summarized as two management implications: First, low penetration of financial services tends to develop third-party payment, and high penetration of financial services tends to develop non-third party payment. Second, business co-opetition strategy has the nature of value creation and value capture to achieve win-win situation. Taiwan’s financial service-intensive, customer needs are met, banks, stores can be formed with the third-party payment industry co-opetition relations, the development of a diverse payment methods, and therefore the construction using a single device to provide pluralistic payment function of mobile payment platform, will be suitable for robust development of Taiwan’s mobile payment ecosystem. Suggestions include cross-industry co-opetition, open-minded financial supervision, training financial technology professionals, and strengthen information security.