Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma análise crítica da Demonomania das Feiticeiras, escrita pelo famoso jurista francês Jean Bodin no final do século XVI. Por intermédio da perspectiva histórico-religiosa, desenvolvida pelos expoentes da Escola Italiana de História das Religiões, procurar-se-á estudar algumas categorias conceituais que fundamentaram a escrita da obra, tendo em vista o complexo contexto em que foi escrita. Para tanto, observar-se-á a influência das Guerras de Religião que assolaram a França no percurso intelectual de Bodin, a decorrência da caça às bruxas enquanto fenômeno cultural e religioso e uma análise geral da carreira e da obra bodiniana, de modo a buscarmos o afinamento de nossos instrumentos interpretativos e, com isso, melhor compreendermos a Demonomania no contexto de sua realização e, ao mesmo passo, o conjunto da obra de seu autor. / This study intends to do a critical analysis of the Demon-mania of the Sorcerers, written by the famous French jurist Jean Bodin by the end of the XVI century. Through the historical-religious perspective developed by the Italian School of History of Religions, it will be sought to study some of the conceptual categories which gave the Demon-manias writing its foundation, having in mind the complex context in which it was written. In order to achieve this, the influence of the French Religion Wars on the intellectual course of Bodin, the witch-hunt as a cultural and religious phenomenon and a general analysis of the authors career and his works shall be taken into consideration, while we reach for an improvement of our interpretative instruments and, with that, a better understanding of the Demon-mania in its context and, at the same time, in the interior of the whole of Bodins writings.

Le but de cette recherche est d’analyser le rôle politique des opinions collectives au Portugal aux Temps Modernes. Bien avant l’avènement du concept d’« opinion publique », plusieurs sources renvoient à un jugement « public », « commun » ou « général », associé fréquemment à l’idée de Fama. La présente thèse étudie l’élargissement du débat public portugais dans un contexte marqué par une intense agitation populaire et par le développement de conceptions radicales du patriotisme et de la liberté. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the political role of collective opinions in Early Modern Portugal. Long before the advent of the concept of « public opinion », many sources refer to a « public », « common » or « general » judgment, frequently associated with the idea of Fama. This thesis studies the expansion of Portuguese public debate in a context marked by an intense popular agitation and by the development of radical conceptions of patriotism and liberty.

A presente tese possui como questão central: quais foram os mecanismos que permitiram a recuperação econômica ocorrida no Brasil, entre 2003 e 2010? A hipótese proposta é que a recuperação aparente da economia local foi resultado da alta dos preços dos bens primários (as chamadas commodities). Para verificação da hipótese, foi analisado o balanço de pagamentos brasileiro, dando-se destaque especial para o balanço comercial. Estudou-se a composição do balanço, e a relação entre o setor externo e alguns dos indicadores macroeconômicos da atividade econômica local. Ainda, verificou-se qual foi a relação entre o desempenho brasileiro no comércio internacional e a distribuição de renda local. Os dados encontrados indicam que tanto a aparente recuperação econômica quanto a distribuição de renda favorável às camadas de menor rendimento se fizeram possíveis graças à alta da demanda chinesa pelas commodities. No entanto, a recuperação econômica não foi acompanhada de investimentos produtivos significativos, o que resultou no não aumento da produtividade local. A tese proposta é que, na ausência de investimentos significativos, os problemas estruturais da economia brasileira, em especial a dependência econômica e a baixa capacidade de acumulação de capital, não foram superados, e até se aprofundaram. / The present thesis has the following central question: what were the mechanisms that allowed to the economic recovery occurred in Brazil between 2003 and 2010? The hypothesis proposed is that the recovery of the local economy was a result of the rise of commodities prices. To verify this hypothesis, the brazilian balance of payments was analyzed, with special emphasis on the trade balance. The composition of the balance of payments and the relationship between the external sector and some of the macroeconomic indicators of local economic activity were studied. The relation between the Brazilian performance in international trade and the distribution of local income was also analyzed. The data found indicates that both the economic recovery and the income distribution favorable to lower income population were made possible by the rise in chinese demand for commodities. However, the economic recovery was not followed by significant productive investments, which resulted in no increases in local productivity. The thesis proposed here is that, in the absence of significant investments, the structural problems of brazilian economy, especially the economic dependence and the low capital accumulation capacity, were not overcomen but actually increased.

This diploma thesis aims to create the comprehensive summary of modern Tibetan history before and after Chinese invasion, primarily the period between the years 1933-1959. At the same time the description of discrepancies between respective researchers is emphasized. Although high-quality secondary literature was used, there can be found minor or major contradictions in the statements of reputable scientists. For this reason there are mentioned both statements in these cases. Description of possible reason of the contradiction is also included. Several major discrepancies between the researchers' statements have been found, which were elaborated more precisely. Summary of a part of modern Tibetan history was created as well, because there is a lack of Czech language publications concerning this topic.

After a two-decade hiatus, the English church courts were revived by an act of Parliament on 27 July 1661, to resume their traditional task of correcting spiritual and moral misdemeanours. Soon thereafter, parishioners across England's dioceses once more faced admonition, fines, excommunication, and even imprisonment if they failed to conform to the laws of the restored Church of England. Whether they were successful or not in maintaining orthodoxy has been the principal question guiding historians interested in these tribunals, and most have concluded that, at least compared to their antebellum predecessors, the restored church courts constituted little more than a paper tiger, whose censures did little to halt the spread of dissent, partial conformity and immoral behaviour. This thesis will, in part, question such conclusions. Its main purpose, however, is to make a methodological intervention in the study of ecclesiastical court records. Rejecting Geoffrey Elton's assertion that these records represent 'the most strikingly repulsive relics of the past', it argues that a closer, more creative study of the bureaucratic processes maintaining the church courts can considerably enhance not only our understanding of these rather enigmatic tribunals but also of the individuals and communities who interacted with them. Studying those in charge of the courts, the first half of this thesis will explore the considerable friction between the Church's ministry and the salaried bureaucrats and lawyers permanently staffing the courts. This, it argues, has important ramifications for our understanding of early modern office-holding, but it also sheds new light on the theological disposition of the Restoration Church. Using the same sources, coupled with substantial consultation of contemporary polemic, letters and diaries, the fourth and fifth chapters will argue that the sanctions of the restored church courts were often far from the 'empty threat' historians have tended to assume. Excommunication in particular could be profoundly distressing even for such radical dissenters as the Quakers, and this should cause us to reconsider how individuals and communities from various hues of the denominational spectrum related to the established Church.

The thesis, which is based on extensive archival materials, explores the origins of the on-going conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan by focusing on the emergence of the first Armenian Republic in 1918 and its territorial issues with Azerbaijan, in order to understand the factors which led to this conflict. It examines the background to the creation of the first Armenian Republic by researching the location of the ‘historical Armenian homeland’, the construction and reconstruction of the notion of the ‘Armenian homeland’, the aspects facilitating the way in which the ideology and strategy of the Armenian national movement developed, and the factors instrumental in the construction of the Armenian identity. The work provides a historical background to the Armenian claims to Garabagh and Nakhchyvan and analyses the ethnic, historical, economic, geographical and security arguments used by the first Armenian Republic to substantiate its vision of the territorial delimitation between Armenia and Azerbaijan with regard to these regions at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The thesis also considers the positions of the external powers involved in the South Caucasus vis-à-vis the Garabagh and Nakhchyvan issues and assesses the impact of their stance on the settlement of these conflicts.

Este trabalho pretende oferecer uma análise crítica da Demonomania das Feiticeiras, escrita pelo famoso jurista francês Jean Bodin no final do século XVI. Por intermédio da perspectiva histórico-religiosa, desenvolvida pelos expoentes da Escola Italiana de História das Religiões, procurar-se-á estudar algumas categorias conceituais que fundamentaram a escrita da obra, tendo em vista o complexo contexto em que foi escrita. Para tanto, observar-se-á a influência das Guerras de Religião que assolaram a França no percurso intelectual de Bodin, a decorrência da caça às bruxas enquanto fenômeno cultural e religioso e uma análise geral da carreira e da obra bodiniana, de modo a buscarmos o afinamento de nossos instrumentos interpretativos e, com isso, melhor compreendermos a Demonomania no contexto de sua realização e, ao mesmo passo, o conjunto da obra de seu autor. / This study intends to do a critical analysis of the Demon-mania of the Sorcerers, written by the famous French jurist Jean Bodin by the end of the XVI century. Through the historical-religious perspective developed by the Italian School of History of Religions, it will be sought to study some of the conceptual categories which gave the Demon-manias writing its foundation, having in mind the complex context in which it was written. In order to achieve this, the influence of the French Religion Wars on the intellectual course of Bodin, the witch-hunt as a cultural and religious phenomenon and a general analysis of the authors career and his works shall be taken into consideration, while we reach for an improvement of our interpretative instruments and, with that, a better understanding of the Demon-mania in its context and, at the same time, in the interior of the whole of Bodins writings.

Dos Estados Unidos da América, o movimento denominado \"contracultura\" se propagou, nos anos sessenta do século XX, para diversos países, entre os quais o Brasil. Em meio à repressão imposta pelo regime militar, sobretudo a partir do AI-5, de dezembro de 1968, o ideário libertário da contracultura foi discutido por Luiz Carlos Maciel na coluna Underground de O Pasquim. Este trabalho analisa as motivações do movimento contracultural internacional e sua introdução no Brasil em um período marcado por fortes rivalidades políticas e ideológicas. Questiona, com base no discurso do autor acima citado, se a concepção de liberdade proposta pelo movimento é, como defende a crítica, mera expressão de escapismo hedonista ou efetivamente revolucionária. Investiga as origens históricas desse ideário, o qual é identificado como uma resposta à emergência do capitalismo e do cientificismo. / In the 1960s, a movement named counterculture spread out from the United States of America over many other countries in the world, including Brazil. Along with the repression imposed by the Brazilian military regime - mainly just after AI-5 - the set of libertarian doctrines of the counterculture started being discussed by Luiz Carlos Maciel in his column called \"Underground\" in the weekly newspaper O Pasquim. This study goes through the motivations of the international countercultural movement and its introduction into Brazil in a period distinguished by severe political and ideological rivalries. Furthermore, based on Maciel´s viewpoints, the text raises questions whether the concept of freedom proposed by the movement is either a simple expression of a hedonistic escapism - as defended by the critics - or actually revolutionary. The text also investigates the historical origins of these doctrines which are identified as an answer to the rise of both the capitalism and the scientificism.

Dos Estados Unidos da América, o movimento denominado \"contracultura\" se propagou, nos anos sessenta do século XX, para diversos países, entre os quais o Brasil. Em meio à repressão imposta pelo regime militar, sobretudo a partir do AI-5, de dezembro de 1968, o ideário libertário da contracultura foi discutido por Luiz Carlos Maciel na coluna Underground de O Pasquim. Este trabalho analisa as motivações do movimento contracultural internacional e sua introdução no Brasil em um período marcado por fortes rivalidades políticas e ideológicas. Questiona, com base no discurso do autor acima citado, se a concepção de liberdade proposta pelo movimento é, como defende a crítica, mera expressão de escapismo hedonista ou efetivamente revolucionária. Investiga as origens históricas desse ideário, o qual é identificado como uma resposta à emergência do capitalismo e do cientificismo. / In the 1960s, a movement named counterculture spread out from the United States of America over many other countries in the world, including Brazil. Along with the repression imposed by the Brazilian military regime - mainly just after AI-5 - the set of libertarian doctrines of the counterculture started being discussed by Luiz Carlos Maciel in his column called \"Underground\" in the weekly newspaper O Pasquim. This study goes through the motivations of the international countercultural movement and its introduction into Brazil in a period distinguished by severe political and ideological rivalries. Furthermore, based on Maciel´s viewpoints, the text raises questions whether the concept of freedom proposed by the movement is either a simple expression of a hedonistic escapism - as defended by the critics - or actually revolutionary. The text also investigates the historical origins of these doctrines which are identified as an answer to the rise of both the capitalism and the scientificism.

This thesis juxtaposes Plato's allegory of the cave with Jacques Derrida's concept of the always already aspect of meaning, a concept derived from Ferdinand de Saussure's work. This theoretical investigation examines the implications of universal Signified forms of word meanings for postmodern composition theory.