Le droit haïtien appartient, de manière formelle, au système de droit écrit. Au lendemain de l'Indépendance, le droit Français va servir de modèle pour Haïti. Depuis lors, cet héritage de la codification n'a pas été repensé. Si en apparence, le droit haïtien succombe ainsi à une sorte de mimétisme juridique, l'existence d'un droit coutumier et informel supplée en fait à la transposition maladroite du modèle Français. Cette modernisation retardée constitue un handicap sérieux à l'avènement d'un État de droit indispensable au développement socio-économique du pays.Cette thèse, conçue comme une sorte de guide dédié à la construction d'un nouveau droit haïtien, vise à jeter les bases permettant d'adapter le « droit officiel », encore souvent imposé et trop fréquemment ineffectif, avec des pratiques sociales efficientes qui jouent un rôle indéniable de régulation de la société.La première partie révèle ainsi qu'en Haïti, la réception du droit Français est intervenue dans sa généralité, sans tenir compte de facteurs sociologiques cependant déterminants. La seconde partie démontre qu'en dépit de l'inadaptation et de l'application incomplète du modèle Français, se dessinent désormais les conditions d'un nouveau modèle juridique. Érigé sur les fondations léguées par l'Histoire, ce nouveau modèle, dont la thèse réunit les premiers linéaments, est le produit de l'association des enseignements de la tradition et des progrès récents de la législation française avec l'apport d'instruments juridiques internationaux ratifiés par Haïti, dans un contexte d'intégration régionale rendue chaque jour plus nécessaire face aux défis de la mondialisation du droit. / Haitian law belongs, formally, to the system of written law. In the aftermath of Independence, the French law will serve as a model for Haiti. Since then, the legacy of the coding has not been redesigned. If seemingly Haitian law succumbs to a kind of legal mimicry, the existence of customary and informal law compensates actually the clumsy transposition of the French model. This delayed modernization is a serious handicap to the advent of the rule of law which is critical to the socio-economic development of the country.This thesis, as a kind of guide dedicated to the construction of a new Haitian law, aims to lay the foundation allowing the adaptation of the "official law" and still often imposed and too often ineffective, with efficient social practices that play an undeniable regulation role in the society.The first part reveals that in Haiti, the reception of the French law has intervened in its generality, regardless of critical sociological factors, that are however important. The second part shows that despite the maladjustment and incomplete application of the French model, the conditions of a new legal model are now emerging. Built on the foundations left by history, this new model, which the thesis meets the first lineaments, is the outcome of the combination of the teachings of tradition and recent progress of the French legislation with the provision of international legal instruments ratified by Haiti in the context of regional integration rendered every day more necessary to considering the challenges of globalization of law.

Växthusgasnivåerna i atmosfären har nått nivåer som påverkar klimatet på jorden. Det här ställer krav på politiska överenskommelser som effektivt kan verka för en minskning av växthusgaser i atmosfären. Kyotoprotokollet implementerades 1997 och innehåller lagbindande krav på medlemsländerna att minska sina växthusgasutsläpp och presenterar utsläppsrätter som styrmedel för att nå målen. Utsläppsrätter innebär att politiker sätter ett pris på rätten att släppa ut och låter verksamheter som förorenar handla med rätterna, vilket enligt nationalekonomisk marknadsteori är det mest effektiva sättet att gå tillväga. Detta kan däremot kritiseras av ekologiska ekonomer som motsätter sig prissättande av miljön. Diskursteori används för att studera vad som har normaliserats med införandet av utsläppsrättssystem och därför inte ifrågasätts. Analysen visade att två diskurser primärt råder i den utvalda empirin; ekonomisk liberalism och teknologisk tilltro. Fokus på vinst, tillväxt, kostnadseffektivitet samt teknikoptimism återkom i alla tre dokumenten och framställs som avgörande för att nå målen för utsläppsreduktion. Utsläppsrätter är ett ekonomiskt styrmedel vars styrka ligger i marknadsmekanismer, men ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv finns problematik med prissättande av miljön; framförallt att det vilar på svag hållbarhet. Även marknadens otillräckliga förmåga att ta hänsyn till moraliska angelägenheter, prissättning av miljön och att ansvarsförskjutning mot företag placerar en större klyfta mellan människa och miljö kan tolkas som problematiskt. / The levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have reached levels that are now affecting the climate on earth. This poses a dire need for politicians to reach agreements to balance the greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere. The Kyoto protocol was introduced in 1997 and contains binding requirements to reduce emissions and presented emissions trading systems as an economic instrument to reach the abatement goals. Emissions trading allows politicians to put a price on the environment and places it on a market, which according to economic theory is the most efficient solution. However, this can be criticized from an ecological economic view that opposes pricing of the environment. Discourse analysis theory allows the study of what is considered normal and therefore not questioned. The study showed that mainly two discourses appear in the empirical material; economic liberalism and trust in new technology. A focus on profit, growth, cost effectiveness and technical optimism appeared in all three documents and are portrayed as paramount to reach the goals of emissions abatement. Although emissions trading is a financial instrument, which strength lies in market mechanisms, there are certain problems which primarily are based on weak sustainability. It also lacks considerations to moral aspects, pricing of the environment and the fact that shifting responsibilities toward companies place a greater gap between the people and the environment.

Le diagnostic de l’État failli en Colombie a parfois conduit à des analyses téléologiques qui ont eu tendance à présenter ce phénomène non seulement comme inextricable à la société colombienne mais, en outre, constitutif de l’histoire de la construction étatique. Ce travail invite à reconsidérer ces analyses à travers l’étude de cette construction à un moment clé de son histoire. Mettant fin aux anciennes « Républiques oligarchiques », les gouvernements libéraux des années 1930 et 1940 ont cherché à élargir les bases sociales du régime : intégrer le « peuple » paraissait la condition nécessaire à la transformation du pays. Si la modernisation et la nationalisation étaient les anciens horizons des élites politiques, ces concepts sont réinterprétés. Le nationalisme culturel, la régulation de l’économique et du social font irruption dans les discours et les pratiques étatiques. Ils traduisent un nouveau rapport de l’État à la société. Dans ce contexte, l’éducation et la culture ont pris une centralité politique jusqu’alors méconnue dans le pays. Cette thèse analyse la mise en place de la réforme éducative en privilégiant l’expérience quotidienne de sa construction. Cherchant à élucider le déploiement des logiques d’action et de connaissance de l’État, elle intègre les jeux d’échelle du local, du régional et du national. Puisant dans les méthodologies de l’histoire sociale et culturelle, elle donne une place privilégiée aux acteurs de cette construction. Ce travail est donc autant une histoire politique de l’éducation qu’une histoire sociale de l’État éducateur. En ce sens, elle contribue à une réflexion plus large sur les processus de construction étatique et les liens complexes entre culture et politique. / Diagnoses of Colombia as a "failed state" have sometimes lead to teleological analyses that present this phenomenon as intricated in Colombia´s society, or as constitutive in the history of state formation. This research allows us to rethink these analyses by focusing on state formation at a key historical moment. Putting an end to "oligarchic republics", Colombian liberal governments of the nineteen thirties and forties tried to broaden the social base of their regime (integrating "the people" seemed like the necessary condition to transform the country). International and national political shifts led to the reinterpretation of concepts such as modernization and nationalization. Cultural nationalism, as well as social and economic regulations, irrupted in state discourses and practices, and started a new relationship between the state and society. In this context, for the first time, education and culture became politically central. By focusing on everyday experiences, this dissertation analyses how a state education reform was set up. For a comprehensive explanation of both the logic and the knowledge of the state, this dissertation focuses on local, regional and national scales. Drawing on methodologies of social and cultural history, this work gives a privileged position to the actors who constructed the reform. Therefore, this dissertation is both a political history of education and a social history of the "educational state". In this sense, it contributes to our understanding of the processes of state formation and of the complex links between culture and politics.

Fondée sur une démarche de terrain qualitative, cette thèse propose une analyse géographique de la pauvreté urbaine dans une des plus grandes villes du monde. La métropole de Jakarta, agglomération de plus de vingt millions d’habitants, s’affirme comme ville vitrine de la croissance économique de l’Indonésie et comme point relais de la mondialisation, où la pauvreté n’aurait, en somme, plus lieu d’être. Pourtant, en augmentant les situations de vulnérabilité de certaines populations, les dynamiques urbaines en œuvre contribuent à la mise sous tension de l’espace urbain.L’entrée par le concept de pauvreté en géographie permet de saisir la diversité des positions sociales et spatiales qui se conjuguent, se concurrencent et se négocient dans cet espace urbain, au gré des rapports de force en œuvre. Au-delà de la pauvreté en tant qu'état, il s’agit de prendre en compte les parcours individuels et collectifs liés au phénomène, en les insérant dans les trajectoires des lieux – depuis l’échelle du quartier à celle de l’aire métropolitaine.Plus que les seuls enjeux de définition, ce travail examine le rôle des représentations et des intérêts des groupes stratégiques dans la production de politiques urbaines profondément ancrées dans les idéologies dominantes, le néolibéralisme urbain notamment.Enfin, l’analyse croisée de plusieurs types d’espaces de la pauvreté à Jakarta et à Bekasi montre les disparités en termes d’appropriations et de pratiques de l’espace urbain. Ainsi, au-delà d’une dualisation de la société urbaine d’une métropole contemporaine, cette thèse pointe la segmentation des intérêts à agir des citadins considérés comme pauvres, selon leurs sentiments de légitimité et leurs modalités d’appartenance à la ville, ancrant alors la réflexion géographique dans un questionnement politique. / Based on qualitative methodologies, this PhD dissertation proposes a geographical analysis of urban poverty, in one of the biggest city in the world. The urban region of Jakarta counts more than twenty millions of inhabitants. It comes up as the showcase for economic success in Indonesia and a node of globalization, where one could expect the level of poverty to have decreased. Yet, current urban dynamics contribute to unsettle urban spaces increasing the vulnerability of poor people. The examination of the concept of poverty through a geographical lens allows to grasp the diversity of social and spatial positions and positionnings, from the neighborhood level to the metropolitan area. It helps also to investigate how they compete with each other and are (re)negotiated and interwoven under the influence of power relations. More than the mere situation of poverty, this work is based on a cross-analysis of individual and collective trajectories and spatial transformations. Further than the issue of defining poverty, this thesis explores the role of representations and the interest of stakeholders in urban policies related to mainstream ideologies, such as urban neoliberalism. Finally, a comparison between different types of poverty’s spaces in Jakarta and in Bekasi shows the strong differences in space’s appropriations and space’s uses. Beyond the idea of dualization of the urban society, this study aims to highlight the segmented interests of citizens, according to their sense of being legitimate in the city and their sense of belonging to the city. This shows how much the geographical inquiry is political.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOAO_LUCIANO_BANDEIRA.pdf: 5751310 bytes, checksum: 89bd992d5bbb53df360ae2303ab063c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work is a study of conjuncture of seeds in marketing worldwide, national and regional (southwestern of Paraná). Outlining the conjuncture of multiple determinations of seeds supplies are.., Strategy of conglomerates, monopolization of knowledge and imperialist of actions through the financial resources. The work is organized into three chapters, which are also marks its three keys points: 1) The delay in the development of sectors in Brazil in the countrie s headquarters of large corporations with rapid endogenous development and EMBRAPA becoming world reference in the production of improved seeds. The impacts of denationalization and its consequences. 2) chronic dependence of Agriculture in Brazilians studies input, this has being a consequences of the changes in form of technical assistance and rural extensionl added the pattern of financial changes. Events added to the weakening of IPPs in the 1990s and changes in legislation. The work shows the increasing vertiginous steep rise in the seeds sectors, noting the imperialist mechanism wealth of drainage in various agricultural areas of the world. 3) Brief history of the seed sector in Paraná Southwest. Changes in the amount and profile of local businesses with significant changes in recent decades and its relationship with multinationals. / O presente trabalho é um estudo da conjuntura do mercado sementeiro a nível mundial, nacional e regional (Sudoeste do Paraná). Esboça a conjuntura das múltiplas determinações que envolvem o fornecimento de sementes, a estratégia dos conglomerados, a monopolização do conhecimento e as ações imperialistas via capital financeiro. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos, que também marcam os seus três pontos fundamentais: 1) O atraso no desenvolvimento do setor no Brasil frente aos países sedes das grandes corporações com rápido desenvolvimento endógeno e a EMBRAPA se tornando referencia mundial na produção de sementes melhoradas. Os impactos da desnacionalização e suas consequências. 2) A dependência crônica da agricultura brasileira em se tratando do insumo estudado, sendo isto consequência da mudança nas formas de assistência técnica e extensão rural somado à mudança no padrão de financiamento. Acontecimentos somados ao enfraquecimento dos IPPs na década de 1990 e mudança na legislação. O trabalho mostra o aumento vertiginoso de faturamento no setor, atentando para o mecanismo imperialista de drenagem de riqueza nas diversas áreas agrícolas do mundo. 3) Breve histórico do setor sementeiro no Sudoeste do Paraná. As mudanças na quantidade e no perfil das empresas locais com as mudanças significativas das últimas décadas e o seu relacionamento com as multinacionais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOAO_LUCIANO_BANDEIRA.pdf: 5751310 bytes, checksum: 89bd992d5bbb53df360ae2303ab063c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work is a study of conjuncture of seeds in marketing worldwide, national and regional (southwestern of Paraná). Outlining the conjuncture of multiple determinations of seeds supplies are.., Strategy of conglomerates, monopolization of knowledge and imperialist of actions through the financial resources. The work is organized into three chapters, which are also marks its three keys points: 1) The delay in the development of sectors in Brazil in the countrie s headquarters of large corporations with rapid endogenous development and EMBRAPA becoming world reference in the production of improved seeds. The impacts of denationalization and its consequences. 2) chronic dependence of Agriculture in Brazilians studies input, this has being a consequences of the changes in form of technical assistance and rural extensionl added the pattern of financial changes. Events added to the weakening of IPPs in the 1990s and changes in legislation. The work shows the increasing vertiginous steep rise in the seeds sectors, noting the imperialist mechanism wealth of drainage in various agricultural areas of the world. 3) Brief history of the seed sector in Paraná Southwest. Changes in the amount and profile of local businesses with significant changes in recent decades and its relationship with multinationals. / O presente trabalho é um estudo da conjuntura do mercado sementeiro a nível mundial, nacional e regional (Sudoeste do Paraná). Esboça a conjuntura das múltiplas determinações que envolvem o fornecimento de sementes, a estratégia dos conglomerados, a monopolização do conhecimento e as ações imperialistas via capital financeiro. O trabalho está organizado em três capítulos, que também marcam os seus três pontos fundamentais: 1) O atraso no desenvolvimento do setor no Brasil frente aos países sedes das grandes corporações com rápido desenvolvimento endógeno e a EMBRAPA se tornando referencia mundial na produção de sementes melhoradas. Os impactos da desnacionalização e suas consequências. 2) A dependência crônica da agricultura brasileira em se tratando do insumo estudado, sendo isto consequência da mudança nas formas de assistência técnica e extensão rural somado à mudança no padrão de financiamento. Acontecimentos somados ao enfraquecimento dos IPPs na década de 1990 e mudança na legislação. O trabalho mostra o aumento vertiginoso de faturamento no setor, atentando para o mecanismo imperialista de drenagem de riqueza nas diversas áreas agrícolas do mundo. 3) Breve histórico do setor sementeiro no Sudoeste do Paraná. As mudanças na quantidade e no perfil das empresas locais com as mudanças significativas das últimas décadas e o seu relacionamento com as multinacionais.

The second half of the 19th Century was a remarkable period in the history of the transformation of Istanbul's Pera district, which can also be detected in the history of its western type theatre buildings, passages, cultural activities, district regulations, planning and establishment of other public and private spaces. The scope of the study will focus on the period between the announcement of the Edict of Gulhane (1839) till Second Constitutional Era (1908). I have chosen the Pera district, also known as Beyoğlu/Taksim for this case study, because it had quite specific functions in the city. It had hosted various ethnical groups throughout its long history, which was also the case in the middle of the 19th century, and the cultural harmony influenced the district's social life. I intend to test this hypothesis by applying Charles Landry's creativity city concept with Pera's cultural district at the end of the thesis. I will apply the aforementioned concepts and examine the remarkable modern type constructions of the district and their history. I will show that gradual growth of the amount and intensity of interactions between the West and the Ottoman Society created a cultural infrastructure, which in turn created a cosmopolitan area in Pera. Social and daily life started to change with the...

This thesis is a critical history of managerial and professional men in post-Second World War Australia. The attention that I have given managerial and professional men has been determined by my own political desire to problematise the continued accomplishment of hegemony. As subjects, these men and their discursive practices enable scrutiny of the regenerative labour necessary to sustain power and necessary to realise the material results that accrue to those performing such work. My thesis examines the practices of particular groups of managerial and professional men within four discrete social settings or terrain during the post-war period. I interrogate the operations of managerial and professional men in personnel management (the terrain of work), in market research (the terrain of the market), in parenting and marriage guidance (the terrain of the family) and in the service club Rotary (the terrain of the civic). In each of these terrains I find managerial and professional men framing problems and enacting solutions. A process or intervention that makes natural the connections of interest (of advantage or disadvantage) being constantly recreated; an intervention that expresses a comfort with the mechanics and entailments of hegemony. To enable my critical history I apply, in each terrain, a framework comprising three core elements. I historicize the accomplishment of hegemony; testing the emergence of government and positive expressions of power during post-war modernisation in the local contexts of managerial and professional men�s interventions. I people hegemony; identifying the practices of managerial and professional men as resources for doing social relations (in particular the relations of gender and class) and crucial to the operation of hegemony. And, thirdly, I demonstrate the interventions of these men to be interested; unravelling the possessive investments managerial and professional men make through their interventions. My scrutiny of managerial and profession men and their practices, my choice of terrains in which to study them, my analysis of the process enacted in these terrain and the sources that I have utilised are not intended to assemble a biography of men�s experiences or ideal masculinities. Rather, my thesis provides a biography of interventions in order to disassemble that which appears not to be anything in particular: the ordinary regeneration of hegemony by ordinary men doing ordinary things.

<p>In recent times statistical findings suggesting a deteriorating mental health among teenagers, have been published. Not only did I find the lack of an all-inclusive analysis problematic, but also the fact that the studies themselves where often insufficient. Thus my purpose has been to chart these statistical studies, and then scrutinize the results.My method has been inspired by critical theory, where an interpretive starting point, self-reflection, and the idea that man and society interacts as a whole, is of great importance. Aside from the above mentioned studies, I have also employed secondary empirical data from TV, newspapers and the Internet. My own experience as a social worker has also been an important resource for this paper. The results from the statistical studies are analysed through theories regarding cultural modernisation, in particular Thomas Ziehe's ideas about cultural release of constraints, and Aaron Antonovsky's ideas concerning the importance of SOC (sense of coherence). Rapports from the Welfare Commission pertaining to developments in the Swedish welfare during the 1990's are also central for this thesis. I have found that the results from the statistical studies could be the outcome of other factors than mental illness per se - such as the play down in society concerning some of the taboos associated with it. This means that today's youth have easier access to psychiatric care (in so far as they are more willing to talk about psychiatric problems) and therefore necessarily don't feel worse than preceding age groups. Having said that, my conclusion is that today's youth is more inclined to mental illness than teenagers 10-15 years ago. My belief is that this is due to cultural modernisation and growing shortcomings within the social welfare. Cultural modernisation can make for an arduous upbringing, and a society where traditional norms are being replaced by everlasting possibilities, do put a fair amount of strain on the young individual. In my final discussion I'll conclude that SOC, which was previously created collectively, is now an undertaking of the sole individual. Therefore, I mean, today's teenagers are in the need of sufficient tools in their identity work. Naturally these can be found within the perpetual bombardment of information and symbols that surrounds them, but this should not diminish the importance of an everyday contact with sensible grownups, who understands the need to counterbalance a manipulative market.</p>

<p>The main purpose of this dissertation is to study whether the official rhetoric on the role that cooperatives could play in the quest for agricultural modernisation in Uganda have any resemblance with how farmers view the benefits and problem with cooperation. This question was motivated by the political initiative in the early 21st century to revive the cooperative movement in Uganda, a movement burdened with a history of political intervention and difficulties to adapt to a de-regulated agricultural market system. In the thesis, the move to revive the cooperative movement is linked to another more encompassing political initiative, that of the modernisation and commercialisation of small-scale agriculture. </p><p>The book consists of two empirical studies, where interviews and text analysis have been important research methods. By first analysing the rhetoric emanating from political institutions and donor agencies, the conclusion is drawn that cooperatives are seen primarily as an institutional device which, it is hoped, will fill spaces that have been abandoned by the state and not filled with private sector initiatives.</p><p>A focused case study of a dairy cooperative and a number of its members in Uganda shows that farmers’ expectations of the cooperative to some extent converge with those revealed in the first study: for example they expected the cooperative to provide a stable outlet for their production of milk. The interviews and quantitative analysis indicate that farmers’ preferences for <i>both</i> fast cash and a stable income can create incentives for members to free-ride on the collective efforts of their fellow members. This can be cumbersome in a competitive marketing situation where other buyers compete with the cooperative for the members’ produce. The cooperative can find it difficult to secure a necessary level of member commitment if members do not share a common code of conduct.</p>