Devido a controvérsias sobre a freqüência, diagnóstico e possibilidade de progressão para doença crônica da degeneração gordurosa do fígado em portadores de obesidade mórbida, planejou-se uma investigação retrospectiva em pacientes candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Foram analisados 60 indivíduos com indicação de gastroplastia com derivação intestinal em Y de Roux. Os pacientes foram submetidos a questionário clínico, provas bioquímicas e posteriormente, à biópsia hepática intraoperatória. A freqüência de EHNA e esteatose hepática foi elevada, e detectou-se 5% de cirrose. Na análise univariada houve correlação de diversos testes bioquímicos com as enzimas hepáticas. Na análise multivariada a albumina foi a variável determinante; apesar de seu debilitado valor preditivo. Nestas condições, apenas a avaliação histológica configura-se como critério definitivo para diagnóstico e acompanhamento desta população / Because of controversies about frequency, diagnosis and possibility of progression toward chronic disease of fatty degeneration of the liver in morbidly obese patients, a retrospective study was done in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Sixty individuals with indication for gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y jejunal bypass were enrolled. They were submitted to clinical questionnaire, biochemistry tests and subsequently, intraoperative liver biopsy. Frequency of NASH and steatosis was high, and 5.0% suffered from cirrhosis. In univariate analysis there was correlation between various biochemical measurements and liver enzymes. In multivariate analysis only serum albumin was a determinant variable, with low predictive value. The histological grading system remains the definitive criterion for diagnosis and follow-up of this population

A. Background<p><p>Skin wound healing (WH) is a dynamic and extremely determinate process of cellular, humoral and molecular mechanisms which begins directly after wounding and can last for years. WH is described as is an intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. The process of skin WH occurs through the actions of an interplay of cells, growth factors and cytokines leading to wound closure.<p><p>WH occurs in three precisely and highly programmed phases: the inflammatory phase (day 0 to day 7) followed by the proliferative phase or vasculogenic phase (day 7 to day 21) and finally the remodeling phase (2 days - up to 2 years). For a successful healing, all three phases must occur in the proper sequence and time frame.<p><p>Many factors can interfere with one or more phases of the WH process, thus causing improper or impaired healing. The proliferation phase, in particular, requires the participation of various cells types such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), to produce a healthy well-vascularized granulation tissue for epithelization and wound closure.<p><p>A.1 Wound Healing And Obesity<p><p>In 2008, over 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight. Of these, obesity has been shown to affect over 500 million people (OMS website). Moreover, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and by 2018, it is estimated that obesity will cost $ 347 billion annually.<p><p>Each year, in the US, approximately 33 million overweight and obese patients undergo surgery. Obesity causes a number of known health problems and increased post-surgical complications such as wound infection, dehiscence, hematoma and seroma. Surgeons anecdotally report WH complications among obese patients; however, little research has been conducted to investigate the mechanisms mediating impaired obesity-related WH. <p><p>Some previous work on diabetic patients and diabetic mice showed an imbalance between pro-oxydant and anti-oxydant genes as well as impaired EPCs proliferation and tube formation during the WH process. More then a hundred cytologic factors have been found to impair WH in the type 2 diabetic patient. It is a very complex and multifactorial problem involving decreased growth factors secretion, impaired keratinocyte and fibroblast functions, impaired EPs function, alteration of the macrophage function and granulation tissue synthesis, etc. <p><p>Based on these findings and because obesity is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, we hypothetize that, impaired balance between pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic and pro- oxydant /anti-oxydant genes is involved in impaired WH. Furthermore, we hypothetize that impaired EPCs function leads to the perturbation of the proliferation phase of obesity impaired WH.<p><p>A.2. Wound Healing and Age<p><p>The world population is aging; by 2030, nearly 20% of Americans, (± 72 million people), will be 65 years old and older. In 2010, 17% of the European population was over the age of 65. By 2060, it is projected that the share of those aged 65 and over will rise to 30%, accounting for more then 150 million people. (ec.europa.eu) These aging subjects undergo an increasing number of surgical procedures: in the past two decades, the percentage of surgeries in patients over 65 has doubled to nearly 40%.<p>As a corollary, it is well established knowledge that elderly WH is impaired. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of age-related impaired WH.<p><p>As previously mentioned, adult BM-derived EPCs contribute to peripheral tissue repair and regeneration. In light of the abundant literature suggesting that neovascularization is impaired in the elderly, we characterize a novel model of senile cutaneous WH and investigate the role that vasculogenesis plays in the pathogenesis of age related impaired WH.<p>Aged mice colonies have traditionally been the model for aged small mammalian research, however, the ability to use a readily-available transgenic mouse model with features of accelerated aging would aid in the exploration of targeted therapies and a great number of age-related investigations.<p><p>We hypothesize that the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) Zmpste24 deficient (Zmpste24-/-) mouse mimics physiological ageing and can be used as a novel model for the study of senescent WH. We further hypothetized that impaired balance between pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic and pro-oxydant /anti-oxydant genes as well as impaired EPCs function are responsible for the impairment of the proliferative phase, leading to overall impaired WH.<p><p>A.3 Aims<p><p>Recently, a great deal of research has been directed at understanding the critical factors inducing poorly healing wounds. However, a lot remains unclear.<p><p>It is now well accepted that new blood vessel formation occurs not only by angiogenesis (blood vessels formation from a preexisting network of capillaries), but also by vasculogenesis (blood vessels formation from BM SCs recruitment) and that EPCs contribute to as much as 25% of new blood vessels formed in healing tissues4. They are mobilized from the BM in response to injury and production of local cytokines, are incorporate into wounds and play an integral role in systemic tissue repair. <p><p>Based on this finding, we hypothesized that co-morbidities related impaired WH may be due, in part, to decreased EPCs number, migration/homing, and/or function resulting in impaired vasculogenesis. Because age and/or obesity have been shown to be one of the most common predictors of altered WH, we decided to focus on these two parameters.<p><p>Following a bedside to bench approach the purpose of this work was to 1) develop coherent and translatable models of co-morbidity digging in the physiologic/pathologic mechanisms underlying altered healing in obese and senile mice; 2) develop targeted therapeutics to improve impaired WH.<p><p>B. Material and Methods<p><p>B.1 Human Model<p><p>Since obesity impairs WH and BM EPCs are important for tissue repair, we hypothesize that obesity- impaired WH is due, in part, to impaired EPCs mobilization, trafficking, and function. Peripheral blood was obtained from non diabetic, obese (BMI > 30, n = 25), and non obese (BMI < 30, n = 17) subjects. Peripheral blood human EPCs were isolated, quantified, and functionally assessed.<p>As for aged impaired WH, EPCs of aged subjects have already been found to have decreased adhesion, migration and proliferative properties as well as being decreased in number in elderly patients undergoing surgery compared to younger patients.<p><p>B.2. Mice Models<p><p>Two models of WH were developed and characterized.<p>In order to isolate the effect of obesity on EPCs and WH, OB non-diabetic female TallyHo/JngJ mouse were selected (Female mice don’t express hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia). Female SWR/J non-OB mice were used as control mice. In order to limit variables, TallyHO/JngJ obese mice were selected over other OB mice that exhibit a polygenic type of obesity (Jackson Laboratory Website). By selecting this mouse model, we have excluded in our selection of the ideal model common confounding factors such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, immune disorders.<p><p>Zmpste24 is a metalloproteinase involved in the maturation of lamin A (LmnA), an essential component of the nuclear envelope. When Zmpste24 or LmnA are knocked-out, mice exhibit profound nuclear architectural abnormalities and histopathological defects that phenocopy an accelerated aging process. Of crucial importance, the lamin-A dependent nuclear alterations seen in Zmpste24-deficient mice have also been found in human physiological aging. We defined the utilization of the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) Zmpste24 deficient (Zmpste24- /-) mouse as a novel model for the study of senescent WH (controls used were C57BL/6J mice).<p><p>B.3. Wounding Model and Data Collection<p><p>All mice group underwent wounding using a stented wound model developed in our laboratory and previously published. Briefly, paired 6-mm circular, full-thickness wounds extending through the panniculus carnosus were made on the dorsal skin of the mouse. An O-ring, 12-mm splint made of silicone sheeting was then sutured to the skin around the wound. To minimize wound contraction and reliably recapitulated the granulation and re-epithelialization seen in human WH by secondary intention. Time to wound closure was measured using standardized digital photographs taken on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Wound closure was calculated as a percentage of the original wound.<p><p>For each model, EPCs were harvested, quantified by flow-cytometry and their function tested. Wounds were harvested at various time points and RNA, DNA and protein analysis were conducted. Finally immunohistochemistry to assess epidermal thickness, vascularity and WH were also realized.<p><p>In a second step, after characterization of the models, local (using targeted siRNA gel) and systemic therapies (using AMD3100, a PC mobilizer) were applied on the wounds and compared to controls. WH was monitored. We conducted the previously mentioned analysis (RT-PCR, ELISA and DNA analysis) on the harvested samples.<p><p>All values are expressed as a mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The number of mice per treatment group was determined using G*Power (G*Power©, Melbourne, Australia) to provide a power greater than 0.80. Student T test was realized to compare two groups among each other.<p><p>C. Results<p><p>C.1. Human EPCs Have Impaired Function<p><p>There was no difference in the number of baseline circulating human EPCs in non-diabetic OB and non-OB<p>subjects, but EPCs from OB subjects had impaired adhesion (p<0.05), migration (p<0.01), and proliferation (p<0.001).<p><p>C.2. Obesity and Wound Healing<p><p>TallyHo/JgnJ OB mice demonstrated significantly impaired healing when compared to SWR/J control mice. They healed at an average of 28 ± 2 days (p<0.05). Post-wounding circulating EPCs were quantified and wounds were analyzed. Circulating EPCs recruitment is impaired in wounded TallyHo/JngJ mice and their wounds shown significantly decreased new blood vessel formation through decreased HIF-1α/SDF-1α signaling (p<0.05). Their wounds are characterized by increased apoptosis, increased DNA damage and impaired pro-/anti-oxydant balance. Immunonistochemistry and histology showed decreased vascular vessels in TallyHo/JngJ wounds and thinner epidermal thickness.<p><p>In the local treatment phase, local p53 silencing consistently improved WH to a nearly normal healing time (wounds healed in 18 ± 2 days, p<0.05). sip53 treatment showed a significant decrease in pro-apoptotic markers (p53, Bax, PUMA p<0.05) and a significant increase in angiogenic markers (VEGF, SDF-1α, HIF-1α) with increased blood vessel formation and decreased DNA damage.<p><p>C.3. Age and Wound Healing<p><p>In these experiments, we show that not only is Zmpste24-/- WH impaired when compared to C57BL/6J mice (Zmpste24-/- mice healed at average 40 days ± 2 days p<0.05) at all time points but that they also showed decreased vascularity and proliferation in the wound bed (p<0.05).<p><p>Histological analysis was performed utilizing hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess epidermal thickness, CD31 immunofluorescence to assess vascular density, p53 and caspase 3 to assess apoptosis, 8’OHdG staining to assess DNA damage and PCNA to assess proliferation. Epidermal thickness was significantly decreased in Zmpste24-/- animals compared to WT as well as vascular density, and proliferation in Zmpste24-/- wound tissue (p<0.05). <p><p>Circulating vasculogenic EPCs recruitment was impaired in Zmpste24-/- mice and their wounds showed significantly decreased new blood vessel formation through decreased HIF-1α/SDF-1α signaling (p<0.05). Zmpste24-/- wounds are characterized by increased apoptosis and an abnormal rise in ROS.<p>In the treatment phase, local p53 silencing consistently improved healing by more then a two fold (18 ± 2 days). VEGF production was significantly increased and pro-apoptotic factors were significantly downregulated in siRNA-treated Zmpste24-/- mice (p<0.05). DNA damage due to ROS production was also shown to be significantly decreased following treatment. Our results suggest a vasculogenic dysfunction in wound closure and showed that the specific knock down of p53 significantly improves WH.<p><p>Because EPCs showed impaired function, lower peripheric blood counts and impaired SDF-1α/HIF-1α signaling, we hypothesized that improving their mobilization by using a progenitor cell mobilizer, AMD3100, known to mobilize SCs from the BM, in a systemic treatment phase will improve WH. Peripheral blood counts were significantly increased and time to wound closure significantly decreased (20 days ± 2, p<0.05). Vasculogenic markers and anti- apoptotic molecules were upregulated compare to non-treated animals.<p><p>D. Conclusions<p><p>Obesity impaired wound closure is a complex problem with many contributory factors. Our results suggest that obesity impairs the BM-derived EPCs response to peripheral injury and this, in turn, impairs wound closure. This impairment is associated with decreased new blood vessel formation and increased DNA damage leading to an increase in the p53 pathway. We also demonstrate that targeted siRNA therapy can partially rescue impaired WH due to obesity. Based on these results we support the encouraging argument that, WH and closure has the potential be improved through specific local and systemic therapies in vivo in our rodent model and that further studies are needed to support this in a clinical environment.<p><p>Impaired WH due to ageing is a complex phenomenon that is partially understood. We demonstrate that the Zmpste24-/- transgenic knockout mouse provides a model for age-related WH investigation. Zmpste24-/- animals heals their wounds with significant delays, showed impaired EPCs mobilization following wounding through an impaired HIF-1α/SDF-1α pathway and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, WH can be improved through specific local siRNA therapy and systemic stem cell mobilization therapies.<p><p>Our results suggest strong similar patterns between obesity and ageing in the way they mediate WH impairments trough (premature) ageing. Our encouraging endeavor to bring WH back to baseline in these diseased models underlines the possibility to reverse the microenvironment alterations and improves EPCs contribution to the WH process. Because EPCs are involved in virtually every tissue repair process happening in the human body, we hope that this work will lead the way for new research in various fields in medicine to improve wound care and quality of life of patients. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

As morbid obesity increasingly affects Hispanic-Americans, the incidence of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures (RYGB) among this population rises. Prospective research on the impact of postoperative educational interventions focused on Hispanic-Americans is needed to prevent premature weight loss plateau, weight regain, nutritional deficiencies, and relapse of obesity-related comorbidities. This randomized-controlled study evaluated the impact of a comprehensive nutrition and lifestyle education intervention (6 biweekly postoperative sessions that incorporated motivational strategies for behavioral change) as compared to a non-comprehensive approach (printed guidelines for healthy lifestyle). The variables to consider are body weight, obesity-related comorbidities (depression, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and others), nutrient status, physical activity, and eating habits in 144 morbidly-obese adult Hispanic-Americans 6 to 12 months following RYGB. Patients were randomly assigned to either the comprehensive intervention (n=72) or the comparison group (n=72). Participants (mean age 44.5 ± 13.5 years) were mainly Cuban-born females (83.3%). Intervention sessions attendance was 64%. At 12 months, both groups lost weight significantly, but those in the comprehensive intervention experienced greater excess weight loss than those in the comparison group (80% vs. 64% from preoperative excess weight, P<.001). Intervention participants were significantly more involved in physical activity (+ 14 min/week vs. – 4 min/week), had decreased depression, joint illness, and required less medication for comorbidities than comparison participants. Additionally, those in the comprehensive intervention had sustained supplement intake experiencing less folate deficiency (P=.014). The non-comprehensive intervention group significantly decreased their protein and supplement intake compared to the intervention group. Patients in the comprehensive intervention had significantly better eating habits reflected by fewer episodes of dumping syndrome, constipation, and night eating, than those in the comparison group who reported greater eating in response to negative emotions (P=.003). These findings support the importance of a comprehensive educational approach to achieve more effective weight reduction and health-related outcomes to prevent relapse of obesity-related comorbidities and nutritional deficiencies in Hispanic-Americans 6 to 12 months following RYGB.

Obesity is the fifth leading cause of global deaths. The efficacy and safety of obesity treatment is still controversial. The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery, through a systematic review of the current evidence and meta- analysis of important outcomes. Nineteen (19) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1346 participants were included. Bariatric surgery resulted in greater weight loss when compared to non-surgical treatment. Weight loss was also associated with resolution and/or improvement of obesity related comorbidites such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and sleep apnea. Weight loss and safety varied across the surgical procedures. Biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch had the greatest weight loss, followed by sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, purely restrictive procedures such as vertical banded gastroplasty and adjustable gastric banding resulted in the least weight loss. Long term, high quality, and adequately powered trials are still needed to support the available evidence

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luisdomingosfornitano_tese.pdf: 1565670 bytes, checksum: acedd7e7a18ad6dcdbdc6b72c97ae59d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-26 / Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially in its morbid form. Bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic option for sustained weight loss. However, there is no consensus in these cases regarding the performance of functional tests for preoperative evaluations. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic response variables using a conventional exercise test on individuals with morbid obesity in comparison to overweight individuals. Materials and Method: Six hundred seventeen cases were included. Group I had 290 patients with morbid obesity and Group II had 327 overweight patients. All were submitted to a conventional treadmill exercise test. Classic positivity criteria were used. Results: Both groups tolerated the test well. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of positivity of the test [ST segment abnormality or angor (p=0.3863) or ST segment abnormality alone (p=0.1000)]. The significantly higher values in the obese individuals were basal heart rate (HR), basal sistolic arterial pressure (SAP), maximum SAP, basal diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), maximum DAP, chronotropic incompetence (p<0.0001) and maximum double product (p<0.0421). The significantly lower values in the obese individuals were exercise time, maximum HR and METs values (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Hemodynamic parameters were significantly different between the two groups. However, there were no differences in terms of ST segment abnormalities or effort-induced angina. The very low functional capacity and complex arrhythmia found in some obese individuals draws attention to the need for complementary investigation with the aim of diminishing the risk of postoperative heart complications. / A obesidade é fator de risco independente para doença cardiovascular, particularmente em sua forma mórbida. A cirurgia bariátrica é opção terapêutica eficaz para o emagrecimento sustentado nesses casos não havendo, entretanto, consenso sobre a realização de testes funcionais para avaliação pré-operatória. Objetivo: Analisar as respostas clínicas, eletrocardiográficas e hemodinâmicas por teste ergométrico convencional, em portadores de obesidade mórbida em comparação a indivíduos com sobrepeso. Casuística e Método: Foram incluídos 617 casos sendo o Grupo I, com 290 pacientes obesos mórbidos e o Grupo II, com 327 pacientes com sobrepeso, todos submetidos a teste ergométrico convencional em esteira. Foram utilizados os critérios clássicos de positividade. Resultados: A prova foi bem tolerada por ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em termos de positividade do Teste (por alteração do segmento ST ou angor) [P = 0,3863] ou somente por alteração do segmento ST [P= 0,1000]. As variáveis significantemente maiores nos obesos foram: Freqüência cardíaca (FC) basal, Pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) basal; PAS máxima; Pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) basal; PAD máxima; Déficit cronotrópico (P <0,0001) e o Duplo Produto (DP) máximo (P =0,0421). Os valores significantemente menores nos obesos foram: tempo de exercício, FC máxima e valores em METS (P<0,0001). Conclusões: Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos mostraram-se significantemente diferentes entre os dois grupos não havendo, porém, diferenças em termos de anormalidades do segmento ST ou angina induzida por esforço. A capacidade funcional muito baixa e as arritmias complexas observadas em alguns dos obesos alertam para a necessidade de investigação complementar no sentido de diminuir o risco de complicações cardíacas pós-operatórias.

As obesity is a systemic and epidemic disease that affects pulmonary function, it became a new challenge for health professionals who care for respiratory diseases. With the aim of evaluating the aspects of pre-and postoperative obese adults patients undergoing bariatric surgery was determined the prevalence and severity of asthma, the lung age and place of stay in postoperative primary bariatric surgery, being checked medical-surgical complications that would justify admission to the intensive care unit and mortality. Cross-sectional studies were performed in the period from January 2007 to June 2010, in the city of Aracaju (SE). The prevalence of asthma in patients was determined by a pulmonologist using clinical diagnosis as a diagnostic tool, and evaluated 363 obese adults who underwent clinical evaluation and use of spirometry, and classified according to the severity of asthma. The lung age determined by spirometry involved 112 individuals: 78 morbidly obese patients (study group) and 34 non-obese and normal lung function (control group). The lung age and chronological age of individuals in each group were compared separately and between groups. Aldrete and Kroulik score was used for the release of post-anesthetic recovery room (PARR) and defining the location of postoperative routing in 120 patients who underwent primary bariatric surgery. The prevalence of asthma in obese adults, according to the criteria used were: studied obese population: 18.5% (95%:14,5-22,4), women: 20.4% (95% CI: 16,2 to 24.5), male: 13.7% (95%:10,1-17,2), asthma symptoms in the last twelve months 8.0% (95% CI:5,2-10,7) and initial manifestation of symptoms of asthma in childhood / adolescence in 17.4% (95%:13,5-21,3). Among asthmatics, 29 patients (43.3%) had intermittent asthma, 7 patients (10.4%) mild persistent asthma, 25 patients (37.3%) moderate asthma and 6 patients (9%) severe persistent asthma. The difference between lung age and chronological age in the group with morbid obesity was significant (p <0.0001, 95% CI 6.6 to 11.9 years) with an average difference of 9.1 ± 11.8 years. The age difference between the lung study group and control group was significant (p <0.0002, 95% CI 7.5 to 16.9 years) with an average difference of 12.2 ± 2.4 years. The multiple linear regression analysis identified the variables BMI and chronological age (p <0.0001) as significant predictors factors of lung age. The time between hospital admission and beginning of surgery was 140.7 ± 81.8 minutes, the operative time 105.0 ± 28.6 minutes, the length of stay in PARR 125.0 ± 38.0 minutes and hospitalization time 47.7 ± 12.4 hours, with 100% of patients walking in 24 hours. The Aldrete Kroulik table of PARR achieved scores of 10 with 120 minutes in all patients, with 100% survival. The prevalence of asthma in obese adults in the preoperative evaluation of bariatric surgery using the primary medical diagnosis was high, with prevalence of initial manifestation of symptoms of asthma in childhood / adolescence and in females. The severity of asthma in obese adults was among the estimated averages for the general population. The lung age is increased in morbidly obese patients, suggesting early damage and accelerated lung aging. By using the Aldrete and Kroulik table in the PARR of gastric bypass by laparoscopy in primary bariatric surgery, no patient was admitted to the ICU and no major complication was observed. / A obesidade por ser uma doença sistêmica e epidêmica que compromete a função pulmonar, tornou-se um novo desafio para os profissionais de saúde que cuidam de doenças respiratórias. Com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos do período pré e pós-operatório dos pacientes adultos obesos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica foi determinada a prevalência e gravidade de asma brônquica, a idade pulmonar e o local de internação no pós-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica primária, sendo verificadas as complicações clínica-cirúrgicas que justificassem internação em unidade de terapia intensiva e mortalidade. Foram realizados estudos transversais, no período entre janeiro de 2007 a junho 2010, no município de Aracaju (SE). A prevalência de asma nos pacientes foi determinada por um pneumologista utilizando o diagnóstico clínico como instrumento diagnóstico, sendo avaliados 363 pacientes obesos adultos, que foram submetidos à avaliação clínica e realização de espirometria, e classificados conforme a gravidade da asma. A idade pulmonar determinada pela espirometria envolveu 112 indivíduos: 78 pacientes com obesidade mórbida (grupo de estudo) e 34 indivíduos não obesos e com função pulmonar normal (grupo controle). A idade pulmonar e a idade cronológica dos indivíduos em cada grupo foram comparadas isoladamente e entre os grupos. Utilizou-se o índice de Aldrete e Kroulik para liberação da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e definição do local de encaminhamento no pós-operatório de 120 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica primária. A prevalência de asma em obesos adultos, conforme os critérios utilizados foram: população de obesos estudada: 18,5 % (IC95%:14,5-22,4), mulheres: 20,4% (IC95%:16,2 24,5), homens: 13,7% (IC95%:10,1 17,2), sintomas de asma nos últimos doze meses 8,0% (IC95%:5,2 10,7) e manifestação inicial dos sintomas de asma na infância/adolescência em 17,4% (IC95%:13,5 21,3). Dentre os asmáticos, 29 pacientes (43,3%) apresentaram asma intermitente, 7 pacientes (10,4%) asma persistente leve, 25 pacientes (37,3%) asma moderada e 6 pacientes (9%) asma persistente grave. A diferença entre idade pulmonar e idade cronológica no grupo com obesidade mórbida foi significativa (p < 0,0001; IC95%: 6,6-11,9 anos), com uma diferença média de 9,1 ± 11,8 anos. A diferença da idade pulmonar entre o grupo de estudo e grupo controle foi significativa (p < 0,0002; IC95%: 7,5-16,9 anos), com uma diferença média de 12,2 ± 2,4 anos. A análise de regressão linear múltipla identificou as variáveis IMC e idade cronológica (p < 0,0001) como fatores preditivos significativos da idade pulmonar. O tempo entre admissão hospitalar e início da cirurgia foi de 140,7 ± 81,8 minutos, o tempo cirúrgico 105,0 ± 28,6 minutos, o tempo de permanência na SRPA 125,0 ± 38,0 minutos e tempo de internação hospitalar 47,7 ± 12,4 horas, com 100% dos pacientes deambulando em 24 horas. O índice de Aldrete e Kroulik da SRPA alcançou pontuação de 10 com 120 minutos em todos os pacientes, com sobrevida de 100%. A prevalência de asma em adultos obesos em avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgia bariátrica utilizando o critério diagnóstico médico mostrou-se elevada, com predomínio da manifestação inicial dos sintomas de asma na infância/adolescência e no sexo feminino. A gravidade da asma em obesos adultos esteve entre os valores médios estimados para a população em geral. A idade pulmonar está aumentada em pacientes com obesidade mórbida, sugerindo dano precoce e envelhecimento pulmonar acelerado. Com o uso do índice Aldrete e Kroulik na SRPA de bypass gástrico por videolaparoscopia em cirurgia bariátrica primária, nenhum paciente foi internado em unidade de terapia intensiva e nenhuma complicação maior foi observada.

Antecedentes: Segundo as projeções da Organização Mundial de Saúde para o século XXI, as doenças não comunicáveis (DNT) serão responsáveis pelas maiores cargas das doenças no globo. As doenças cardiovasculares e os transtornos neuropsiquiátricos destacam-se como os dois principais grupos de agravos de saúde entre as DNT. O sobrepeso e a obesidade são considerados precursores e fatores agravantes de doenças cardiovasculares, cuja prevalência tem crescido ao redor do mundo, demandando esforços públicos para deter o seu crescimento e minimizar os seus efeitos deletérios. Os transtornos mentais, por sua vez, representam quase um terço das cargas da incapacitação resultante entre todas as DNT. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estimar a frequência de transtornos mentais numa amostra de indivíduos obesos que procuraram um hospital universitário com o intuito de se submeter à cirurgia bariátrica para controlar ou reduzir o excesso do peso corporal. Objetivo: Estimar, por meio de entrevista padronizada, a frequência de transtornos mentais e fatores correlacionados entre os pacientes obesos que procuram a cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 393 pacientes obesos grau III, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Foram recrutados a partir de um centro universitário de cirurgia bariátrica. Clínicos treinados avaliaram os participantes por meio da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV Axis I Diagnóstico (SCID-I/P) e as seguintes escalas de avaliação: HCL (Manic Symptoms Checklist), MDQ (Mood Disorders Questionnarie), MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale), M-A QoLII (Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II). A amostra foi composta por 79,1% de mulheres; média de idade 43 anos e média de IMC: 47,8 kg/m². Resultados: A frequência de alguns transtornos mentais ao longo da vida foi 80,9% (81,7% homens e 80,7% mulheres). A taxa de frequência de transtornos mentais no momento da entrevista foi 57,8% (57,6% homens e 58,5% mulheres). Os transtornos afetivos foram os mais frequentes (64,9%), sendo os transtornos bipolares e os transtornos depressivos os mais comuns (35,6% e 29,3%). Entre os entrevistados que apresentaram quaisquer transtornos mentais ao longo da vida, cerca de metade da amostra apresentou três ou mais transtornos simultâneos. Os transtornos de ansiedade foram os diagnósticos mais frequentes (46,3%) entre os participantes com transtorno atual. Idade e nível educacional foram associados com a probabilidade de apresentar transtornos mentais no momento da entrevista. As escalas apresentaram boa consistência interna: sendo o alfa de Cronbach da HCL-32 de 0,9, MDQ 0,8, MADRS 0,9 e M-A QoLII 0,7. A HCL-32 e o MDQ demonstraram uma boa capacidade discriminativa para classificar corretamente os casos de transtorno bipolar. A HCL-32 apresentou área sob a curva (AUC) de 0,7 (IC 95% 0,7-0,8), quando comparado com os diagnósticos da SCID-I/P, com sensibilidade de 0,7 e especificidade 0,7. O melhor ponto de corte foi 16/17 para detectar transtorno bipolar II. Em relação à estrutura fatorial do HCL-32, a variabilidade dos dados foi melhor explicada por dois fatores relevantes: elação do humor e irritação/ativação. O MDQ apresentou sensibilidade de 0,8 e especificidade 0,6. O melhor ponto de corte foi 4/5 para detectar transtorno bipolar I, com AUC de 0,8 (IC 95% 0,7-0,9). A MADRS de 5 itens apresentou sensibilidade de 0,8 e especificidade 0,9. O melhor ponto de corte foi 10/11 para detectar sintomas depressivos e AUC de 0,9. De acordo com o M-A QoL II, cerca de 50% da amostra relatou estar satisfeita com sua qualidade de vida. Há uma correlação significativa entre as escalas utilizadas que variaram de 0,6 a -0,6. Conclusões: Os transtornos mentais são condições frequentes entre os pacientes obesos antes da cirurgia bariátrica. As altas taxas de transtornos mentais sugerem que ambas as condições podem apresentar relações causais de mutualidade ou compartilham fatores etiológicos comuns. Este estudo contribuiu para compreender a relação entre transtornos mentais e obesidade mórbida. Recomenda-se conduzir avaliação sistemática de pacientes obesos com instrumentos psicométricos padronizados no período pré-cirúrgico para detectar transtornos psiquiátricos, que podem interferir na recuperação e estabilização da qualidade de vida dos pacientes no período pósoperatório. Futuros estudos de seguimento serão necessários para verificar os possíveis fatores preditivos de prognóstico nesta população / Background: According to the World Health Organization\'s projections for the 21st. century, non-communicable diseases (NCD) will account for the largest burden of diseases in the world. Cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders stand out as the two main groups of health problems among the NCD. Overweight and obesity are considered precursors and aggravating factors of cardiovascular disease, whose prevalence has grown around the world, claiming for public efforts to stop its growth and minimize its harmful effects. Mental disorders, in turn, account for nearly one-third of the burden of disability resulting from all NCD. The aim of the present investigation is to estimate the frequency of mental disorders in a sample of obese individuals who sought a university hospital in order to undergo bariatric surgery to control or reduce the excess of body weight. Objective: To estimate, through a standardized interview, the frequency of mental disorders and correlated factors among obese patients seeking bariatric surgery. Methods: The sample was composed of 393 treatment-seeking obese patients (79.1% women; mean age 43.0 years, mean BMI: 47.8 kg/m2), who were recruited from a university-based bariatric center. Trained clinicians assessed the participants through the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Diagnosis (SCID-I/P). HCL (Manic Symptoms Cheklist), MDQ (Mood Disorders Questionnarie), MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale), M-A QoLII (Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II). Results: The lifetime rate of any mental disorders was 80.9% (81.7% men vs. 80.7% women). Lifetime affective disorders were the most frequent diagnosis (total 64.9%, bipolar disorders 35.6%, and depressive disorders 29.3%). Among those respondents presenting any lifetime mental disorders, about half of the sample presented 3 or more concurrent disorders. The rate of current frequency of any mental disorders was 57.8% (57.6% men vs. 58.5% women). Anxiety disorders were the most frequent diagnosis (46.3%) among those participants with a current disorder. Age and educational level were associated with the likelihood of presenting current mental disorders. The scales showed good internal consistency: the HCL - 32, Cronbach\'s alpha 0.9; MDQ 0.8, MADRS 0.9 and M-A QoL II 0.7. The HCL -32 and MDQ demonstrated good capacity discriminant to correctly classify cases of bipolar disorder. HCL -32 the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.7 (95 % CI 0.7-0.80, when compared to the diagnosis of SCID-I/P, with a sensitivity of 0.7 and specificity 0.7 . The best cutoff point was 16/17 to detect bipolar disorder II. In the factorial structure of the HCL -32, data variability was best explained by two important factors: elation of mood and irritation / activation. MDQ sensitivity was 0.80 and specificity 0.60. The best cutoff value of 4/ 5 for detecting bipolar disorder I, with AUC of 0.8 (95 % CI 0.7 to 0.9).The MADRS of 5 items had a sensitivity of 0.8 and specificity 0.9. The best cutoff point was 10/11 to detect depressive symptoms and AUC of 0.9. According to the MA QoL II, about 50% of the sample reported being satisfied with their quality of life. There is a significant correlation among the scales used, ranging from 0.6 to -0.6. Conclusions: Mental disorders are frequent conditions among obese patients before bariatric surgery. High rates of mental disorders suggest that both disorders might exert mutual causal relationships or share common etiological factors. This study may help to understand the relationship between mental disorders and obesity. Systematic evaluation of obese patients with standardized psychometric instruments in the pre-surgery period may clarify the existence of psychiatric disorders before the bariatric surgery. Often, some psychiatric disorders are detected only after the surgery, interfering with the recovery and stabilization of quality of life of patients in the post-operative period. Future follow-up studies are needed to verify the possible predictors of prognosis in this population

A obesidade mórbida é uma doença crônica, de causas multifatoriais e de tratamento difícil, que apresenta alto risco para a saúde. A cirurgia bariátrica tem se mostrado a opção mais eficaz de tratamento para a redução das comorbidades, mas pode ser seguida de problemas físicos que causam dificuldades nos relacionamentos interpessoais, dificultando a adaptação psicossocial do indivíduo ao meio ambiente social. Em longo prazo o sucesso depende da mudança de comportamento, principalmente em relação aos hábitos alimentares, da complementação necessária de vitamina e sal mineral e da prática regular de exercícios físicos de forma contínua. Ao longo do tempo, fatores psicológicos exercem influência sobre a capacidade de o paciente adaptar-se às condições de vida para a necessária manutenção da redução do peso corpóreo. O período de tempo decorrido após a cirurgia, entre 4 e 12 anos, foi investigado em uma amostra composta por 75 pessoas; todos os pacientes foram operados com a utilização da mesma técnica cirúrgica e pelo mesmo cirurgião, também coordenador da equipe multidisciplinar. A idade mínima foi de 26 e máxima de 76 anos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos de avaliação psicológica com a seguinte finalidade: medir o Nível de Coping e Habilidade Social; pesquisar a opinião dos sujeitos de forma categorizada pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, mediante a aplicação de instrumento desenvolvido especificamente para a presente investigação; e avaliar a insatisfação com a imagem corporal pela aplicação da Escala de Silhuetas de Stunkard (SMT). Os resultados, tratados estatisticamente, revelaram pessoas com médio e alto nível de coping e habilidade social, que demonstram condições adequadas de enfrentamento e de formação de vínculos sociais; contudo encontram-se acima do peso esperado, cujo Índice de Massa Corporal indica situação de obesidade grau 1, de acordo com a OMS. Estão insatisfeitos com a silhueta atual, conscientes de que se encontram acima do peso desejado, mas valorizam altamente a opção que fizeram pela realização da cirurgia bariátrica, que lhes proporcionou autonomia, elevação da autoestima e os livrou da discriminação social. A discussão se fez com o aporte teórico de conceitos extraídos da psicologia cognitiva, da psicologia positiva, da psicanálise, da sociologia e da antropologia. Concluiu-se que a gastroplastia produz efeitos colaterais fisiológicos perenes, como engasgos, vômitos e mal-estar, que dificultam, mas não impedem, a adaptação psicossocial; que os entrevistados têm consciência de que o peso e a imagem não correspondem ao padrão esperado por eles, contudo apresentam adequado sentido de adaptação social; e para eles a cirurgia bariátrica ocupa um lugar que envolve representações mentais de rito de passagem, como transposição metafórica para um novo status da condição social / Morbid obesity is a chronic condition, of multi-factor causes, difficult to treat and which carries a high risk of health problems. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be the most effective treatment for reducing comorbidities, but it may be followed by physical problems that cause difficulties in interpersonal relationships, hindering the individual\'s psychosocial adaptation to the social environment. Long-term success depends on changing behavior especially in relation to food habits, use of vitamin supplements and mineral salt, as appropriate, and regular practice of physical activity. Over time, psychological factors may influence the ability of patients to adapt to their living conditions and maintain the weight loss. A period of time after surgery between 4 and 12 years was investigated in a sample of 75 people. All patients underwent the procedure using the same surgical technique, performed by the same surgeon and coordinator of the multidisciplinary team. The patients were aged between 26 years and 76 years. Three psychometric measures were used to investigate the level of coping and the participants\' opinion through an interview conducted in a categorized manner: the method of Discourse of the Collective Subject, including a questionnaire developed specifically for this research, and the assessment of body image dissatisfaction according to the Stunkard Silhouette Matching Task (SMT). The results, analyzed in statistical terms, revealed individuals with medium and high levels of coping and social skills, who demonstrate appropriate coping conditions and ability to establish social bonds. Nevertheless, they are still above the expected weight and present body mass indexes that indicate a status of grade 1 obesity, according to the WHO. These individuals are dissatisfied with their current silhouettes, aware that they are above the desired weight, but strongly value the choice they made for bariatric surgery that gave them autonomy and increased selfesteem, protecting them against social prejudice. The discussion was based on theoretical concepts drawn from cognitive psychology, positive psychology, psychoanalysis, sociology and anthropology. Conclusions: gastroplasty produces continuing physiological side effects that make psychological and social adaptation difficult, although it does not prevent them from occurring; the respondents are aware that their weight and body image do not match the pattern of their expectations, nevertheless they do present an adequate sense of social adaptation and, for them, bariatric surgery occupies a place that involves mental representations of rite of passage, as a metaphorical transposition to a new social status

INTRODUÇÃO: A obesidade mórbida tornou-se um importante problema de saúde pública. A medida de massa corporal não é capaz de identificar deficiências ou excessos dos diferentes componentes corporais, surgindo a necessidade de se avaliar a composição corporal. Não há consenso sobre o melhor método para esse fim em obesos mórbidos. O Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC) foi proposto para ser um método simples e preciso para uma população de diversificada quantidade de gordura corporal (GC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do IAC em determinar GC de adultos com obesidade mórbida. MÉTODOS: O IAC foi comparado à Bioimpedância (BIA) em 240 adultos obesos mórbidos (Grupo 1= G1), uma equação específica para determinar GC em obesidade mórbida foi desenvolvida e, posteriormente, validada em outra amostra de 158 indivíduos (Grupo 2 = G2). RESULTADOS: Observou-se diferença significativa entre os dois métodos (p=0,039). A quantidade média de GC no G1 foi 52,3±6,1% segundo a BIA e 51,6±8,1% segundo o IAC, com uma diferença de 0,6±5,1% entre os métodos. Algumas variáveis, como gênero, RCQ e gravidade da obesidade confundiram o IAC. Para minimizar esses erros uma equação (Índice de Adiposidade Corporal Modificado = IACM) foi desenvolvida por meio de regressão linear (IACM% = 23,6 + 0,5 x (IAC); somar 2,2 se IMC >= 50kg/m2 e 2,4 se RCQ >= 1,05). A equação foi aplicada no G2 e possibilitou a redução da diferença entre os métodos (1,2±5,9% para 0,4±4,0%) e o fortalecimento da correlação entre eles (0,6 para 0,7). CONCLUSÕES: O IAC apresenta limitações para determinar porcentagem de gordura corporal de obesos mórbidos, já a equação sugerida (IACM) foi eficaz, não se apresentando significativamente diferente da Bioimpedância e corrigindo as limitações anteriormente apresentadas pelo IAC / BACKGROUND: Morbid obesity has become a public health problem. As body mass is not able to identify deficiencies or excesses of body components, the need to assess body composition emerged. There is no consensus of the best method to measure body composition in morbidly obese adults and a simple, accurate, reproducible and inexpensive method is desirable. The Body Adiposity Index (BAI) has been proposed to be a simple and accurate method for a population with a diverse amount of body fat (BF). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy of BAI in determining BF of morbid obese adults. METHODS: BAI was compared to bioimpedance (BIA) in 240 morbidly obese adults (Group One= G1) and a specific equation for morbid obesity has been developed to determine BF and then validated on another sample of 158 subjects (Group Two= G2). RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the two methods (p=0,039). The average amount of BF in G1 was 52.3±6.1%, according to BIA and 51.6±8.1% according to BAI, with a difference of 0.6±5.1% between methods. Some variables, such as gender, WHR and severity of obesity mistook BAI. To minimize these errors an equation (Modified Body Adiposity Index = MBAI) was developed by linear regression (MBAI% = 23.6 + 0.5 x (BAI); add 2.2 if BMI >= 50kg/m2 and 2.4 if WHR >= 1.05). The equation was applied to G2 and resulted in a reduction in the difference between methods (1.2±5.9% to 0.4±4.12%) and strengthening of the correlation between them (0.6 to 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: BAI has limitations in determine BF in morbid obesity. The suggested equation (MBAI) was effective for predicting body fat in morbid obese adults; MBAI wasn\'t significant different from BIA and was able to correct BAI limitations

Pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade mórbida apresentam perda ponderal acentuada e dismorfismo corporal e, com frequência, solicitam cirurgias plásticas visando um contorno corporal mais adequado. Os resultados dessas cirurgias plásticas são, em parte, limitados pela qualidade da pele resultante do grande emagrecimento. O presente estudo observacional teve como objetivo comparar fragmentos de pele da região epigástrica de 20 pacientes após perda ponderal acentuada consequente à cirurgia bariátrica com 20 pacientes portadores de obesidade mórbida, no sentido de analisar as alterações estruturais da pele como consequência do emagrecimento. A análise histomorfométrica foi realizada sobre o sistema colagênico através da metodologia Picrossírius/luz polarizada, e sobre o sistema elástico através da metodologia resorcinafucsina de Weigert. Foram observados, a redução das fibras colagênicas grossas (p=0,048); o aumento das fibras colagênicas finas (p=0,0085); e o aumento da densidade das fibras elásticas (p=0,0000009033) no grupo de pacientes emagrecidas. Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à média de idades (p=0,917) e quantidade total de fibras colágenas (p=0,3619). Os resultados evidenciaram as alterações estruturais da derme decorrentes do emagrecimento acentuado, demonstradas por meio do remodelamento colagênico, com a consequente redução das fibras espessas, organizadas, estruturadas e direcionadas em prol do aumento de fibras finas, desalinhadas e frouxamente dispostas, isso em associação ao aumento da elasticidade da pele. Isto explica cientificamente a já estabelecida percepção clínica das alterações cutâneas dos pacientes emagrecidos após cirurgias bariátricas, apresentando menor resistência e maior flacidez, quando comparadas ao período anterior ao emagrecimento / Post-bariatric patients develop body contour deformities and need plastic surgery procedures for reduction of excess skin and subcutaneous tissue. The results of these contouring procedures are typically limited by the poor quality of the skin. This observational study compared the epigastric skin of 20 post-bariatric with massive weight loss women with 20 women with morbid obesity through histomorphometric analysis of collagen fibers (picrosiriuspolarization) and elastic fibers (Weigert\'s resorcin-fuchsin). A reduction of thick collagen fibers (p=0.048), increase of thin collagen fibers (p=0.0085) and increase of the density of elastic fibers (p=0.0000009) were observed in the group of post-bariatric patients. There was no difference between the groups for mean age (p=0.917) and the total amount of collagen fibers (p=0.3619). These results represent structural changes in the dermis due to the massive weight loss once it demonstrates collagen modifications with reduction of thickness, organized and structured fibers, increase of thin, misaligned and disarranged fibers, and augmentation of the density of elastic fibers. This brings the scientific explanation for the established clinical perception that the skins of post-bariatric patients are less resistant and with more laxity when compared with what they were before the bariatric surgery