En stor del av dagens sjukskrivningar beror på psykisk ohälsa och fysisk inaktivitet och har blivit ett folkhälsoproblem. Stress beror av relationen mellan individ och miljö, där individens självuppfattning och verklighetsupplevelse är av betydelse för upprätthållandet av välbefinnande. Stress uppkommer av flera olika orsaker, stressorer, vilka skiljer sig människor emellan. Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha en positiv inverkan både i att förebygga och behandla stress och företagssköterskan kan genom hälsorådgivning ha en betydande roll för yrkesverksammas fysiska aktivitetsutövande. Syftet med studien var att beskriva den fysiska aktivitetens betydelse för den upplevda stressnivån bland anställda inom ett kommunalt energi- och vattenbolag. Kvantitativ metodik med enkätundersökning användes, där 34 av 39 personer valde att medverka. Resultatet analyserades med beskrivande statistik och det visade sig finnas indikationer på att de äldre arbetstagarna var mest stressade. Yrkesverksamma som ägnade en stor del åt mycket ansträngande fysisk aktivitet upplevde mindre stress. Studien visade även att en majoritet av dem som bedömdes vara stressade var stillasittande. Fysisk aktivitet tycktes också medförda positiva upplevelser som en bättre självkänsla och en mer positiv syn på livet. Det finns behov av ytterligare studier för att säkrare slutsatser ska kunna dras. / Many of today’s sick leaves are caused by psychological illness and lack of physical activity has become a public health problem. Stress is depending on the relation between the person and the environment, where self-perception and experience of reality are important for maintaining well-being. Causes of stress, stressors, can be many and vary from individual to individual.  Physical activity has shown to have a positive effect in both preventing and treating perceived stress and the occupational nurse can, through health counselling, have an important role to play in changing exercising habits among workers. The purpose of the study was to describe the physical activity’s importance for the experienced stress level among the employees of a municipal energy and water company. Quantitative method with questionnaires was used, where 34 of 39 workers chose to participate. The result was analyzed with descriptive statistics and indicated that the older employees were the most stressed. Workers who devoted much time to intense exercising experienced less stress. The study also showed that the vast majority of workers who were stressed were sedentary. Physical activity seemed to give positive experiences like better self-esteem and a more positive way of looking at life. Further studies would be needed for more definitive conclusions.

BAKGRUND: Att arbeta med hälsofrämjande insatser är att effektivt sätt att minska ohälsosamma levnadsvanor hos individer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning. Personal som arbetar hälsofrämjande kan aktivt förebygga risker hos funktionsnedsatta och motivera dem till en förändrad livsstil.     SYFTE: Syftet med vår uppsats var att ta del av hur personal som arbetar med individer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning upplever en hälsointervention. Vi ville ta del av deras upplevelser och tankar kring utbildningar de gått och hur de sedan går tillväga för att motivera individerna till att leva ett hälsosammare liv, genom att stärka egenmakten hos individen för att uppnå resultat till en förändring av ohälsa. Vi vill också ta del av deras upplevelser av motiverande samtal som pedagogisk metod i arbetet och hur personalen använder sig av metoden för att motivera individerna på boendena och att hjälpa dem under förändringsprocessen.   METOD: För att få reda på personalens upplevelser av hälsointerventionen genomfördes en fallstudie på två boenden, där deltagarna fått utbildning i motiverande samtal och tips på enkla aktiviteter som kan ha stor betydelse i de boendes/individernas vardag för att göra det enklare att välja mer hälsosamma alternativ. Metoden som användes var en fenomenografisk kvalitativ intervju och deltagarna i vår undersökning var fyra personal som arbetar på två boenden.   RESULTAT: Resultatet i undersökningen visade att personalen upplevde hälsointerventionen som något positivt för att stärka samhörigheten mellan brukare och personal. De upplevde utbildningen om motiverande samtal som mest givande i hälsointerventionen.

Aim & Research questions: The aim of this work is to study the motivational techniques of a Swedish and a Chinese company and analyze the effects of motivational techniques on employee motivation in both companies. Method: Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used for data collection. Survey is contacted on the employees in the Swedish and Chinese company. Total of five interviews have been done. Findings & Conclusion: It is found that the Swedish and Chinese company both apply similar and different motivational techniques. The motivational techniques which are related to hygiene factors and motivators worked well to motivate employees in the Swedish company but not in the Chinese company. Contribution & Suggestions for future research: This study provides knowledge on how manufacturing industry motivate employees, especially in Sweden and China. It also gives readers new perspectives of culture and type of company in looking and thinking employee motivation. Besides, analyzing based on different motivation theories, explaining the reasons from different other perspectives and comparing the same type of companies could be the suggestions for future research. Finally, the future research could be extend to research in China-Sweden joint venture, how they motivate employees under the multi-culture background.

The aim of this essay is to give an overview of the topic of intrinsic motivation based on psychological an neuroimaging research. More specifically, the objective is to give an overview of the various benefits of intrinsic motivation, discuss its relationship to extrinsic rewards, and review the existing neuroimaging research that has explicitly explored intrinsic motivatoin. A positive relationship betweeen intrinsic motivation and persistence, conceptual learning, creativity, and both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being has been demonstrated. A wealth of studies has shown that extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation, while the validity of these findings has been debated. Initial neuroimaging studies concerning the neural basis of intrinsic motivation have been conducted, showing unique activations in the intrinsic motivation conditions in e.g. the anterior precuneus and the right insular cortex. Conceptual and methodological problems have been discussed, and it is suggested that the neuroscientific findings mentioned above can be interpreted in terms of the neural distinction between wanting and liking, rather than in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and that psychological research can draw on neuroscientific findings in order to make its research more precise.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett ökande problem i Sverige och stora delar av världen, för både vuxna och barn. Övervikt och fetma hos modern innan och under graviditeten ökar risken för övervikt och fetma hos barnet. Risken för fetma hos barn ökar i proportion med föräldrarnas fetma. Fetma vid 4 års ålder ökar riskerna för fetma senare i livet. Ett överviktigt/obest barn har generellt sämre livskvalité och är oftare deprimerade, fetma orsakar också sjukdomar som t.ex. högt blodtryck och diabetes. Att amma sitt barn främjar dess aptitreglering och förebygger övervikt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om utökade interventioner inom ramen för ordinarie basprogram under graviditet och småbarnstid hos kvinnor med BMI över 25 påverkade viktutveckling/ISOBMI och amningslängd hos barnet fram till fyra års ålder. Metod: Interventionsstudie omfattande 182 barn indelade i en interventionsgrupp (94) och en jämförelsegrupp (88). Enkäter rörande barnets vikt, längd och matvanor samlades in och analyserades när barnet var 10 månader, 2,5 år och 4 år gammalt Resultat: En signifikant skillnad sågs mellan grupperna vid fyra års ålder, då fler var överviktiga och feta i jämförelsegruppen. Medelvikten skilde ett kg. En trend sågs i alla viktkategorier där jämförelsegruppen vägde mer än interventionsgruppen. Det sågs ingen signifikant skillnad i amningslängd mellan grupperna.Slutsats: Överviktiga/feta kvinnor får i större utsträckning överviktiga/feta barn. Vår studie visar att små interventioner gör skillnad. / Background: Obesity is an increasing problem in Sweden and large parts of the world, for both adults and children. Overweight and obesity in the mother before and during pregnancy increases the risk of overweight and obesity in the child. The risk of childhood obesity is increasing in proportion with parental obesity. Obesity at age four increases the risk of obesity later in life. An overweight / obese child generally have worse quality of life and are more often depressed, obesity also causes diseases such as hypertension, and diabetes. To breastfeed the child promotes its appetite control and prevents obesity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether enhanced interventions within the framework of regular base program during pregnancy and under the children’s first four years in women with a BMI over 25 affects weight gain / ISOBMI and lactation length. Method: The intervention study of 182children divided into an intervention group (94) and a comparison group (88). Surveys regarding the child's weight, height and dietary habits were collected and analyzed when the child was 10 months, 2.5 years and 4 years old Results: A significant difference was seen between the groups at age four, when more were overweight and obese in the comparison group. The average weight differed one kg. A trend was seen in all weight categories in which the control group weighed more than the intervention group. There was no significant difference in breastfeeding duration between the groups. Conclusion: Overweight / obese women have a greater degree of overweight / obese children. Our study shows that small interventions make a difference.

Sjuksköterskors kunskap inom hälsorådgivning kan alltid förbättras. En metod att bedriva hälsorådgivning kan vara det motiverande samtalet (MI). Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av det motiverande samtalet vid patientrådgivning. 13 artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och användes i resultatet, där fyra kategorier bildades. I resultatet framkom att hälsa är en viktig del i sjuksköterskors kommunikation med patienter och omfattar en stor del av omvårdnaden. Det framkom dock att kunskap och utbildning till viss del saknades, för att på ett bra sätt kunna hålla en patientrådgivning. MI visade sig vara en bra metod för att bedriva hälsorådgivning och kunde öka sjuksköterskors pedagogiska insikt. Individanpassad information och öppna frågor underlättade för patientens reflektion angående sitt beteende. Att som sjuksköterska stå emot känslan att ta på sig hela ansvaret för patientens beteendeförändring, framstod som svårt men kunde genom MI-utbildning förbättras. Tidsbrist var något som försvårade för sjuksköterskor när de skulle använda MI. Den upplevda tidsbristen påverkade även följsamheten och kontinuiteten, vilka var betydelsefulla vid beteendeförändringen. Många sjuksköterskor upplevde att MI var något all vårdpersonal kunde ha användning för. Fördjupad utbildning, i sjuksköterskeprogrammen och verksamheter, är önskvärt för att kunna förbättra kommunikationsförmågan hos sjuksköterskor. / Nurses’ knowledge of health education can always be improved. A method to conduct health education can be the use of motivational interviewing (MI). The purpose of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences’ of the motivational interviewing during patient counseling. 13 articles were reviewed, quality controlled and used in the result, which formed four categories. The result showed that health is an important part in nurses' communication with patients and covers a large part of the nursing care. It appeared, however, that knowledge and education to some extent were lacking, to in a good way keep a patient counseling. MI is proved to be a good method to carry out health advice and was able to increase nurses' educational insight. Individualized information and open-ended questions facilitated the patient's reflection on their behavior. It appeared to be difficult for the nurse to resist the feeling to assume full responsibility for patient behavior change but could by MI-training be improved. Lack of time was something that made it difficult for nurses when they would use MI. The perceived lack of time also affected the adherence and continuity, which was significant in behavioral change. Many nurses felt that the MI was something all health professionals might have use for. In-depth training, school and business, is desirable in order to improve the communication skills of nurses.

Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal kan hjälpa patienter skapa motivation inför en beteendeförändring med motiverande samtal (motivational interviewing, MI). MI är en form av vägledning som hjälper patienter framkalla egna argument för en förändring. MI främjar även samarbetet mellan vårdpersonal och patient. Syfte: Att undersöka sjukgymnasters upplevelser av MI vid patientmöten.  Metod: Fyra sjukgymnaster som ansåg sig arbeta med MI intervjuades i en semistrukturerad intervju. Intervjumaterialet bearbetades sedan genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: Sjukgymnasterna hade övervägande positiva upplevelser av MI och upplevde att MI är bra då patienter ska genomgå en beteendeförändring. Sjukgymnasterna upplevde också att de får en bättre bild av patientens situation och ett bättre samarbete med patienten med hjälp av MI. Sjukgymnasterna upplevde att det förekommer vissa svårigheter med användandet av MI och att några patientkategorier kan försvåra arbetet. Dock upplevde de att deras arbete blivit bättre med MI och att patienten är mer delaktig i sin behandling. Slutsats: Sjukgymnasterna upplever att MI förändrat deras arbetssätt och förhållningssätt till det positiva. Författarna anser att det vore bra att göra större och kvantitativa studier för att kunna generalisera resultatet till en större population. / Background: Healthcare professionals can help patients create motivation for a behavioral change through motivational interviewing, MI. MI is a form of guidance to help patients develop their own arguments for a change. MI also promotes collaboration between healthcare professionals and patients. Objective: The purpose of this study was to study physiotherapist’s experiences of MI in patient care. Method: Four physiotherapists who considered themselves to work with MI were interviewed in a semi-structured interview. The interview material was analyzed through a qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: The physiotherapist’s experiences of MI were generally positive. The physiotherapists experienced that MI is good when patients are going to have a behavioral change. The physiotherapists also felt that they get a better picture of the patient´s perspective and better cooperation with the patient using MI. The physiotherapists felt that there are some difficulties with the use if MI as well as some categories of patients that can complicate the work. However, they feel that their own work has been improved with MI and that the patient is more involved in their treatment. Conclusion: The physiotherapists felt that MI changed their approach and attitude in a positive way. The authors think it would be good to do bigger and quantitative studies in order to generalize the results to a larger population.

The purpose of this study was, based on Keller¡¦s ARCS motivational model, to develop and design feasible instruction in order to improve college students¡¦ motivation to learn and achievement toward information technology and society course. Participants were 220 college students from four classes and two teachers in a technical and vocational college. Each teacher taught two classes, and every teacher was randomly assigned to one experimental group and one control group from those two classes. Data was collected through the administration of Learning Motivation Inventory (LMI) which was developed by the researcher. In addition, students¡¦ midterm and final exam scores were collected. The collected data was analyzed by using the statistical methods of t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. There was no significant relationship between students¡¦ motivation to learn and achievement. 2. There was no significant difference on students¡¦ motivation to learn of experimental group and control group. 3. There was no significant difference on students¡¦ achievement of experimental group and control group. Although the results had no significant difference between the two groups. The researcher reviewed the instructional design during courses, and also addressed the status quo for these students¡¦ learning situation. Based on the above conclusions, this research proposed concrete suggestions for educators to promote technical and vocational college students¡¦ motivation to learn and achievement.

This research concentrates on the visual aesthetics of a website, investigating the web user's affective/emotional reactions to different designs of web homepage aesthetics and their influence on subsequent behaviors of web users. Drawing on the existing theories and empirical findings in environmental psychology, human-computer interaction, aesthetics, and marketing research literature, a research model is developed to explore the relationships between the visual aesthetic qualities of a website homepage - webpage visual complexity and order, induced emotional states in users, and users' approach behaviors toward the website. The model predicts that the visual aesthetics of a web homepage elicit specific emotional responses by provoking intrinsic feelings of pleasantness / unpleasantness, arousal, as well as motivational pleasantness / unpleasantness in web users. These elicited emotional responses, which mediate the effect of homepage aesthetic features, in turn affect web users' subsequent behaviors toward the website, such as further approaching/exploring or avoiding the website. A set of pilot studies and a main laboratory experiment were conducted to test the model and its associated hypotheses. Based on the results of pilot studies, 12 versions of a Gift website's homepage, which varied at four levels of complexity and three levels of order, were selected the stimuli materials for the main experiment. A total of 467 undergraduate students participated in the main study. During the main study, we instructed the participants to browse the homepage stimuli for a goal-oriented web search activity or an excitement/enjoyment-seeking web browsing activity, measured how they felt about the homepage and their degree of approach/avoidance tendencies toward the entire website. The results of the study generally confirmed the belief that a web user's initial emotional responses (i.e., pleasantness and arousal) evoked by the aesthetic qualities of a website's homepage he/she first encounters will have carry-over effects on his/her subsequent approach behaviors toward the website.

The classroom has become an important focus of educational research because most learning takes place there. The purpose of this study was to examine 8th grade students perception of science classroom environment from constructivist perspective and investigate the association between students perceptions, motivational beliefs and attitudes toward science. In addition in this study the affects of gender difference on students&amp / #8217 / constructivist learning environment, motivation and attitude toward science were investigated. The data in the present study were collected through Turkish version of Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES), Test of Science Related Attitudes (TOSRA) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) from 8th grade students who were in randomly selected from 15 elementary schools in &Ccedil / ankaya, Ankara. A total of 956 students (462 girls, 493 boys and one did not indicate gender) were participated in the study. The data obtained from participants were analyzed by using Canonical Correlation Analyses and Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA). Results of canonical correlation analyses indicated that all constructivist learning environment variables and all the motivational beliefs variables were positively related with each other. In addition the result of this analysis also showed that all constructivist learning environment variables and attitude variables were positively related with each other. The findings of MANOVA showed that gender had a significant effect on students&amp / #8217 / constructivist learning environment (personal relevance and critical voice), their adaptive motivational beliefs (intrinsic goal orientation, task value, and control of learning beliefs), and their attitude toward science (adaptation to science attitudes, enjoyment of science lesson, leisure interest in science, and career interest in science). Results indicated that girls&amp / #8217 / perceptions of their learning environment, their adaptive motivational beliefs and their attitude toward science were higher than boys.