The main purpose of this research is to study the impact of the empowerment Job Design (JD) techniques on the satisfaction of the blue-collars’ motivational needs in the context of assembly line system in the automotive industry. We have developed this purpose aiming to make a theoretical contribution due to the fact that only a few studies were developed and were linked to the empowerment model developed by Conger and Kanungo (1988) which is a JD model relevant for the context of assembly line work which is qualified as repetitive and monotone. To fulfil this gap, we have established a conceptual model based on the empowerment model developed by Conger and Kanungo (1988) and theories of motivational needs. We conducted our thesis with the following research question as guideline: What are the effects of the empowerment job design on the satisfaction of the blue-collars’ motivational needs in an automotive assembly line system context? Our objective of this research question was: to study the impact of the empowerment Job Design techniques on the blue-collars’ motivational needs thanks to a case study as research design. This research is made independently to the effects of the context on the blue-collar’s motivation. We have conducted a quantitative study from a positivist and objectivist perspective in two MB (Mercedes-Benz) factories: ELC Étoile du Rhône in France (sample part factory) and Rastatt MB (engine factory) in Germany. Also, we have made questionnaires to distribute these to the blue-collars located in these two MB factories which allowed us to get 67 respondents. The set of 15 questions that constitutes our questionnaire dealt with how the empowerment JD techniques affect their motivational needs. Once the data were collected, we used SPSS for statistical analysis. We retrieved some specific analysis such as descriptive statistics, correlations and regressions. In addition to that, we used Cronbach’s Alpha to test the reliability of our results. We measured the impacts of the empowerment JD techniques (participative management, feedback, modelling contingent/ competence based reward, goal setting and job enrichment) on the motivational needs (existence needs, relation-oriented needs and growth-oriented needs). The results of our findings definitely went in the way that the empowerment JD techniques have a positive impact on the satisfaction of the blue-collars’ motivational needs. Indeed, our analysis indicated positive correlations of all of the empowerment JD techniques on the motivational needs except the JD technique "modelling contingent/ competence based reward". Also, we found that the impacts on the relation-oriented needs (RN) were the strongest ones. Thus, we hope that this paper will help the assembly line managers to become aware of their blue-collars’ potential in order to increase their performance and to improve their employees job satisfaction.

While cognitive therapy (CT) is one of the most well-validated and widely used treatments for patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), many individuals remain symptomatic at the end of treatment or drop out prematurely (Cuijpers, van Straten, Anderson, & van Oppen, 2008; Vittengl, Clark, Dunn, & Jarrett, 2007). Evidence suggests that certain types of therapist relational styles, such as one characterized by empathy and support, are facilitative of better therapeutic outcomes (Keijsers, Schaap, & Hoogduin, 1997) and motivational interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 2002) is a therapeutic approach which emphasizes this type of relational stance. The present study examined whether cognitive therapists exhibit a relational stance that is emphasized in motivational interviewing and whether this relational stance is associated with greater symptomatic improvement in cognitive therapy for depression. The Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Skills Code (MITI; Moyers, Martin, Manuel, Miller, & Ernst, 2007), an observational coding system originated for assessing fidelity to MI, was used to assess three aspect of MI relational stance (MI Spirit, MI Adherent behaviors, and MI Nonadherent behaviors) among cognitive therapists in a randomized-controlled of CT for individuals with moderate to severe depression. Multilevel modeling was employed to examine the effect of MI relational stance on overall symptom trajectories throughout treatment and subsequent symptom reduction immediately after the use of MI relational stance. In order to rule out early symptom reduction as a potential confound, shared variance between MI relational stance and early symptom reduction was removed. The hypothesis that MI relational stance would be associated with more rapid symptom reduction was confirmed for MI Adherent behaviors but not for MI Spirit or MI Nonadherent behaviors. The prediction that initial depression severity would moderate the effect of MI relational stance on symptomatic improvement was not confirmed; however, a three-way interaction between initial depression severity, MI Adherence, and session number revealed that patients with high initial depression severity did not significantly improve through the course of therapy unless they received high MI Adherence. The hypothesis that MI relational stance in a given session would be associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms in the following sessions across the first four sessions was not confirmed. As predicted, early clinical improvement was not associated with MI relational stance in a later session, suggesting that MI relational stance was not merely an artifact of early clinical improvement. There was no support for the prediction that MI relational stance would be associated with subsequent retention in therapy or the therapeutic alliance. Overall, these findings suggest that a specific type of MI relational stance, MI Adherent behaviors, contribute to more symptomatic improvement. Implications of the role of MI relational stance in cognitive therapy are discussed.

Aim: The overall aim of the present thesis was to describe and examine primary care nurses´ self-reports on training, use and performance as well as experiences and actual performance of MI. Method: One qualitative and three quantitative studies were conducted among primary care nurses. A study-specific questionnaire was sent to 980 primary care nurses and 673 (69%) responded (Study I). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 MI trained primary care nurses (Study II). MI sessions between 12 (Study III) respective 23 (Study IV) primary care nurses and patients (total 32 respective 50 sessions) were audio-recorded. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, Motivational Interviewing Integrity Code, Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges and statistical analysis. Results: The findings showed that primary care nurses reported and experienced lack of training in MI and lack of prerequisites for using MI (Study I-II), while training, knowledge, prerequisites and time were associated with use of MI. They also reported and experienced that MI facilitated their work with patients (Study I-II) as well as elicited their own ability to motivate and be empathetic (Study II). About half of the primary care nurses reported that they used MI (Study I), and none of the nurses (Study III) achieved the approved skill levels in MI in their recorded sessions. They overestimated their performance on six of eight aspects of MI (Study III). The most frequently used nurse talk in the recorded sessions was neutral, which is not consistent with MI. Questions and reflections directed toward change were most likely to be followed by change talk among patients (Study IV). Conclusions: Self-reported knowledge about MI and personal as well as workplace prerequisites for using it were associated with self-reported use of MI. Participating nurses´ experienced that MI requires openness, practice, support, feedback and willingness. The participating primary care nurses did not achieve approved levels of MI skills in their recorded MI sessions. Patients´ change talk is more likely to occur after open questions, complex reflections as well as after questions and reflections directed toward change. / <p>Finansisärer: Högskolan i Gävle, STROKE-Riksförbundet, Hjärt-lung fonden och Erik, Karin and Gösta Selander Stiftelse</p>

This Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) Project is a program evaluation of a Motivational Interviewing (MI) Training Program provided by Southeast Arizona Health Education Center (SEAHEC). MI is a counseling style that focuses on exploring and resolving ambivalence to elicit behavior change. The purpose of this DNP Project was to: 1) describe the Motivational Interviewing Training Program provided by SEAHEC for ¡Vivir Mejor! healthcare providers; and 2) evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the MI training program by assessing: a) if program participants have retained the MI skills they learned in the training program, and b) if program participants apply these learned MI skills one-year post intervention in their encounters with patients diagnosed with T2DM. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Framework for Program Evaluation was used to guide this program evaluation. An online survey was administered to the ¡Vivir Mejor! healthcare providers to evaluate the MI program. Overall, based on the survey results, there was a positive response to the SEAHEC MI Training Program. The results of this program evaluation are limited due to a low response rate. However, these results will be shared with key stakeholders to inform the development of future MI training programs for rural healthcare providers.

Bakgrund: Antalet personer med diabetes i världen ökar ständigt. Dåliga levnadsvanor ökar risken för diabeteskomplikationer. Vården har ett ansvar att stärka patientens motivation och förmåga till egenvård.  Syfte: Undersöka effekten av MI som behandlingsmetod för att hjälpa diabetespatienter till förbättrad egenvård.    Metod: Litteraturstudie. Artikelsökningar gjordes i de medicinska databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och Scopus. I studien inkluderades 10 originalartiklar varav fem var av medelkvalitet och fem av hög kvalitet. Dessa delades in i två grupper vilka var effekt på HbA1c och blodfetter samt effekt på egenvård.    Resultat: Utifrån inkluderade studier kunde ingen signifikant effekt påvisas i HbA1c och blodfetter eller gällande kost, fysisk aktivitet eller medicinsk följsamhet. Däremot sågs positiv effekt vid mätningar av upplevd kompetens, kunskap och egenkontroll. En studie visade positiv effekt på HbA1c av MI i kombination med KBT.  De effekter som kunde påvisas avtog kort tid efter behandlingssessionerna upphört. Studiernas utformning och mätmetoder ifrågasattes.    Slutsats: I nuläget finns få studier inom området därför är det för tidigt att rekommendera MI som metod inom diabetesvården. Mer forskning behövs om MI med tydligare fokus på personalens relation med patienten och personalens MI-färdigheter om man syftar till att mäta effekten av MI-samtalet. / Background: The number of people with diabetes in the world is constantly increasing. Bad food habits increase the risk of diabetes complications. Healthcare has a responsibility to enhance the patient's motivation and ability for self-care. Objective: Investigate the impact of MI as a treatment to help patients with diabetes to better self-care. Method: Literature review. The search for articles were made in the medical databases Pubmed , Cinahl and Scopus. The study included 10 original articles of which five were medium and five high quality. These were divided into two groups, effect on HbA1c and blood lipids and effect on self-care. Results: Based on the included studies, no significant effect is demonstrated in HbA1c and blood lipids or current diet, physical activity or medical adherence. There was however a positive effect in measurements of perceived competence, knowledge and self-control. One study demonstrates a positive effect on HbA1c of MI in combination with CBT. The effects found subsided shortly after the treatment sessions ended. Study design and measurement methods were questioned. Conclusion: Few studies exist in the field, therefore, it is too early to yet recommend the MI-method in diabetes care. More research is needed on MI with a clearer focus on the interviewers relationship with the patient and the MI skills of the interviewers if one aims to measure the effect of the MI-sessions.

Prior studies on museum visitors are extensively centred on national museums, the studies on regional museums are scarce. To fill in the academic gap, a research is proposed concerning the visitors of Dalarna Museum, a regional museum in Sweden. With an aim to profile visitors’ demographic characteristics and investigate the motivational factors that influence visitors’ frequency of visits, a face-to-face questionnaire survey was implemented at Dalarna Museum. To get visitors’ demographic characteristics, a few closed and open questions are devised to profile visitors’ gender, age, occupation, income, education, number of children and residence place. To investigate the motivational factors that influence visitors’ frequency of visits, a seven-point Likert questionnaire is employed with 17 motivational factors included. During a 12-day data collection, 372 visitors were invited to participate in the questionnaire survey, whereof 357 had filled in the questionnaire, generating a response rate that is as high as 96 percent. After data cleansing, there are 355 completed and valid responses in total. According to the results, some of visitors’ demographic characteristics are similar including gender, age, occupation, income, and number of children. However, the characteristics regarding visitors’ residence places and educational attainments are different comparing the frequent visitors to occasional visitors. Through running a multiple regression analysis, 13 out of the 17 motivational factors are detected having significant influences on visitors’ frequency of visits to Dalarna Museum, of which the most influential one is visitors’ day-outs with their friends and relatives.

В данной магистерской работе произведен анализ мотивации поступков, главной героини романа Льва Толстого «Анна Каренина». Работа основывается на научных исследованиях: Сливицкой О., Эткинда Е., Ветловской В., Мардова И. и др. В резу��ьтате исс��едования выясняются внешние и внутренние мотивы поступков Анны, причины распада семьи Карениных. На протяжении всего романа Толстого интересует связь внешних и внутренних побуждений Анны, из которых �����ырастают поступки, ведущие, в конечном итоге, к ее гибели. Анализ различных аспектов характера Анны приводит к выводу, что мотивация ее поступков многообразна. Раскрывая образ Анны, в своем романе, Толстой предвосхитил развитие поведенческой психологии в науке будущего. / Šiame magistriniame darbe, remiantis Slivickajos O., Etkindo E., Vetlovskajos V.., Mardovo J. ir kitų moksliniais tyrimais, analizuojama L.Tolstojaus romano “Anna Karenina” pagrindinės veikėjos elgesio motyvacija. Išsiaškinami išoriniai ir vidiniai Anos Kareninos poelgių motyvai ir jos šeimos iširimo priežastys. Viso romano eigoje L.Tolstojų domina išorinių ir vidinių paskatų ryšys, iš kurio išauga poelgiai vedantys prie Anos Karenonos žūties. Analizuojant įvairias Anos Kareninos būdo savybes prieinama išvados, kad jos elgesio motyvacija skirtinga. Vaizduojant Anos Kareninos paveikslą L.Tolstojus pasireiškia kaip vienas elgesio psichologijos pirmtakių. / This survey gives the analysis of motivational behaviour of Anna Karenina,the main character in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina”. The work is based on the monographs of Slivitskaya O.,Etkind E.,Vetlovskaya V. and Mardov I. Following the survey there have been elucidated the external and interior motives of Anna’s deeds and the motive of the disintegration of Karenin’s family. Along the whole novel Leo Tolstoy shows the connection between Anna’s external and interior incentives which leads at the end to her death. The analysis of different aspects of Anna’s character gives us an idea that the motivation of her deeds is diverse. Depicting Anna’s portray Leo Tolstoy anticipated the development of motivational psychology in the future.

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Vare sig det handlar om kundservice eller försäljning är kundkontakten ett servicemöte som är centralt för en affärsdrivande verksamhet. Arbetsuppgifter som innefattar kundkontakt är av avsevärd betydelse för företaget då den anställde är företagets ansikte utåt och spelar en avgörande roll när det gäller att influera kundens uppfattning. För att de anställda ska kunna bidra till ett bra servicemöte är det viktigt att de känner sig motiverade. Hur anställda med kundrelaterade yrken ser på sin arbetsmotivation och vilka faktorer de uppfattar som motiverande var i fokus för denna studie. I studien deltog fem anställda med kundrelaterade arbetsuppgifter. Data samlades in genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. En tematisk analys genomfördes. Resultatet visade att den viktigaste motivationsfaktorn var kommunikation och samspel med kollegor, chefer och kunder. Likt en katalysator inverkade samspelet med andra på den inre viljan att prestera. På så sätt skapades en positiv spiral, som påverkade individens motivation positivt. Andra motivationsfaktorer som belystes som viktiga av respondenterna var behovet av att tillhöra, känna gemenskap och få vardaglig feedback. Samtidigt var behovet av utmaning i arbetet, utvecklingsmöjligheter samt att arbeta mot egna uppsatta mål centralt. Dessa faktorer diskuterades utifrån motivationsteorier samt relaterades till aktuell forskning avseende motivation. Studiens bidrag är en fördjupad förståelse för vad anställda med kundrelaterade yrken motiveras av. Genom att belysa faktorer som är betydande för respondenter kan verksamheten få en rikare förståelse och rikta energi och resurser gentemot dessa / The task of managing and performing customer contact is of great importance to a company, as the employee who performs the task is the representative of the company, and plays an important part in how the company is perceived. For the employee to be able to contribute to a successful service appointment, it is imperative that the employees feel motivated. How employees in customer-related professions view their motivation and which factors spur them on was the starting point of this study. In this study five employees contributed, all with customer related tasks. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews. Via a thematic analysis, the result showed that the most important motivational factor was the need for satisfying communication with coworkers, supervisors and customers. Like a catalyst, the interaction with others affected the internal desire to perform, and therefore influenced the individual workers motivation in a positive way. Other factors highlighted were the need to feel belonged and associated, and also to receive feedback on a daily basis. Also, the need to feel challenged by the work they perform, opportunities to advance and working towards the goals they set for themselves is central. These factors were discussed based on different motivational theories related to present research. This study’s contribution is a deeper understanding of what motivates the employees with customer-based professions within this company. By highlighting these factors the company may get a better understanding of what motivates employees and, if they want to, chose to focus their energy and resources towards them