[pt] Esta tese apresenta uma nova metodologia para a avaliação de índices de freqüência e duração (FeD) em estudos de confiabilidade composta geração e transmissão de sistemas de potência de grande porte. Os índices FeD são obtidos através do método de simulação Monte Carlo não seqüencial. São desenvolvidas duas técnicas de Lagrange associados à análise de desempenho de cada estado são utilizados para identificar a fronteira que separa os estados de falha e sucesso do sistema. A segunda usa os conceitos de probabilidade condicional e coerência do sistema para caracterizar a contribuição de cada componente nos índices de freqüência. A primeira técnica também é utilizada no cálculo de limites superiores destes índices. A aplicação da metodologia é ilustrada através de estudos de casos com três sistemas, de 24, 120 e 500 barras, derivados de sistemas reais. os estudos indicam que ambas as técnicas se constituem em alternativas bastante atraentes para a estimação dos índices FeD. a primeira técnica mostrou-se ser cerca de 30% mais eficiente que a segunda, em termos computacionais. Por outro lado, a segunda técnica é mais flexível e, também, de implementação mais fácil. Viabiliza-se portanto, a aplicação prática de índices de freqüência e duração no planejamento integrado de sistemas geração/transmissão / [en] This thesis presents a new methodology for frequency and duration (FeD) assessment in composite generation and transmission reliability evaluation of large scale power systems. The FeD indices are obtained from a nonsequential Monte Carlo simulation scheme. Two tecniques are developed to estimate the feD indices. In the first, the Lagrange multipliers associated to the adequacy assessment of each state are used to identify the boundary wall between failure and success states. The second approach uses the concept of conditional probability and system coherence to caracterize the contribuition of each component to the frequency indices. Also, the first technique is used to calculate upper bounds of these indices. The methodology is illustrated in case studies with three test systems, with 24, 120 and 500 buses, derived from real systems. The studies indicated that both tecniques are very attractive in estimating the FeD índices. The first approach was about 30% faster than the second one. On the other hand, the second approach is more flexible and easy to implement. The proposed approach allows the pratical utilization of frequency and duration indices in integrates generation/transmission planning studies.

The proposal of cultural tourism development in the selected area of the upper Vltava identifies market opportunities of cultural tourism in the region, determines the optimal technical and the property providing for the project and defines the financial options. The aim of the project is the development of cultural tourism, the highlighting of the area and in the future, an attracting new participants in cultural tourism by untraditional way and the promotion of artistic creation.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T12:11:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO CÉZAR PEREIRA COELHO - TESE (PPGRN) 2016.pdf: 1878473 bytes, checksum: d39580ba38e3efab805eaccf1049f4a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T12:11:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO CÉZAR PEREIRA COELHO - TESE (PPGRN) 2016.pdf: 1878473 bytes, checksum: d39580ba38e3efab805eaccf1049f4a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O modelo insumo-produto é uma teoria amplamente utilizada na economia que ao longo das últimas duas décadas teve sua aplicação estendida a diversas áreas do conhecimento. Nos últimos dez anos alguns pesquisadores usaram esse conceito para mensurar as relações econômicas associadas a demanda de água para setores da economia em cidades com características de escassez de recursos hídricos. Neste trabalho foram mensuradas algumas relações de consumo direto e indireto de água dos setores agropecuário, industrial, comercial e público a nível municipal, estadual e nacional. Na região abastecida pela Barragem Epitácio Pessoa os setores agropecuário e comercial apresentaram elevados percentuais de consumo direto de água, da ordem de 88% e 71%, respectivamente, enquanto o industrial apresentou percentual de 97% de consumo indireto em relação ao total de consumo. Para cada um metro cúbico de aumento de demanda de água, o setor industrial provoca um consumo adicional no agropecuário de 27 m3. No estado da Paraíba para cada aumento de um metro cúbico de água no setor industrial provoca aumento no setor agropecuário de 8 m3. O setor agropecuário apresentou para todos os Estados da federação elevado consumo direto de água, sendo a região Nordeste, a maior consumidora, com 35% do total, enquanto o maior consumo de água na forma virtual (consumo indireto) no Brasil encontra-se no setor industrial. No setor industrial, cada metro cúbico consumido diretamente provoca, no mesmo, a nível nacional um consumo médio adicional de água de 2 m3 e no setor agropecuário de 9 m3. / The input-output model is a theory widely used in the economy over the past two decades which has been applied to various areas of knowledge. Some researchers have used this concept to measure the economic relations associated with water demand for economy areas in with shortages of fresh water. In this work we have measured water relationship (direct and indirect form) from agricultural, industrial, commercial and public sectors for municipal, state and national levels in Brazil. In the Epitácio Pessoa Dan, the agricultural and commercial sectors showed a high percentage of direct water use of 88% and 71%, respectively, while the industrial sector is 97% as indirect consumption. For each one cubic meter increase of water demand, the industrial sector causes an additional water consumption in the agricultural sector of 27 m3. In the state of Paraíba, for each one cubic meter of water increase the industrial sector leads to an increase in agricultural sector of 8 m3. The agricultural sector showed high direct water consumption in all states of Brazil. The Northeast region is the largest water consumer with 35% of the total, while the highest water consumption in virtual form (indirect consumption) in Brazil is the industrial sector. In the industrial sector, for each one cubic meter consumed directly causes an additional national water consumption of 2 m3 while for the agricultural sector is 9 m3.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_vjs_me_ilha.pdf: 825294 bytes, checksum: 1231181cf2748d4fec35e435930c317b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nesse trabalho, propõe-se o projeto e implementação de um sintetizador de sinais ortogonais utilizando técnicas de circuito integrado e processo CMOS. O circuito do sintetizador baseia-se em um modelo matemático que utiliza multiplicadores e integradores analógicos, para geração de bases de funções ortogonais, tais como os polinômios de Legendre, as funções de base coseno e seno, a smoothed-cosine basis e os polinômios de Hermite. Funções ortogonais são bastante empregadas em processamento de sinais, e a implementação deste método matemático é capaz de gerar vários tipos de funções em um mesmo circuito integrado. O projeto proposto utiliza blocos analógicos funcionais para implementar o sintetizador. Os blocos que compõem o sintetizador foram projetados utilizando circuitos diferenciais, processamento em modo de corrente e técnicas de low-voltage. Algumas topologias utilizadas estão descritas na literatura, sendo que algumas foram adaptadas e mesmo modificadas, como no caso do multiplicador de corrente. Outras tiveram que ser propostas. As simulações e os resultados experimentais mostraram que o sintetizador é capaz de gerar funções ortogonais com amplitude e distorções satisfatórias. O sintetizador pode ser alimentado em 3V, tal qual foi projetado, tem faixa de entrada de ±20 μA e apresenta DHT (distorção harmônica total) inferior a 4% no quinto e último estágio em cascata. / In this work, a design and implementation of a synthesizer of orthogonal signals using CMOS technology and design technique for integrated circuits is proposed. The synthesizer circuit used analog multipliers and integrators for produce orthogonal functions such as Legendre polynomials, cosine and sine basis of functions, smoothed-cosine basis and Hermite polynomials. Orthogonal functions can be employed in signal processing and the implementation proposed can generate several kinds of functions in the same integrated circuit. In the synthesizer design building blocks was employed. The synthesizer’s blocks were design using differential circuits, low-voltage and current-mode techniques. Some topologies from papers were adapted or modified, as in the case of the current multiplier. Other topologies had to be proposed. The simulation and experimental results have shown that the synthesizer is able to produce orthogonal functions with satisfactory quality in distortions and amplitude. The synthesizer has a 3V supply voltage, a input current range of ±20 μA and it presents less than 4% of THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) in the last output in cascade.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de primariamente estudar o impacto da política fiscal brasileira sobre a atividade econômica via multiplicadores fiscais desagregados e secundariamente verificar se o comportamento da política fiscal é anticíclico, acíclico ou pró-cíclico. Para tanto, estima com técnicas bayesianas um modelo DSGE com um rico arcabouço de instrumentos fiscais de gastos e tributos desagregados em consumo público, investimento público, transferências e alíquotas tributárias sobre o consumo, a renda do trabalho e a renda do capital. Em especial, usa duas bases de dados distintas de alíquotas efetivas, que são os dados tributários que representam o mais fidedignamente possível as alíquotas do modelo e que ainda não foram utilizadas na literatura nacional. Os resultados mostram que, em todos os horizontes de tempo, o multiplicador do investimento público é o maior, enquanto o das transferências é o menor, e que a política fiscal brasileira é, em geral, pró-cíclica, contribuindo para amplificar o ciclo econômico. Assim, os multiplicadores indicam que, sob a perspectiva da preservação da atividade econômica, um ajuste fiscal deveria evitar cortes de investimento público, bem como dão respaldo à interpretação de que a diminuição da eficácia da política fiscal em 2010-11 se deveu à perda de espaço do investimento público na composição relativa dos estímulos fiscais. Um dos exercícios de sensibilidade revela que os multiplicadores fiscais são maiores quando a política fiscal é pró-cíclica, lançando luz sobre a questão não explorada na literatura do efeito do comportamento fiscal (anticíclico, acíclico ou pró-cíclico) sobre os multiplicadores fiscais e indicando que os estudos de economias caracterizadas por políticas fiscais pró-cíclicas, como a brasileira, que não levam em conta esse comportamento fiscal tendem a subestimar os multiplicadores. Ademais, o modelo evidencia quais são os instrumentos fiscais que mais ajudam a estabilizar a dívida pública e como o comportamento pró-cíclico magnifica os efeitos da política fiscal brasileira às expensas de uma dívida pública crescente, que posteriormente para ser estabilizada exige um arrocho fiscal duradouro que afeta negativamente o produto. Também revela que os choques fiscais são responsáveis por explicar uma parcela relevante da variação do crescimento do produto, razão superávit primário-produto e razão dívida pública-produto. / The present work aims to primarily study the Brazilian fiscal policy impact on the economic activity via disaggregated fiscal multipliers and secondarily verify if the fiscal policy behavior is anticyclical, acyclical or procyclical. To do so, it estimates with Bayesian techniques a DSGE model with a rich fiscal toolkit of expenditures and taxes disaggregated into public consumption, public investment, transfers and tax rates on consumption, labor income and capital income. Specially, it uses two different databases of effective tax rates, which are the tax data that represent the model\'s tax rates in the most reliable way and have not yet been used in the national literature. The results show that, in all the time horizons, the public investment multiplier is the greatest, while the transfers one is the smallest, and that the Brazilian fiscal policy is, in general, procyclical, contributing to amplify the business cycle. Thus, the multipliers indicate that, from the perspective of the economic activity preservation, a fiscal adjustment should avoid cuts in public investment, as well as support the interpretation that the fiscal policy efficacy decrease in 2010-11 was due to the public investment loss of space in the relative composition of the fiscal stimuli. One of the sensibility exercises reveal that the fiscal multipliers are higher when the fiscal policy is procyclical, shedding light on the question not explored in the literature of the effect of the fiscal behavior (anticyclical, acyclical or procyclical) on the fiscal multipliers and pointing out that studies about economies characterized by procyclical fiscal policies, like the Brazilian one, that do not take into account this fiscal behavior tend to underestimate the multipliers. Furthermore, the model highlights which are the fiscal instruments that help the most to stabilize the public debt and how the procyclical behavior magnifies the effects of the Brazilian fiscal policy at the expense of a rising public debt, which later to be stabilized requires an enduring fiscal tightening which affects negatively the output. It also reveals that the fiscal shocks are responsible for explaining a relevant fraction of the variability in the output growth, primary surplus-output ratio and public debt-output ratio.

This thesis deals with short-term relationship between fiscal policy and the real economy. Thesis is divided into three thematic units. In the first part through the analysis of studies examining the size of fiscal multipliers concludes, that depending on the assumptions and selected time period is the size of the multipliers greater in economic recessions, at zero interest rates of central banks or bigger taciturnity of the economy. The multipliers for the Czech Republic are low and did not exceed the value of one. The thesis also analyzes the development of public finances in the years 1997 - 2013 and identifies as their basic problem the structural nature of deficits. As a possible tool to improve the inclination of public finance to the budget deficits are identified fiscal rules limiting public spending. This rule is fully compatible with the Stability and Growth Pact and meets the basic requirements - the clarity and flexibility.

The mm-wave frequency range is being increasingly researched to close the gap between 100 to 1000 GHz, the least explored region of the electromagnetic spectrum, often termed as the 'THz Gap'. The ever increasing demand for compact, portable and reliable THz (Terahertz) devices and the huge market potential for THz system have led to an enormous amount of research and development in the area for a number of years. The Gunn Diode is expected to play a significant role in the development of low cost solid state oscillators which will form an essential part of these THz systems.Gunn and mixer diodes will 'power' future THz systems. The THz frequencies generation methodology is based on a two-stage module. The initial frequency source is provided by a high frequency Gunn diode and is the main focus of this work. The output from this diode is then coupled into a multiplier module. The multiplier provides higher frequencies by the generation of harmonics of the input signal by means of a non-linear element, such as Schottky diode Varactor. A realistic Schottky diode model developed in SILVACOTM is presented in this work.This thesis describes the work done to develop predictive models for Gunn Diode devices using SILVACOTM. These physically-based simulations provide the opportunity to increase understanding of the effects of changes to the device's physical structure, theoretical concepts and its general operation. Thorough understanding of device physics was achieved to develop a reliable Gunn diode model. The model development included device physical structure building, material properties specification, physical models definition and using appropriate biasing conditions.The initial goal of the work was to develop a 2D model for a Gunn diode commercially manufactured by e2v Technologies Plc. for use in second harmonic mode 77GHz Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems for automobiles. This particular device was chosen as its operation is well understood and a wealth of data is available for validation of the developed physical model. The comparisons of modelled device results with measured results of a manufactured device are discussed in detail. Both the modelled and measured devices yielded similar I-V characteristics and so validated the choice of the physical models selected for the simulations. During the course of this research 2D, 3D rectangular, 3D cylindrical and cylindrical modelled device structures were developed and compared to measured results.The injector doping spike concentration was varied to study its influence on the electric field in the transit region, and was compared with published and measured data.Simulated DC characteristics were also compared with measured results for higher frequency devices. The devices mostly correspond to material previously grown for experimental studies in the development of D-band GaAs Gunn devices. Ambient temperature variations were also included in both simulated and measured data.Transient solutions were used to obtain a time dependent response such as determining the device oscillating frequency under biased condition. These solutions provided modelled device time-domain responses. The time-domain simulations of higher frequency devices which were developed used modelling measured approach are discussed. The studied devices include 77GHz (2nd harmonic), 125 GHz (2nd harmonic) and 100 GHz fundamental devices.During the course of this research, twelve research papers were disseminated. The results obtained have proved that the modelling techniques used, have provided predictive models for novel Transferred Electron Devices (TEDs) operating above 100GHz.

Les activités liées au développement d’objets connectés munis d’intelligence embarquée ont connu un essor considérable ces dernières années, en particulier pour les applications médicales. Dans ce contexte, une course effrénée s’est engagée entre les pionniers de l’IoT afin d’offrir des produits toujours plus performants. Smartphones, bracelets ou textile intelligent, tous intègrent un panel de capteurs multifonctionnels. Il est envisageable alors d’implémenter dans ces produits des solutions permettant de mesurer les signaux physiologiques en continu. En effet, ces signaux émis par le corps humain représentent une source riche d’informations que peut exploiter le corps médical pour le diagnostic ou la prévention d’une pathologie. Les maladies cardiovasculaires, étant la première cause de mortalité dans le monde, le diagnostic précoce de ces maladies est important et des solutions peuvent être apportées par les nouvelles technologies. Ainsi, les pathologies liées aux troubles du rythme cardiaque peuvent être décelées par une analyse inter-battements cardiaques en continu. En effet, l’analyse de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque représente un indicateur pertinent sur le fonctionnement cardiovasculaire. Or, cette pertinence dépend en grande partie de l’intelligibilité de l’information mesurée. La pertinence des algorithmes utilisés n’ayant pas été étudiée dans la littérature en fonction du niveau de bruit, la détection des battements cardiaques constitue donc un défi de taille lorsque celle-ci est effectuée en environnement non-maitrisé à partir de dispositifs embarqués et ce travail de thèse a essayé d’apporter des réponses concrètes à cette problématique. / Activities related to the development of connected objects with on-board intelligence have undergone considerable growth in recent years, especially for medical applications. In this context, a frantic race has begun between the pioneers of the IoT in order to offer ever moreefficient and intelligent products. Smartphones, wristbands or smart textiles all incorporate a panel of multifunctional sensors. According to the predictions of the Allied Market Research, the annual growth rate for sensors will reach 11.3% by 2022. The vital signs emitted by thehuman body represent a rich source of information that can be exploited by the medical corps for the diagnosis or prevention of a pathology of interest. Cardiovascular disease, being the second cause of death in the world, reminds us of the importance of a rigorous diagnosis.Pathologies related to heart rhythm disorders are generally detected by cardiac cross-heartbeat analysis. The detection of these beats is one of the most important axes of research in the field of electrocardiogram treatment. Indeed, the analysis of heart rate variability is a relevantindicator of cardiovascular functioning. This relevance depends, in large part, on the intelligibility of the measured information and the signal-to-noise ratio of the parameter of interest. The detection of heartbeats is a daunting challenge when it is carried out from onboarddevices especially in noisy environments.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks are often supported by very large pile groups (≥ 100 piles). As these superstructures tend to be located along coastal areas, there is often a high risk of extreme lateral loading caused by either seismic, flooding or hurricane activity. In many cases, the foundation design can be governed by the required lateral resistance. At present, the responses of large pile groups subjected to lateral loading are not well understood. Published guidance for design is premised upon experimental testing of smaller pile groups (< 25 piles), and no additional commentary is provided to advise the design for groups of a larger scale. A typical approach for design of laterally loaded pile groups uses the beam on Winkler foundations method, where nonlinear p-y curves are reduced by a p-multiplier to account for the group effects. Alternatively, an average p-multiplier known as a group reduction factor (GRF) can be used. Chapter 1 details the study of using 3D continuum finite element (FE) models to measure the group effects in large pile groups using p-multipliers and GRF. Soil conditions, pile spacing, pile number, and pile head condition were varied to observe their effects. The study also looked at the effect of the circular configuration of pile groups used in LNG tank foundations. The design standards and prevailing methods were shown to overestimate trailing row p-multipliers for large pile groups, particularly with larger pile spacing. Based on the study data and published data, a predictive equation was proposed for estimating GRF of a laterally loaded large pile group. In addition, geotechnical engineers tend to evaluate the lateral responses of pile groups regardless of the presence of superstructures. It is not known whether this approach is suited for large infrastructure such as LNG storage tanks and their respective foundations. Chapter 2 captures the results from 3D finite element (FE) models used to observe the integrated tank and piled foundation behaviour and evaluate whether the current design approach used in practice is suitable. In addition, changes to soil-foundation stiffness, including varying soil conditions and pile spacing, were made to observe their effects. The results found that the foundation responses in the integrated model varied significantly from models which only considered the foundation. It was also found that the amount of LNG in the tank, soil conditions, and pile spacing also affected the lateral pile responses, particularly the leading and trailing piles. / Graduate

This work deals with a design of the microwave transverter for 5 760 MHz to 146 MHz. It is divided to a few parts. The first one is focused to design of the local oscillator which generates the signal at frequency f = 116.9583MHz. The oscillator is designed like a crystal oscillator. Its output signal is multiplied and amplified in a second part. The next parts deal with design of the band pass filters. There I chose the design of the filters and did the measurements. The microwave receiver and transmitter circuits are designed with the modern monolithic circuits. The main job of this part is to design low noise amplifier and the power amplifier. At the end of this work I do the measurements and the comparison with the simulations.