Rural schools are facing threats due to global processes such as globalization, urbanization and demographic changes. However, schools have been shown to be significant for rural communities in geographical and social contexts, as they contribute to a sense of place through being hubs for communities, places for relationship building and integration alongside holding and reproducing local identity. Understanding why and how schools as part of rural communities matter can give an insight in how these can be supported by decision makers in future development. Addressing the gap in research regarding the importance of schools to rural communities, this thesis explores the topic by studying the planning perspective and experiences of rural schools. This is done through exploring two research questions ‘How are the municipalities working with and planning for rural schools?’ and ‘How are rural schools experienced by the children and their families?’. Drawing on qualitative semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, the results show that municipalities can plan for rural schools through comprehensive planning and place development initiatives, but that political will steers the work. The results further show that rural schools are experienced through geographical, social and cultural perspectives relating to sense of place, meaning that the values that the school holds for the communities reflect the place. The thesis contributes to the field of human geography in terms of how sense of place and rural schools are connected, and to the field of planning regarding how municipalities can plan for and work with rural schools.

Global mean sea levels are expected to have increased with 0,43-0,84 meters by the year 2100, due to the effects of climate change. An observed increase in the speed of which sea levels are rising is further cause for concern for inhabitants of coastal communities, as threats of flooding, erosion and saltwater intrusion rapidly become more imminent, prompting protective adaptation measures to be considered. The southernmost parts of Sweden are particularly exposed as the effects of post-glacial rebound are negligible or non-existent, meaning that adaptation measures in municipalities in this region are a more immediate concern than in other parts of the country. Municipalities in Sweden have a large responsibility and role in the planning processes for local adaptation measures. Recent research however indicates notable discrepancies in terms of both approach and progress of municipal adaptation work. This study uses content analysis of municipal planning and guiding documents to research and evaluate relative adaptation approaches by categorising and comparing relevant indicators of progress. The scope of the study is limited to the 33 coastal municipalities that experience 1mm/year or less post-glacial uplift. The findings indicate that municipal attention to sea level rise has increased notably in planning documents during the past ten years. Furthermore, the content analysis shows that the variation in planning documents used by municipalities in terms of purpose and approach vary greatly. Lastly, a comparison of the municipalities show that while there are notable differences in approach and progress, municipalities with established adaptation plans are similarly structured in terms of ambition and level of detail, and could be considered frontrunners in sea level rise adaptation work. / <p>2022-06-05</p>

Efter att e-handelsandelen av detaljhandeln har ökat har en förväntad och grundläggande förändring inom detaljhandeln ägt rum. Den framtida rollen för traditionell butikshandel i den byggda miljön är oklar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur och i vilken utsträckning detaljhandelssektorn har och kommer att förändras när förutsättningar och strategier för detaljhandeln ändras. I uppsatsen undersöks också på vilket sätt stadsplanering kan användas i syfte att möta utvecklingstrender och säkra butikshandelns fortsatta verksamhet. Efter genomförandet av en teoretisk studie, granskning av två detaljhandelskärnar i Reykjavík och genomförande och analys av semistrukturerade intervjuer presenteras tio planeringsåtgärder i ett strategiskt förslag. De viktigaste resultaten visar på att butikshandeln och e-handeln har börjat knytas samman på flera sätt. I stället för att se på e-handeln som ett problem som stör status quo, bör den betraktas som en utmaning som, om korrekt hanterad, kan förvandlas till en möjlighet. Att säkerställa fortsatt stadsförnyelse, reglera balansen mellan olika typer av verksamheter samt att uppmuntra till kreativ användning av stadens lokaler och platser är bland resultaten i det strategiska förslaget. Även i en tid av sociala medier, artificiell intelligens och det till synes oändliga flödet av information, kvarstår behovet av social kontakt – kanske viktigare nu än någonsin. / A foreseen fundamental change in retail following increased e-commerce share of retail sales has begun. The future role of traditional brick-and-mortar retail in the built environment is unclear. The aim of this thesis is to study how and to what extent the retail sector has and will change, in times of transforming retail practices, and by which means urban planning can be used for responding to the trend in order to ensure and sustain continued operations of brick-and-mortar retail. After carrying out a theoretical study, examining two retail cores in Reykjavík and conducting and analysing semi-structured interviews, ten planning actions are presented in a strategic proposal. The main findings suggest that brick-and-mortar retail and e-commerce have begun to merge in several ways. Rather than looking at e-commerce as a problem disturbing the status quo, it should be seen as a challenge that can be turned into an opportunity if handled appropriately. Ensuring ongoing urban regeneration, regulating moderate balance between operations and encouraging creative placemaking are among results listed in the strategic proposal. Even in the age of social media, artificial intelligence and the seemingly endless flow of information, the need of social contact remains – perhaps more important now than ever.

The thought of an armed attack on Sweden was for a long period of time deemed unlikely and the defense planning in Sweden has since the middle of the 20th century been characterized by dismantlement. However, recent changes in Europe and especially Russia's aggression towards Ukraine, has made Sweden rethink its policies on military defense. This has led to a political will to strengthen Sweden’s military defense and has by, among other things, led to a political decision to re-establish military organizational units in several Swedish municipalities. This study examines the effects military re-establishment has on spatial planning in two municipalities, Arvidsjaur and Sollefteå. The studied municipalities are two regions where the previous experience of military presence differs. The study showed, through interviews and studying of existing planning documents, that the previous military presence in both cases worked in favor of the municipal planning of the re-establishment. It helped the municipalities prepare for what the re-establishment means in terms of spatial needs and to minimize land use conflicts. Furthermore, it showed that the re-establishment and development of military interests will most likely affect the municipalities’ future development plans and could possibly lead to conflicts with public interests. The study also showed that there are differences and similarities in how the re-establishments affect municipal planning and that good communication is helpful in identifying and to minimize future planning conflicts between municipal development and military interests.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T19:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 6 / Nenhuma / A pesquisa analisa, com base na trajetória histórica de construção dos Planos Educacionais, a forma como os mesmos são projetados, idealizados e construídos pela comunidade educativa e pela sociedade civil. Iniciamos nossas discussões, percorrendo a legislação em vigor, como a Constituição Federal de 1988, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional-Lei n° 9394/96, o Plano Nacional de Educação, o Plano Estadual de Educação do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a Lei Estadual da Gestão Democrática da Educação n° 10.576 de 14/11/1995, bem como a interação através das leituras de teóricos que convergem para o campo das discussões, nas quais nos inserimos, juntando os termos da equação às vozes já descritas, tendo como balizadores teóricos autores como: Arroyo (1997, 2003), Assmann (1999), Bobbio (1997, 2001), Calame e Talmant (2001), Cury (1999, 2000), Delors (1999), Demo (1993, 1996, 2000), Santos (2000), entre outros, os quais deram sustentação para as argumentações apresentadas. A pesquisa qualitativa foi rea / The research analyzes, with basis in the historical trajectory of construction of the Educational Plans, the form as the same ones are projected, idealized and constructed by the educative community and the civil society. We begin our quarrels, covering the legislation in vigor, as the Federal Constitution from 1988, the Law of guidelines and Bases of the National Education n° 9394/96, the National Education plan, the State Plan Educational Rio Grande do Sul state, the State Law of the Democratic Management of the Education n° 10,576 of 14/11/1995, as well as the interaction through the readings of theoreticians who converge to the field of the quarrels, in which we insert, joining the terms of the equation to that we had already described, having as makers theoreticians authors as: Arroyo (1997, 2003), Assmann (1999), Bobbio (1997, 2001), Calame and Talmant (2001), Cury (1999,2000), Delors (1999), Demo (1993, 1996, 2000), Santos (2000), among others, who had given sustentation for the presented arguments. T

Submitted by Alane dos Santos Viana (alane.viana@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-22T17:50:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fim dissertação.pdf: 4770248 bytes, checksum: 8876313e2153a21d856f0404223c9b6a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Emília Carvalho Ribeiro (maria.ribeiro@ucsal.br) on 2016-09-22T22:10:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fim dissertação.pdf: 4770248 bytes, checksum: 8876313e2153a21d856f0404223c9b6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T22:10:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fim dissertação.pdf: 4770248 bytes, checksum: 8876313e2153a21d856f0404223c9b6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / O plano diretor constitui a principal lei urbanística de grande parte dos municípios brasileiros. No ano 2001, com a regulamentação do capítulo da Constituição Federal que trata da política urbana, por meio da lei conhecida como Estatuto da Cidade, a elaboração do plano diretor se tornou obrigatória, dentre outros critérios, para os municípios com mais de 20.000 habitantes, sendo considerado por muitos autores um marco para o planejamento urbano brasileiro.Entretanto tal política tem sido alvo de inúmeras críticas devido a sua natureza urbanizadora, distinta da realidade da maioria dos pequenos municípios do país. Em cumprimento à obrigatoriedade legal de elaboração do plano diretor, o município de Amélia Rodrigues aprovou,em 2006, o seu Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Municipal – PDDM, que se tornou a primeira lei urbanística do município e que deveria ser utilizada para combater os problemas urbanos e orientar a administração pública no planejamento de seu território.No entanto, mesmo tendo se passado quase uma década da aprovação do PDDM, os problemas urbanos relacionados à gestão democrática da cidade, ao uso e à ocupação do solo, à expansão urbana, a irregularidades fundiárias, dentre outros, continuam a afligir o município, visto que o Plano Diretor de 2006 não tem se mostrado capaz de confrontar os interesses das elites econômicas locais, especialmente dos usineiros e fazendeiros da cana-de-açúcar. Tampouco tem conseguido superar os vícios patrimoniais e burocráticos presentes na administração pública, o que tem ameaçado assentamentos tradicionais, sendo o distrito de Mata da Aliança e as povoações rurais em terras dos usineiros e fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar as localidades que mais têm sofrido pelo fato de o PDDM de Amélia Rodrigues não assegurar instrumentos que permitam o cumprimento da função social da propriedade, o que tem ameaçado também um importante patrimônio cultural, histórico, artístico, paisagístico e arqueológico. / The Comprehensive Plan (henceforth CP) is the main urban law of most of Brazilian towns and in 2001 it became an obligatory law by means of another law known as The City Statute, it is a regulation of a chapter of the Federal Constitution. This law makes mandatory the CP, among other criteria for cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants, and is considered by many authors a milestone for Brazilian urban planning, however this policy has been the subject of many criticisms due to their urbanizing nature, different from the reality of most small municipalities in the country . In compliance with the legal obligation to prepare the CP the city of Amélia Rodrigues approved in 2006 its CP, called PDDM – Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Municipal, which became the first urban law of the city and should be used to combat urban problems and guide the government in planning its territory, however even going nearly a decade of the approval of the PDDM, urban problems related to democratic city management, land use, urban expansion, land irregularities, among others continue to plague the city. The PDDM from 2006 has been shown unable to confront the interests of local economic elites, especially the mill owners and farmers of sugarcane, so it has little helped to overcoming the property and bureaucratic vices present in public administration, which has threatened traditional settlements. The district of Mata da Aliança and rural settlements settled on the lands of sugarcane farms owners are the localities that have most suffered because of ineffectiveness of Amélia Rodrigues PDDM, what allows the non fulfillment of the social function of land property, which has also threatened an important cultural, historic, artistic, landscaping and archeological heritage.

Att främja jämlikhet och goda sociala förhållanden får allt mer fokus i stadsutvecklingssammanhang. Forskning visar att det finns stora skillnader i sociala förutsättningar mellan olika stadsdelar, där sämre utbud av service, arbetsplatser och sociala nätverk ofta förekommer i stadsdelar där befolkningen har begränsade ekonomiska resurser. Dessutom finns ofta fysiska och sociala barriärer kring dessa stadsdelar och således en uppdelning mellan samhällsgrupper. Denna situation pekas ut som en viktig faktor för polarisering och social instabilitet. Samtidigt sker nu i flera sådana stadsdelar i städernas periferi en stark tillväxt och de utvecklas till centrum för näringsliv och handel. Detta aktualiserar frågan om hur social inkludering kan främjas i samband med stadsutveckling. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till kunskapen om hur inkluderande stadsutveckling förstås inom kommunal planering samt att kartlägga metoder som på kommunal nivå kan användas för att skapa en socialt inkluderande stad. Ett syfte är också att studien ska bidra med kunskapsunderlag till utvecklingen av Flemingsberg i Huddinge kommun. Studien bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med kommunala tjänstemän involverade i stadsutvecklingsprocessen på olika nivåer, från strategiska planerare till ledare av enskilda projekt. Intervjuerna har analyserats med en diskursiv ansats för att undersöka förståelsen av inkludering. Från intervjuerna har också goda exempel på arbetssätt och konkreta verktyg kartlagts. Analysen visar på att diskursen om inkludering i kommunal planering i själva verket består av en rad olika diskurser, varav blandning, sammanhållning och deltagande står i fokus. Blandning förstås till stor del som att öka andelen resursstarka invånare i socioekonomiskt svaga områden, vilket tros bidra positivt till den sociala sammanhållningen mellan olika grupper. Vidare ses denna sammanhållning som en viktig faktor både för att mildra effekten av sociala problem och för att skapa en känsla av trygghet och gemenskap. Detta ställs i kontrast mot den rädsla och uppdelning som tycks finnas idag. Medborgardeltagande framställs som viktigt för att skapa och bibehålla tillit när socioekonomiskt svaga områden utvecklas och metoder kopplade till detta lyfts i hög grad fram som goda exempel. Vidare lyfts metoder fram kopplade till samhällsbyggnadsprojektets organisering, ekonomiska verktyg och medborgardrivna initiativ. / Promoting equality and proper living conditions is gaining focus in city development contexts today. Swedish research shows differences in social conditions between different urban districts and that access to services, workplaces and social networks is often poor in districts where inhabitants have limited economic resources. Additionally, these districts are often surrounded by physical and social barriers and thus different social groups are divided. This situation is referred to as an important driver for polarisation and social instability. Meanwhile, some of these urban districts are experiencing strong growth as they are developed into centres for commercial and business life. This brings the question on how social inclusion can be promoted in city development up to date. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge on how inclusive city development is understood in the context of municipal planning, and to map methods that can be used to create inclusion on the municipal level. The aim is also to contribute with a knowledge base to support the development of Flemingsberg in Huddinge municipality. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with municipal officers involved on different levels of the city development process, from strategic planners to managers of individual projects. The interviews have been analysed with a discursive approach to examine the understanding of inclusion. Also, good examples of concrete tools and ways of working with inclusion have been mapped from the interviews. The analysis shows that the discourse on inclusion in municipal planning is in fact consisting of several discourses, of which social mixing, cohesion and participation are the focus. Mixing is largely understood as the addition of socioeconomically strong residents in socioeconomically weak neighborhoods, which is believed to contribute to the social cohesion between different social groups. Furthermore, this cohesion is seen as an important factor for mitigating the effects of social problems and to create a feeling of safety and affinity. This is contrasted by a sort of fear and division that seems to be existing today. Citizen participation is described as important for creating and maintaining trust when socioeconomically weak neighborhoods are developed, and methods of participation are common among the good examples brought up by the interviewees. Other methods are connected to the organisation of city development projects, economic tools and initiatives run by citizens.

This study examines the regional Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) framework as a tool for cooperative practice among Connecticut's municipal practitioners. The creation of a CEDS document is a prerequisite for municipalities wishing to access planning and public works funds of the Economic Development Administration (EDA). It is the primary means by which the EDA uniformly measures regional commitment to economic planning. With ever decreasing real funding levels and ever increasing demand, the EDA relies on its regional CEDS framework to evaluate the planning and implementation capacities of economic development organizations that cross political boundaries. This study examines the regional CEDS process and document from the municipal perspective, the claims that a CEDS developed through an inclusive process, driven by diverse stakeholders, results in lasting implementation strategies that are in greater adherence to regional goals; and that a well constructed CEDS document fosters greater cooperation among municipal officials in regional economies. The findings are based on primary data collection, including interviews and the surveying of two Connecticut CEDS regions and one control region that has not been involved in the creation of a CEDS. I use interviews and survey results from municipal stakeholders to assess the benefits and limitations of the CEDS process to economic development practice in Connecticut. This study finds participation in a regional CEDS is, by itself, insufficient to increase development of regional solutions. However, strong administrative leadership by various regional organizations participation in a CEDS increases inter-municipal communication and engagement in comprehensive economic development planning.

I den allmänna debatten har förtätning av städer och orter fått en ledande ställning som ett sätt att skapa resurseffektiva och hållbara samhällen. Urbaniseringen i svenska storstadsregioner har gjort att kranskommuner växer kraftigt. Som ett resultat av detta, sker stora satsningar på ny samhällsbebyggelse i flera kranskommuner runt om i landet. Trots detta tycks det saknas en djupare förståelse i hur förtätningsdiskursen gör sig förstådd och kommer till uttryck i kranskommunal planering. Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra vilka uppfattningar som framträder i diskursen kring förtätning i kranskommunal planering idag samt studera relationen mellan diskurs och den bebyggelse som utvecklas. Studien bygger på en kritisk diskursanalys i tre steg som genomförts i Huddinge kommun, söder om Stockholm. Först har en textanalys av aktuella styrdokument och planhandlingar inom kommunen utförts. Vidare har en fokusgrupp med planarkitekter från Huddinge kommun fått diskutera ämnet närmare i en workshop. Slutligen har pågående planprojekt sammanställts för att studera kopplingen mellan diskurs och byggd form. Studiens resultat visar att förtätning, trots sin starka ställning som rådande planeringsideal, är vagt definierad och bygger på individuella förståelser. I sammanställningen av pågående planprojekt framgår det att förtätning artar sig på mycket olika sätt i dess fysiska dimension. Studien fastslår att den diskursiva framställningen av förtätning tenderar att frångå ett skalperspektiv, vilket innebär att förtätningens lokala, kommunala och regionala betydelse blir otydlig. Studiens slutsatser pekar på att förtätning tycks vara ett sätt att konstruera exploatering som resurseffektiv och hållbar, utan att egentligen skilja den från andra typer av nyexploatering, vilket kan ses som en reproduktion av en hållbarhetsdebatt i en tid och på en plats som präglas av tillväxt. / Densification has become a prominent strategy for resource efficient and sustainable development in Swedish planning debates. Increased urbanisation has led to rapid growth on the urban fringe in a number of municipalities. As a result, major investments have been made in urban developments. However, there seems to be a lack of understanding of how densification is framed and perceived in planning within the urban fringe. This study examines how densification is framed and understood within urban fringe planning and how the densification discourse is related to the actual development. The study is based on a triangulation of a critical discourse analysis carried out in the municipality of Huddinge, south of Stockholm. Firstly, policy and legally binding planning documents from Huddinge have been textually analysed. Secondly, a workshop was held with a focus group consisting of seven planners from the municipality. Finally, ongoing development plans were compiled in order to investigate the relation between discourse and actual development within the municipality. The results show that densification, despite its strong position as a popular planning strategy, is vaguely defined and based on individual perceptions in planning practice. The compilation of ongoing development plans shows that densification varies significantly in regard to physical form and location. The study suggests that densification appears to be a favorable way of promoting development as an efficient and sustainable form of urban growth, without distinguishing it from other types of spatial development. This could be seen as a reproduction of the ongoing sustainability debate in a time and place characterised by growth.

Sedan en tid tillbaka har utbudet och efterfrågan på bostäder varit väldigt debatterat. Detuppstod en bostads-politisk debatt där många kommuner blev kritiserade över hur dettahanteras. Örebromodellen har då blivit uppmärksammad på senare tid som ett effektivt ochtidsbesparande sätt att korta ner tiden från “idé” till färdig byggnad genom Örebrokommuns sätt att utföra markanvisningsprocessen på tillsammans med hur de utformardetaljplaner. Det har dock inte redovisats hur och varför denna modell fungerar samt omdessa påstådda förbättringar faktiskt stämmer. Därför har det visats sig vara intressant attundersöka detta.Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka vad Örebromodellen innebär från ettdetaljplanerings- och markanvisnings-perspektiv. Utöver detta syftar arbetet även till attutreda hur Örebro kommun arbetar efter en snabbare och effektivare process i dessa ovannämnda perspektiv samt om något efterföljande steg i processen har blivit påverkat avpåskyndandet från Örebromodellen. Arbetet syftar även till att belysa både för- ochnackdelar med den nämnda detaljplanerings- och markanvisnings-modellen.I uppsatsen har en kvalitativ fallstudie utförts som omfattar fyra bostadsprojekt i Örebro.Genom studien har det, till en början, konstaterats att Örebromodellen inte är en striktmodell som kommunen förhåller sig till utan istället en stark riktlinje som kan skilja sig någotmellan projekten. Denna modell använder sig av generella detaljplaner som kan ha storafördelar med sin flexibilitet men kan också anses vara osäkra i framtiden gällandekommunens ursprungliga avsikt med området. Utöver detta har det konstaterats attÖrebromodellens markanvisningar genomförs med förstudie- och reservations-avtal. Dessaavtal har både för- och nackdelar bland annat har det visat sig vara ett bra sätt att säkerställautformningen av byggnationen i genomförandeskedet samt att det är ett effektivt sätt attpåskynda processen på. Dock behövs det undersökas hur väl denna metod, som användsför markanvisningar, håller i bland annat konjunktursvängningar. I uppsatsen analyseras ochdiskuteras bland annat även hur Örebromodellen prissätter mark och hurreservationsavtalen kan ses som ett starkt styrmedel samt implikationer som kan följa avdetta.Vidare gällande studien om tidslinjen för projekten har det visats att genomsnittet för hurlång tid markanvisning och detaljplanering tar i verkligheten, för de projekt som studerats,stämmer i stort sett överens med det som Örebro kommun presenterat själva. Där tidslinjeninte följts har det funnits förklarliga skäl till detta. Det har till stor del berott på att  bostadsmarknaden stagnerade efter sommaren 2017 vilket gjorde det svårt förbyggaktörerna att sälja tillräckligt många bostäder innan de startade byggnationen. Dettaledde till att risken att fortsätta bygget blev för stor för byggaktörerna och de behövde dåförlänga antingen förstudien eller reservationen. Utöver detta har andra fall undersökts somhar påverkat processen. Dessa fall har visat på problem som uppstått på grund av denna typav markanvisningsmetod. / For some time now, supply and demand for housing have been very debated. There hasbeen a political debate about housing in which many municipalities have been criticized forhow this is being handled. The Örebro-model has recently been recognized as an efficientway to shorten the time period from an initial idea to a finished building through the Örebromunicipality's way of carrying out the municipal land allocations1 together with how theydesign plans2 for these areas. However, it has not been proven how or why this model worksand whether these alleged improvements are actually correct. Therefore, it has beennecessary to investigate this further.This thesis aims to investigate what the Örebro-model entails from a planning and municipalland allocations perspective. In addition, the thesis aims to investigate how the municipalityof Örebro works according to a faster and more efficient process in these previouslymentioned perspectives, and whether any subsequent steps in the process have beenaffected by the timesaving from the Örebro-model. This thesis also aims to highlight boththe advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned planning and used method ofmunicipal land allocation.In this thesis, a qualitative case study has been carried out, which comprises four residentialprojects in Örebro. Through the study it has been found that the Örebro-model is not astrict model that the municipality of Örebro relies on, but instead a strong guideline thatmay differ slightly between projects. This model uses general plans that can have greatadvantages given their flexibility but can also be considered uncertain for the futureregarding the municipality's original intention with the area. In addition, it has beenestablished that the Örebro-model's land allocations are carried out with a pilot study3 andreservation agreements4. These studies and agreements have both advantages anddisadvantages. Among other things, it has proved to be a good way to ensure the design ofthe construction in the implementation stage and that it is an effective way to speed up theprocess. However, it is necessary to examine how well this method, which is used for landallocations, holds up in, among other things, economic cyclical fluctuations. This thesis alsoanalyzes and discusses, among other things, the Örebro-model’s pricing of land and howthe reservation agreements can be seen as a strong instrument for influencing constructioncompanies. The thesis also shows other implications that can follow from this.  Furthermore, regarding the study of the timeline of the projects, it has been shown that theaverage of how long the land allocation and planning takes in reality, for the projectsstudied, is broadly in line with what the municipality of Örebro presented themselves.Where the timeline was not followed, there have been explanatory reasons for this. This haslargely been due to the housing market stagnating after the summer of 2017, which made itdifficult for construction companies to sell enough housing units before they started theconstruction. This led to the risk of continuing the construction being too great for theconstruction companies and they then had to extend either the pilot study or thereservation agreements. In addition, other cases have been investigated that have beenshown to affect the process. These cases have shown problems that have arisen due to thistype of method used for land allocation.