Syftet med arbetet är att hjälpa lärare och elever att bättre förstå hur man lär sig spela ett nytt instrument. Med hjälp av videodokumenterade tillfällen och loggboksanteckningar granskas lärandet under tio veckor där målet är att bemästra saxofon så bra som möjligt. Studien grundar sig i ett designteoretiskt perspektiv med fokus på olika semiotiska resurser samt hur dessa påverkar lärandet. Lärandet sker i två kategorier där den ena är egen övning och den andra är lärarledda lektioner. Dessa två jämförs därefter mot varandra för att se på likheter och skillnader samt hur de påverkar inlärningen. / This study is conducted on the basis of improving students and teachers understanding of how to play a new instrument. And is done with the help of notes and video recorded practice sessions. The instrument is saxophone and the practice period are ten weeks. Design theory is the theoretical perspective of choice and a focus is set on how different semiotic resources affect learning. The project is structured around lessons with a teacher and self-practice, with the hopes of comparing the different processes against each other.

Dėmesys individualiojo vokalinio ugdymo problematikai tampa aktualus, kalbant apie būsimuosius muzikos mokytojus, kurie, siekdami užtikrinti visavertį savo ugdytinių tobulėjimą, turi įgyti tvirtą vokalinių žinių, gebėjimų ir įgūdžių pagrindą, plėtoti ne tik savo dalykines, bet ir bendrąsias kompetencijas, pasiruošti naujų pedagoginių vaidmenų atlikimui. Disertacijos tyrimo tikslas – parengti būsimųjų muzikos mokytojų individualiojo vokalinio ugdymo strategiją. Ginamieji disertacijos teiginiai: 1. Vokalinis ugdymas yra vienas iš pagrindinių muzikinio ugdymo komponentų, todėl būsimiesiems muzikos mokytojams būtini išugdyti vokaliniai gebėjimai ir įgūdžiai. 2. Individualusis vokalinis ugdymas sudaro palankias sąlygas individualizuoti ugdymo turinį ir technologijas, prisitaikyti prie konkretaus būsimojo muzikos mokytojo poreikių ir galimybių. 3. Holistiniu požiūriu ir ugdomų vokalinių gebėjimų bei įgūdžių psichinio ir fizinio aspektų derme pagrįsta individualiojo vokalinio ugdymo strategija yra svarbi, plėtojant muzikos mokytojo vaidmenis ir ugdant kompetencijas. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros, dokumentų analize ir empirinio tyrimo, grįsto kiekybinio ir kokybinio metodų derinimu, rezultatais sukurta būsimųjų muzikos mokytojų individualiojo vokalinio ugdymo strategiją, kuri suprantama kaip organizuotas, tikslingas veiksmų planas, skirtas numatytam ilgalaikiam tikslui pasiekti – optimizuoti būsimųjų muzikos mokytojų rengimą, įvardijant pagrindinius principus, strategijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Attention granted to problems of individual vocal education becomes urgent having in mind future music teachers who have to acquire vocal knowledge, master fundamentals of vocal abilities and skills, develop their both subject–specific and generic competences, prepare for new teachers’ educational roles to ensure their learners’ overall improvement. The aim of the research – to work out strategy of future music teachers’ individual vocal education. The following theses are to be defended: 1. Vocal education is one of the main components of musical education, therefore it is essential for future music teachers to acquire vocal abilities and skills. 2. Individual vocal education creates favourable conditions for individualizing education content and technologies with regard to the needs and potentialities of a particular future music teacher. 3. Strategy of individual vocal education grounded on a holistic approach and harmony of psychic and physical aspects of vocal abilities and skills, is crucial in increasing music teachers’ roles and competence development. Drawing on the results of the research dissertation, strategy of future music teachers’ individual vocal education was developed. Strategy here is understood as an organized, expedient plan of activities to achieve a long-term effect – to optimize future music teachers’ training, indicating its main principles, strategy objectives and defining strategy components – education content and education technologies.

I denna studie har jag genom att observera mig själv utforskat hur jag som blivande musiklärare undervisar vuxna, som har funktionsnedsättningar, i ensemble. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilka semiotiska resurser jag använder mig av då jag undervisar, hur de används och hur de förändras under arbetets gång. Som metod har jag använt mig av videoinspelning och kompletterande loggboksanteckningar. Ensemblegruppen bestod av ca tio vuxna med funktionsnedsättningar och två till fem lärare som vanligtvis arbetar med gruppen. Tillsammans hade vi fyra lektioner där jag undervisade i sång, instrument och ensemblespel. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av följande teman: Lektion 1, Lektion 2 & 3 och Lektion 4. Vilka resurser jag använder mig av och hur dessa används beror i dessa fall främst på vilka instrument gruppen spelar. Resultatet diskuteras därefter utifrån vilka förutsättningar jag haft, det multimodala perspektivet och tidigare forskning. / In this study I have, by observing myself, analysed how I as a future music teacher educates adults with learning disabilities in ensemble situations. The purpose has been to study which semiotic resources I use during classes, how they are being used and in which way they are changing as the lessons progresses. My method has been video recordings and supplementing logbook notes. The ensemble group consisted of approximately ten adults with learning disabilities and two to five teachers who usually work with the group. Together we had four lessons in which I taught them about singing, instruments and playing in ensemble. In the result I have used the following themes: Lesson 1, Lesson 2 & 3 and Lesson 4. Which resources I use and how they are being used depends in these cases foremost on which instruments the group are playing. The result is discussed subsequently based on preconditions, the multimodal perspective as well as previous research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:52:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3695790 bytes, checksum: 0837c68b065a3ce638ba30c49d332ae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Music education now covers several areas, stands out for this work the reality of early childhood education, specifically the music specialist teacher in this universe. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze the concepts and teaching practices that characterize the performance of music teachers in early childhood education in private and municipal public schools in Natal, Brazil. To this end, we attempted to verify: which schools offer special music classes in early childhood education; content and strategies that characterize these classes; the concepts of music-teaching professionals working in this reality; the professional profile of teachers, bypassing training, expectations, planning and evaluating lessons; and general dimensions related to infrastructure, workload, integrating educational and other aspects related to the insertion of music classes at the kindergarten, school reality. Methodologically, it was assumed a qualitative approach complemented by the quantitative side of research. Thus, two stages were established for the study: first, a survey of 208 schools with the identification of 20 professionals and a questionnaire of open and closed questions, admitting analysis using statistical software; and the second, two case studies through classroom observations and interviews conducted by two music educators working in early childhood education in private and municipal public schools in Natal. In the first step, among several aspects, it was observed that there is demand for music education in early childhood education, and, in the practices, the presence, in accordance with the literature, of game, playing and movement activities and use a repertoire of children's culture and percussion instruments. Concerning the accomplishment of the practices, the following difficulties were identified: the views of parents, teachers and administrators about music education, the role of music teacher as well as lack of musical materials to the detriment of the materials of common usage. Still, they believe that overcoming these limitations can occur primarily through the teacher's attitudes, education and training and investment in infrastructure. In relation to the reasons for working specifically with children's education, they highlight specific aspects of this universe, as repertoire, space and interaction with children. With regard to case studies, it was noted that teachers' practices are contextualized with their formation history and the specificity of the contexts that insert their school and students, and the main elements of its practice are specific to the infant universe and diversify their practices according to the availability of infrastructure. These teachers have broad goals that ensure flexibility in the definition of content, activities and repertoire, highlighting a specifically musical and sound related approach and an extra sound one. They held register of their projects, and lesson plans and observations and believe that music as extra-curricular activity is undemocratic, emphasizing the importance of music in the regular schools, especially in early childhood education. Thus, it is clear that the diversity of ideas, practices, and profiles along with the search for record, research, and reflection on the performance and musical education reflects a dialogue between music education and early childhood education, at the time these teachers working at this level of education. / A educação musical abrange atualmente espaços diversos, destaca-se para este trabalho a realidade da educação infantil, especificamente do professor especialista em música nesse universo. Assim, o objetivo principal desse trabalho é analisar as concepções e práticas pedagógicas que caracterizam a atuação dos professores de música na educação infantil em escolas públicas municipais e privadas da cidade de Natal/RN. Para tal, buscou verificar: quais escolas oferecem aulas específicas de música na educação infantil; os conteúdos e estratégias que caracterizam essas aulas; as concepções pedagógico-musicais dos profissionais atuantes nessa realidade; o perfil profissional desses professores, perpassando por formação, expectativas, planejamento e avaliação das aulas; e dimensões gerais relacionadas à infraestrutura, carga horária, integração pedagógica e demais aspectos relacionados à inserção das aulas de música, na educação infantil, na realidade escolar. Metodologicamente, admitiuse uma abordagem qualitativa que dialoga com a vertente quantitativa de pesquisa. Para tal, foram estabelecidas duas etapas para o trabalho: a primeira, um levantamento com 208 escolas com identificação de 20 desses profissionais e aplicação de questionário de perguntas abertas e fechadas, admitindo-se análise através de software estatístico; e a segunda, dois estudos de caso através de observação de aulas e entrevista realizadas com dois educadores musicais atuantes na educação infantil da rede pública e privada da cidade de Natal. Na primeira etapa, dentre diversos aspectos, observou-se demanda para o ensino de música na educação infantil, e, em consonância com a literatura, a presença nas práticas de atividades com jogos, brincadeiras e movimento, utilização de repertório da cultura infantil e instrumentos percussivos. Foram apontados como dificuldades para realização das práticas, as concepções de pais, professores e gestores sobre a educação musical, a atuação do professor de música, bem como carência de materiais musicais em detrimento aos de uso comum. Ainda assim, acreditam que a superação dessas limitações pode ocorrer principalmente através das atitudes do professor, formação e capacitação e investimento em infraestrutura. Em relação aos motivos pelos quais atuam especificamente com a educação infantil, eles destacam aspectos específicos desse universo, como repertório, espaço e interação com as crianças. Tratando-se dos estudos de caso, percebeu-se que as práticas dos professores são contextualizadas com sua trajetória de formação e com a especificidade dos contextos em que se inserem sua escola e alunos, sendo que os principais elementos de sua prática são específicos do universo infantil e diversificam suas práticas de acordo com a disponibilidade de infraestrutura. Esses docentes possuem objetivos amplos que garantem flexibilidade na definição de conteúdos, atividades e repertório, ressaltando uma vertente especificamente sonoro-musical e outra relacionada a aspectos extrassonoros. Realizam registro de seus projetos, planos e aula e observações e acreditam que a música como atividade extracurricular é não democrática, ressaltando a importância da música no ensino regular, especialmente na educação infantil. Nesse sentido, é possível afirmar que a diversidade de concepções, práticas e perfis juntamente à busca pelo registro, pesquisa, e reflexão sobre a atuação educativomusical, reflete um diálogo entre a educação musical e a educação infantil no momento em que esses educadores atuam nesse nível de ensino.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a motivação dos professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica sob a perspectiva da teoria da autodeterminação. Como objetivos específicos, buscou: construir e testar um instrumento para medir a motivação dos professores de música no ambiente educacional; verificar o tipo de motivação (autônoma ou controlada) percebido pelos professores de música que atuam nas escolas de educação básica na região Sul do Brasil; analisar estatisticamente a motivação do professor em relação às variáveis de contexto; e comparar as motivações dos professores de música em relação ao tempo de atuação docente. O referencial teórico utilizado foi fundamentado na teoria de autodeterminação de Edward Deci e Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), que analisa as razões pelas quais os indivíduos se envolvem ou evitam determinadas atividades. Essas razões são evidenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de motivação que podem ser distinguidos de acordo com seu nível de autodeterminação, através da satisfação de três necessidades psicológicas básicas: a necessidade de autonomia, a necessidade de competência e a necessidade de pertencer ou estabelecer vínculos. A pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem quantitativa e utiliza como método o survey interseccional. Para tanto, foi elaborado e validado um instrumento próprio de medida intitulado Escala de Motivação do professor de Música (EMPM), aplicado via internet a uma amostra de 162 professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica em instituições estabelecidas nos estados da região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e também inferencial, através dos seguintes testes: coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, análise fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, teste t, teste qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer. Os dados revelaram que os professores de música apresentam percepção para a motivação autônoma para o ensino. Em relação às variáveis de contexto, foi detectado que o tipo de instituição (pública e privada) não incide sobre a percepção de motivação dos professores de música. Em comparação ao ciclo de vida profissional, os dados mostram que os professores de música apresentaram um aumento da motivação ao longo dos anos, diferentemente do originalmente proposto pela teoria da autodeterminação. Como resultados, esta pesquisa espera contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento de estratégias motivacionais que possibilitem a promoção de um ambiente educacional propício para poder fomentar a motivação dos professores de música. / The aim of this research was to investigate, under the Self-determination Theory, the motivation of music teachers that work at primary schools. The specific goals were: to build and to test an instrument to measure the motivation of the music teachers at the educational environment; to verify the kind of motivation (autonomous or controlled) perceived by music teachers that work in primary schools in the Southern region of Brazil; to statistically analyze the motivation of the teachers relating to the context variables; and to compare the motivations of music teachers and the years dedicated to teaching. The theoretical reference was based on the Self-determination Theory of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), that analyze the reasons why individuals get involved in or avoid certain activities. These reasons are put in evidence by the various kinds of motivation that might be distinguished according to their level of self-determination, through the fulfillment of three basic psychological needs: the need for autonomy, the need for competence and the need for relatedness. The research presents a qualitative approach and uses intersectional survey as its method. For the survey, a measuring instrument was developed and validated by the researcher, called Music Teacher Motivation Scale (MTMS). Via internet, it reached a sample of 162 music teachers from primary schools located in the Southern region of Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, through the following tests: Cronbach’s alfa coefficient, factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t-test, chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. Data revealed that music teachers present perception to autonomous motivation for teaching. Concerning the context variables, it was detected that the kind of institution (public or private) does not affect the perception of motivation of the music teachers. Comparing the professional life cycle, data show that music teachers presented an increase on motivation throughout the years, contrary to what was originally suggested by the Self-determination Theory. As a result, this research aims at contributing to the comprehension and development of motivational strategies that that allow the fostering of a proper educational environment to foment the motivation of music teachers.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a motivação dos professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica sob a perspectiva da teoria da autodeterminação. Como objetivos específicos, buscou: construir e testar um instrumento para medir a motivação dos professores de música no ambiente educacional; verificar o tipo de motivação (autônoma ou controlada) percebido pelos professores de música que atuam nas escolas de educação básica na região Sul do Brasil; analisar estatisticamente a motivação do professor em relação às variáveis de contexto; e comparar as motivações dos professores de música em relação ao tempo de atuação docente. O referencial teórico utilizado foi fundamentado na teoria de autodeterminação de Edward Deci e Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), que analisa as razões pelas quais os indivíduos se envolvem ou evitam determinadas atividades. Essas razões são evidenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de motivação que podem ser distinguidos de acordo com seu nível de autodeterminação, através da satisfação de três necessidades psicológicas básicas: a necessidade de autonomia, a necessidade de competência e a necessidade de pertencer ou estabelecer vínculos. A pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem quantitativa e utiliza como método o survey interseccional. Para tanto, foi elaborado e validado um instrumento próprio de medida intitulado Escala de Motivação do professor de Música (EMPM), aplicado via internet a uma amostra de 162 professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica em instituições estabelecidas nos estados da região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e também inferencial, através dos seguintes testes: coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, análise fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, teste t, teste qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer. Os dados revelaram que os professores de música apresentam percepção para a motivação autônoma para o ensino. Em relação às variáveis de contexto, foi detectado que o tipo de instituição (pública e privada) não incide sobre a percepção de motivação dos professores de música. Em comparação ao ciclo de vida profissional, os dados mostram que os professores de música apresentaram um aumento da motivação ao longo dos anos, diferentemente do originalmente proposto pela teoria da autodeterminação. Como resultados, esta pesquisa espera contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento de estratégias motivacionais que possibilitem a promoção de um ambiente educacional propício para poder fomentar a motivação dos professores de música. / The aim of this research was to investigate, under the Self-determination Theory, the motivation of music teachers that work at primary schools. The specific goals were: to build and to test an instrument to measure the motivation of the music teachers at the educational environment; to verify the kind of motivation (autonomous or controlled) perceived by music teachers that work in primary schools in the Southern region of Brazil; to statistically analyze the motivation of the teachers relating to the context variables; and to compare the motivations of music teachers and the years dedicated to teaching. The theoretical reference was based on the Self-determination Theory of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), that analyze the reasons why individuals get involved in or avoid certain activities. These reasons are put in evidence by the various kinds of motivation that might be distinguished according to their level of self-determination, through the fulfillment of three basic psychological needs: the need for autonomy, the need for competence and the need for relatedness. The research presents a qualitative approach and uses intersectional survey as its method. For the survey, a measuring instrument was developed and validated by the researcher, called Music Teacher Motivation Scale (MTMS). Via internet, it reached a sample of 162 music teachers from primary schools located in the Southern region of Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, through the following tests: Cronbach’s alfa coefficient, factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t-test, chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. Data revealed that music teachers present perception to autonomous motivation for teaching. Concerning the context variables, it was detected that the kind of institution (public or private) does not affect the perception of motivation of the music teachers. Comparing the professional life cycle, data show that music teachers presented an increase on motivation throughout the years, contrary to what was originally suggested by the Self-determination Theory. As a result, this research aims at contributing to the comprehension and development of motivational strategies that that allow the fostering of a proper educational environment to foment the motivation of music teachers.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka faktorer som var viktigast i valet av instrument för musiklärarstudenter. Studien letar också efter samband mellan faktorer och olika instrumentval. Tidigare forskning lyfter fram en mängd olika faktorer som spelar roll vid valet av musikinstrument. Instrumentets klang och föräldrars stöd utmärker sig som viktigast. Forskningen visar också att det finns tydliga könsskillnader i valet av instrument. Studiens syfte undersöks genom en enkät. Enkäten kartlägger bakgrundsfaktorer som kön, ålder, föräldrars uppmuntran, musicerande i omgivningen, musiklyssning och socioekonomisk status i samband med instrumentvalet. Resultatet bekräftar delvis tidigare forskning kring viktiga faktorer i instrumentvalet. Testerna av sambanden mellan faktorerna var i många fall inte signifikativa, vilket gör att flera samband inte kan säkerställas. Familj, ålder vid instrumentvalet och kön var bakgrundsfaktorer som visade sig vara påverkande i valet. Avslutningsvis diskuteras tidigare forskning i förhållande till resultatet. Här förs en diskussion kring de mönster som resultatet visat och komplexiteten av att kartlägga vilka faktorer som är påverkande i valet av instrument. / The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are the most important in the choice of instrument for future music teachers. The study also investigates the interconnections between different factors and their influence on choice of instrument. Previous research highlights a wide range of factors that play a role in the selection of musical instruments, among which the sound of the instrument and parental support are considered to be the most significant. The research also shows that there are clear gender differences as regards the choice of instrument. The research questions considered is examined through a survey. Background factors such as gender, age, parental encouragement, exposure to music making, music listening and socioeconomic status are considered in relation to the instrument selection. The results partly confirm previous research on which are the key factors in the choice of instrument. The interconnection between the factors and choices were in many cases not statistically significant, which means that such conclusions cannot be drawn. The background factors found to be most significant were family, age at which the choice was made and gender. In the discussion section, previous research is compared and contrasted in relation to these results. A discussion on trends in the results and the difficulty in establishing which factors influence the choice of instruments concludes the study.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de investigar a motivação dos professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica sob a perspectiva da teoria da autodeterminação. Como objetivos específicos, buscou: construir e testar um instrumento para medir a motivação dos professores de música no ambiente educacional; verificar o tipo de motivação (autônoma ou controlada) percebido pelos professores de música que atuam nas escolas de educação básica na região Sul do Brasil; analisar estatisticamente a motivação do professor em relação às variáveis de contexto; e comparar as motivações dos professores de música em relação ao tempo de atuação docente. O referencial teórico utilizado foi fundamentado na teoria de autodeterminação de Edward Deci e Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), que analisa as razões pelas quais os indivíduos se envolvem ou evitam determinadas atividades. Essas razões são evidenciadas pelos diferentes tipos de motivação que podem ser distinguidos de acordo com seu nível de autodeterminação, através da satisfação de três necessidades psicológicas básicas: a necessidade de autonomia, a necessidade de competência e a necessidade de pertencer ou estabelecer vínculos. A pesquisa apresenta uma abordagem quantitativa e utiliza como método o survey interseccional. Para tanto, foi elaborado e validado um instrumento próprio de medida intitulado Escala de Motivação do professor de Música (EMPM), aplicado via internet a uma amostra de 162 professores de música que atuam em escolas de educação básica em instituições estabelecidas nos estados da região Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva e também inferencial, através dos seguintes testes: coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, análise fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, teste t, teste qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer. Os dados revelaram que os professores de música apresentam percepção para a motivação autônoma para o ensino. Em relação às variáveis de contexto, foi detectado que o tipo de instituição (pública e privada) não incide sobre a percepção de motivação dos professores de música. Em comparação ao ciclo de vida profissional, os dados mostram que os professores de música apresentaram um aumento da motivação ao longo dos anos, diferentemente do originalmente proposto pela teoria da autodeterminação. Como resultados, esta pesquisa espera contribuir para a compreensão e o desenvolvimento de estratégias motivacionais que possibilitem a promoção de um ambiente educacional propício para poder fomentar a motivação dos professores de música. / The aim of this research was to investigate, under the Self-determination Theory, the motivation of music teachers that work at primary schools. The specific goals were: to build and to test an instrument to measure the motivation of the music teachers at the educational environment; to verify the kind of motivation (autonomous or controlled) perceived by music teachers that work in primary schools in the Southern region of Brazil; to statistically analyze the motivation of the teachers relating to the context variables; and to compare the motivations of music teachers and the years dedicated to teaching. The theoretical reference was based on the Self-determination Theory of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan (2008a, 2008b), that analyze the reasons why individuals get involved in or avoid certain activities. These reasons are put in evidence by the various kinds of motivation that might be distinguished according to their level of self-determination, through the fulfillment of three basic psychological needs: the need for autonomy, the need for competence and the need for relatedness. The research presents a qualitative approach and uses intersectional survey as its method. For the survey, a measuring instrument was developed and validated by the researcher, called Music Teacher Motivation Scale (MTMS). Via internet, it reached a sample of 162 music teachers from primary schools located in the Southern region of Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, through the following tests: Cronbach’s alfa coefficient, factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, t-test, chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test. Data revealed that music teachers present perception to autonomous motivation for teaching. Concerning the context variables, it was detected that the kind of institution (public or private) does not affect the perception of motivation of the music teachers. Comparing the professional life cycle, data show that music teachers presented an increase on motivation throughout the years, contrary to what was originally suggested by the Self-determination Theory. As a result, this research aims at contributing to the comprehension and development of motivational strategies that that allow the fostering of a proper educational environment to foment the motivation of music teachers.

Denna studie undersöker hur musikproducenter och studiotekniker upplever sina olika roller i studioinspelningssammanhang. Detta utförs genom att studera studioteknikers och musikpro- ducenters skildringar av sig själva samt av vilka färdigheter som ingår i dessa olika roller. Studiens vetenskapsteoretiska ansats är kvalitativ, och bygger på ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Den metod som använts för att utföra insamlingen av data är semistrukturerade, kvalitativa intervjuer med tre personer som arbetar, eller har arbetat, som musikproducenter eller studio- tekniker. Ljudupptagningarna från intervjuerna har transkriberats, bearbetats och analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. I resultatkapitlet klarläggs både informanternas syn på de olika rollerna samt deras uppfattning av att dessa roller ibland innehas av en och samma person. I studiens avslutande kapitel diskuteras dessa teman i relat- ion till studiens angivna bakgrundskapitel. Studien visar bland annat att informanterna, delvis tvärtemot den tidigare presenterade forskningen, anser att musikproducenter behöver ett stort mått musikteoretiska kunskaper för att kunna utföra sina uppgifter, att studiotekniker, förutom ljudtekniska kunskaper, även är i behov av konstnärliga kunskaper på ett djupare plan samt att många väljer att ta sig an rollen som både tekniker och producent på grund av ekonomiska och praktiska aspekter. Det fastställs även att gränserna mellan studiotekniker- och musikpro- ducentrollen i viss mån håller på att suddas ut. / This study aims to explore how music producers and recording engineers experience their different roles in a studio-recording context. This is done by examining recording engineer’s and music producer’s depictions of themselves and of the different sets of skills required within these roles. A hermeneutic perspective is the base for the scientific-theoretic approach of this qualitative study. The method for collecting data is semi structured, qualitative interviews and three persons identifying themselves as either music producer or recording engineer have been interviewed. The sound recordings from the interviews have been transcribed, processed and analyzed using thematic analysis and a hermeneutic approach. How both the informants’ perception of the different roles, as well as their understanding of these roles sometimes being held by one and the same person is being explained in the chapter result. The finishing chapter discusses these themes in relation to the previously given background. Among other things, the discussion chapter shows that the informants, partly opposite to what previously given research shows, thinks that music producers need theoretical knowledge in music to be able to carry out their tasks. It is highlighted that recording engineers, besides mastery of audio and technology, need to acquire a deeper level of artistic skills. It is also made clear that the lines between the recording engineer and the music producer are being erased, and that many people, due to economical and practical reasons, choose to take on the role as both music producer and recording engineer.

This study is centered on childhood music education in Nigeria. Five research questions and five null hypotheses were formulated and tested in the study. A total of 313 subjects were used. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire on the childhood music education in Nigeria. Statistically weighted mean was used to answer the research questions and t - test was employed in testing the null hypotheses. At the end of the analysis, the following findings were made: <ul> <li>At least, 13 learning materials including both African and western musical instruments are available for teaching music in Nigerian primary schools. Up to 10 learning strategies were identified by the music teachers and music educators to be among the ones that could be utilized to ensure fruitful and effective acquisition of musical knowledge by the pupils in Nigeria.</li> <li>The perception of music educators and music teachers on the methodology that can best be utilized to ensure fruitful and effective acquisition of musical knowledge by the pupils at primary school level of education in Nigeria do not differ significantly.</li> <li>There is no significant difference between the music teachers and music educators’ perception on the adequacy of delivery of the music staff and learning situations in Nigerian primary schools.</li> </ul> Based on these findings a number of recommendations for improvement of the music education in Nigerian primary schools have been made. In addition to the sample teaching and learning programme, the original contribution of this study is explored in chapter six. This chapter offers lesson plans designed for grade II music teachers in primary schools in Nigeria. This programme was conducted and performed in one of the primary schools in the study area and ended with twelve contacts with pupils. (a digital video disk is attached to the thesis). / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / unrestricted