Chaque jour, 15% des Européens sont exposés à des niveaux moyens de bruit ou de polluants atmosphériquesdépassant les valeurs seuils fixées par la législation européenne. L’intensité de la pollution de chaque polluant et sarépartition à l’échelle d’une agglomération dépendent des capacités d’émission des sources, des phénomènes dedispersion, et de l’environnement urbain. Il en résulte une variabilité spatiale du niveau de multi-exposition qui resteencore largement méconnue. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’identifier et de caractériser les situations de multiexpositionsur la ville de Besançon. Les niveaux sonores et les concentrations de plusieurs polluants atmosphériques denatures différentes (NO2, benzène, PM10 et PM2.5) ont été finement modélisés (2m x 2m). La compatibilité des modèlesa été maximisée par l’introduction d’inputs identiques dans les méthodologies de calcul Mithra-SIG pour le bruit, etCOPERT4/ADMS-urban pour les polluants. Dans un premier temps, l’impact de la définition du voisinage sur lesniveaux d’exposition a été exploré pour les deux pollutions. Douze indicateurs, présentant chacun une définitiondifférente de la zone d’exposition au voisinage du domicile, ont permis de quantifier les niveaux d'exposition autour des10865 bâtiments d’habitations bisontins. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence un impact significatif de ladéfinition de la zone d’exposition sur les niveaux. Les différentes définitions du voisinage conduisent à l'existence d'unbiais différentiel, dû à la prise en compte particulière des variables environnementales dans chacun des indicateurs. Cebiais se retrouve pour l'ensemble des polluants étudiés, bien que dans des proportions variables en fonction du polluant.Dans un second temps, l’étude des situations de multi-exposition bruit/NO2 a pu être réalisée. Les résultats obtenusindiquent l'existence d'une relation complexe et permettent de décrire les différentes situations de multi-expositionprésentes dans la ville. Ce travail de thèse constitue une des premières approches de ce type en France et permet demieux comprendre les relations existantes entre définition du voisinage, zones d'exposition, paramètresenvironnementaux et niveaux d'exposition. / Every day, 15% of the European population is exposed to average noise or air pollution levels exceeding theEuropean legal threshold. Levels and distribution of each pollutant across the city depend of individual sourcesemissions, dispersion phenomenon, and urban environment. Consequently, spatial variability of multi-exposure levelremains mostly unknown. The aim of this Ph. D. thesis is to identify and describe multi-exposure situations in the cityof Besançon. Environmental noise levels, and concentrations of several air pollutants (NO2, benzene, PM10 and PM2.5),have been modeled using a fine scale grid (2m x 2m). Model compatibility has been maximized by the use of commoninput into the calculation software Mithra-SIG (for noise) and COPERT4/ADMS-urban (for air pollutants). In a firsttime, impact of the neighborhood definition on exposure levels has been explored for both pollutions. Twelveindicators, each representing a different definition of the exposure area in the dwelling vicinity, have been used toquantify exposure levels around the 10 865 inhabitable building of Besançon. Obtained results show a significantimpact of the neighborhood definition on the exposure levels. Different neighborhood definitions lead to a differentialbias caused by a different accounting for environmental variables. This bias exists for all studied pollutant, but indifferent proportion depending on the pollutant. In a second time, situations of multi-exposure to noise and NO2 havebeen identified in the city. Results indicate a complex relation between pollutants and allow the description of severalmulti-exposure situations across the city. This work constitute one of the firsts approaches of this kind in France andallow a better understanding of the existing relations between neighborhood, exposure area, environmental parametersand exposure levels.

The aim of the project is to create eudaimonic environment in the framework of existing city blocks of Husovice in Brno. Simple interventions and minimal means are used to create environment which allows it´s inhabitants to live complex and fulfilled lives.

No description available.

Importance of seeing and implementing children’s needs in the urban public realm is widely discussed among urban researchers in recent years. It is becoming more challenging, as nowadays there are more than one billion children growing up in cities,which is more than ever before. In this research, I discuss a specific context of a modernist area, Sykhiv, which represents the most widespread type of residential area in Ukraine. The research aims to understand the quality of Sykhiv’s neighborhoods for children and to understand the different perspectives of experts and parents onchild-friendliness in the public realm of Sykhiv. The first research question is dedicatedto parents’ perspectives and children’s spatial practices, the second part is dedicated toexpert views on existing policies, practices, narratives towards child-friendly environment in Sykhiv. The third question represents the synthesis of two previous and reflects on the rethinking of public spaces in Sykhiv in terms of child-friendliness. Three key theories that help to frame this study are: holistic theory on Environmentalchild-friendliness helps to envision a complexity of a phenomenon of child-friendlinessof the environment, critical study on reconceptualizing the playground, which reflects onan extension of the focus of researching a play in the physical environment, andaffordance theory, which bridges the physical environment and human behavior. Theresults showed that Sykhiv has lots of features of a child-friendly environment, noticedboth by experts and parents, however, play infrastructure has numerous disadvantages.The holistic strategy, effective cooperation of all actors (public authorities, civic activists,parents and children, urban planners), awareness and knowledge are lacking in order tocontribute to a child-friendly environment, or at least to prevent negative tendencies tointensity of traffic, shortage of greenery, densening residential areas, etc. Extended safegreen spaces are more likely to perform children’s needs in a public realm, thanplaygrounds that are very frequent but of poor quality in Sykhiv.

Trees compete for various resources such as sunlight, water, and nutrients, which can be expressed as numerical terms, called competition indices (CI). Competition between individual trees is correlated with their growth and mortality. Therefore, CIs are used as independent variables to develop, improve and modify growth and yield models. This study was conducted to test the effect of neighborhood competition on tree diameter growth among Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg) and red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), in the Pacific Northwest Coast Range, USA. After testing seven distance-independent CIs and three distance-dependent CIs, only the distance-independent CIs were found to significantly affect the diameter growth model. Among them, CIs with basal area and diameter information were the most impactful. As a result, a simple CI was very effective in a model that accounts for the basal area information of different tree species.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux dynamiques d’appropriation de l’espace en lien avec les mobilités touristiques Nord-Sud dans les médinas inscrites au patrimoine mondial. Elle engage la réflexion sur les conflits de voisinage entre les touristes-résidents occidentaux et les habitants dans la médina de Marrakech au Maroc classée patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO en 1985. L’étude vise spécifiquement à analyser comment les usages renouvelés de l'espace en particulier les recompositions des modes d'habiter induits par les migrations touristiques influencent les rapports sociaux entres les touristes-résidents étrangers et des habitants de longue date. Un accent particulier sera porté sur le phénomène de « la riyadisation » par référence à l'achat et la reconversion des Riads (anciennes belles demeures) par les acteurs privés étrangers et ses effets sur la transformation des modes d’appropriation de l’espace et des liens de voisinage sur ce territoire spécifique et de haute valeur patrimoniale. La thèse mobilise le concept de la gentrification touristique comme clé de lecture de ce processus considéré comme une forme d'embourgeoisement des quartiers historiques centraux de la médina. En étudiant une ville touristique et patrimoniale du Sud remodelée par des mobilités migratoires transnationales, la thèse développe une thématique relativement récente en géographie du tourisme, en lien avec les conflits touristes-résidents comme nouvel enjeu des centres historiques inscrits au patrimoine mondial en général et des villes arabo-musulmanes en particulier. L'originalité de cette recherche découle de son approche théorique inspirée des écrits urbains critiques et de la néolibéralisation de la ville afin de saisir la complexité des interactions touristes-résidents dans le contexte touristique notamment par le courant postcolonial de la géographie sociale. A travers une méthode qualitative croisée basée sur l’observation participante, les parcours commentés, les entretiens semi-directifs, les groupes focus et l’inventaire cartographique, les plaintes de voisinage, les conflits touristes-résidents/habitants sont saisis à une échelle fine, celle de la mitoyenneté résidentielle, dans des milieux de vie marqués par la coprésence des usages de l'espace locaux et globalisées, lucratifs et résidentiels, populaires et élitistes impliquant des frictions socioculturelles traduites par diverses formes de conflits de voisinage. / This thesis focuses on the dynamics of space appropriation in connection with North-South tourist mobility in the medinas listed as World Heritage. It engages reflection on neighborhood conflicts between Western tourist-residents and inhabitants in the medina of Marrakech in Morocco, classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. The study specifically aims to analyze how the renewed uses of space in particular, ways of living transformation induced by tourist migrations influence social relations between foreign tourist-residents and long-term residents. Particular emphasis will be placed on the phenomenon of “riyadisation” by reference to the purchase and conversion of Riads (historic residences) by foreign private actors and its effects on the transformation of space appropriation modes and neighborhood in this specific territory of high heritage value. The thesis mobilizes the concept of “tourism gentrification” as a key to understanding this process considered as a form of gentrification of the central historic districts of the medina. By studying a tourist and heritage city in the South remodeled by transnational mobilities, the thesis develops a relatively recent theme in the geography of tourism, in connection with tourist-resident conflicts as a new challenge for historic centers listed as World Heritage in general and for Arab-Muslim cities (medinas) in particular. The originality of this research lied on its theoretical approach inspired by critical urban writings and the neoliberalization of the city in order to understand the complexity of tourist-resident interactions in the tourist context, in particular by the postcolonial lens of social geography. Through a cross-qualitative method based on participant observation, walking interviews, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, cartographic inventory and neighborhood complaints, tourist-resident conflicts are analyzed on a fine scale, in living environments marked by the co-presence of local and globalized, lucrative and residential, popular and elitist uses of space involving socio-cultural frictions expressed in various forms of neighborhood conflicts.

No description available.

This professional project estimates the upfront costs and utility savings expected from greening an approximately 1,100 square foot home built in the 1950s in the San Francisco Bay Area. Two sets of upgrades (alternative and original) were compared for costs and benefits. The alternative set (which included ceiling insulation and omitted upgrading to dual-pane windows) clearly out performed the original set. The alternative set would be expected to reduce resident utility bills by 28% annually, and to prevent approximately 2,700 lbs of carbon dioxide emissions annually. The water efficiency upgrades were the best performing group of upgrades, as they had the lowest upfront cost and shortest payback period. (These water efficiency upgrades consisted of modifying toilets, faucets, and showerhead, as well as upgrading the dishwasher and clothes washer to efficient models.) Future very low-budget greening programs, in nearly all cases, should include a full-set of water fixture modifications, weatherstripping, and clotheslines. As budgets allow, other upgrades from alternative upgrades list are recommended, such as ceiling fans, programmable thermostats, and ceiling insulation. Whenever possible, workforce development labor should be used to simultaneously reduce labor costs and multiply the social benefit of each project dollar by providing entry-level green collar jobs.

No description available.

No description available.